oracle ora 47306,Oracle SQL提示含义与示例 --- 分布式查询和并行提示

《Oracle 高性能SQL引擎剖析:Oracle SQL 优化与调优技术详解》一书的附录部分。作为对该书的补充,帮助读者理解和掌握“提示”这一项在SQL优化中使用的这一重要辅助手段。

50160bda853303d5c5f07dc242c17830.png

语法:DRIVING_SITE([])

描述:指示优化器选择那个数据库作为分布式查询中的驱动站点,即将语句放在该站点上执行。未指定参数时,采用本地数据库。

HELLODBA.COM>exec sql_explain('select /*+ driving_site(rt) */count(*) from t_tables lt, t_tables@ora11r2 rt where lt.owner = rt.owner and lt.table_name = rt.table_name', 'TYPICAL NOTE');

... ...

Remote SQL Information (identified by operation id):

----------------------------------------------------

3 - SELECT "OWNER","TABLE_NAME" FROM "T_TABLES" "A2" (accessing '!' )

Note

-----

- fully remote statement

语法:REMOTE_MAPPED([])

描述:在分布式查询中,指示优化器选择那个数据库的进行远程映射。作用和DRIVING_SITE类似。未指定参数时,采用本地数据库。

HELLODBA.COM>exec sql_explain('select /*+ remote_mapped(ORA11R2) */count(*) from T_USERS@ORA11R2 u, t_tables t where t.owner=u.username', 'TYPICAL');

Remote SQL Information (identified by operation id):

----------------------------------------------------

3 - SELECT "OWNER" FROM "T_TABLES" "A1" (accessing '!' )

Note

-----

- fully remote statement

语法:OPAQUE_TRANSFORM

描述:在分布式查询中,使用INSERT ... SELECT ... FROM语句从远程数据库查询数据插入本地数据库时,在远程数据库上执行的递归查询语句上会加上该提示,使得分布式数据库之间的兼容类型数据被透明传输。

(本地数据库,10.2.0.4)

HELLODBA.COM>create table t_objects_dummy2 as select * from t_objects@ora11r2 where 1=2;

Table created.

HELLODBA.COM>exec sql_explain('insert into t_objects_dummy2 select * from t_objects@ora11r2','TYPICAL');

… …

Remote SQL Information (identified by operation id):

----------------------------------------------------

1 - SELECT /*+ OPAQUE_TRANSFORM */ "OWNER","OBJECT_NAME","SUBOBJECT_NAME","OBJECT_I

D","DATA_OBJECT_ID","OBJECT_TYPE","CREATED","LAST_DDL_TIME","TIMESTAMP","STATUS","TEMP

ORARY","GENERATED","SECONDARY","NAMESPACE","EDITION_NAME","LIO" FROM "T_OBJECTS"

"T_OBJECTS" (accessing 'ORA11R2' )

HELLODBA.COM>insert into t_objects_dummy2 select * from t_objects@ora11r2;

72116 rows created.

(远程数据库,11.2.0.1)

HELLODBA.COM>select sql_text from v$sqlarea where sql_text like '%OPAQUE_TRANSFORM%' and sql_text not like '%v$sqlarea%';

SQL_TEXT

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SELECT /*+ OPAQUE_TRANSFORM */ "OWNER","OBJECT_NAME","SUBOBJECT_NAME","OBJECT_ID","DATA_OBJECT_ID","OBJECT_TYPE","CREATE

D","LAST_DDL_TIME","TIMESTAMP","STATUS","TEMPORARY","GENERATED","SECONDARY","NAMESPACE","EDITION_NAME","LIO" FROM "T_OBJECTS" "T_OBJECTS"

语法:STATEMENT_QUEUING

描述:在自动并行度模式(11gR2特性)下,使语句在并行资源不足时,进入等待队列,等到能获取到资源时继续运行;

自动并行度模式下,当存在多个并行查询同时在运行时,如果并行资源不足那么加了该提示的语句就会进入队列等待,此时,通过监控视图V$SQL_MONITOR可以看到其状态为QUEUE。

语法:NO_STATEMENT_QUEUING

描述:在自动并行度模式(11gR2特性)下,即使在并行资源不足时,也继续运行语句,这就可能会导致其它资源(如CPU)的争用与等待;

当参数“_parallel_statement_queuing”被设置为TRUE(默认为FALSE),只有加上该提示的语句在并行资源紧张时不会进入队列。

语法:GBY_PUSHDOWN([])

描述:指示优化器在对并行查询进行代价估算时,考虑将GROUP BY操作推入并行服务进程的情况;

HELLODBA.COM>exec sql_explain('SELECT /*+ FULL(T) parallel(T DEFAULT) GBY_PUSHDOWN */ owner, table_name, COUNT (status) cnt FROM t_tables t GROUP BY owner, table_name', 'BASIC OUTLINE');

---------------------------------------------

| Id| Operation| Name|

---------------------------------------------

|0 | SELECT STATEMENT||

|1 |PX COORDINATOR ||

|2 |PX SEND QC (RANDOM)| :TQ10001 |

|3 |HASH GROUP BY||

|4 |PX RECEIVE||

|5 |PX SEND HASH| :TQ10000 |

|6 |HASH GROUP BY||

|7 |PX BLOCK ITERATOR ||

|8 |TABLE ACCESS FULL| T_TABLES |

---------------------------------------------

语法:NO_GBY_PUSHDOWN([])

描述:禁止优化器在对并行查询进行代价估算时,将GROUP BY操作推入并行服务进程;

HELLODBA.COM>exec sql_explain('SELECT /*+ FULL(T) parallel(T DEFAULT) NO_GBY_PUSHDOWN */ owner, table_name, COUNT (status) cnt FROM t_tables t GROUP BY owner, table_name', 'BASIC OUTLINE');

--------------------------------------------

| Id| Operation| Name|

--------------------------------------------

|0 | SELECT STATEMENT||

|1 |PX COORDINATOR||

|2 |PX SEND QC (RANDOM)| :TQ10001 |

|3 |HASH GROUP BY||

|4 |PX RECEIVE||

|5 |PX SEND HASH| :TQ10000 |

|6 |PX BLOCK ITERATOR ||

|7 |TABLE ACCESS FULL| T_TABLES |

--------------------------------------------

语法:HWM_BROKERED

描述:提示语句执行器在执行并行插入数据(或从其它表获取数据创建新表)时,使用高水位线查封器拆分高水位线,使得多个并行服务进程能共用一个扩展段。

示例(9i):

HELLODBA.COM>alter session enable parallel dml;

Session altered.

HELLODBA.COM>explain plan for insert /*+ append */ into t_objects_dummy select /*+ full(o) parallel(o 2)*/* from t_objects o;

Explained.

HELLODBA.COM>select plan_table_output from table(dbms_xplan.display(null, null, 'ALL'));

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

| Id| Operation|Name| Rows| Bytes | Cost|TQ|IN-OUT| PQ Distrib |

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

|0 | INSERT STATEMENT|| 32435 |2945K|22 ||||

|1 |LOAD AS SELECT||||||||

|2 |TABLE ACCESS FULL| T_OBJECTS| 32435 |2945K|22 | 63,00| P->S | QC (RAND)|

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

HELLODBA.COM>explain plan for insert /*+ append HWM_BROKERED */ into t_objects_dummy select /*+ full(o) parallel(o 2)*/* from t_objects o;

Explained.

HELLODBA.COM>select plan_table_output from table(dbms_xplan.display(null, null, 'ALL'));

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

| Id| Operation|Name| Rows| Bytes | Cost|TQ|IN-OUT| PQ Distrib |

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

|0 | INSERT STATEMENT|| 32435 |2945K|22 ||||

|1 |LOAD AS SELECT||||||||

|2 |TABLE ACCESS FULL| T_OBJECTS| 32435 |2945K|22 | 64,00| P->S | QC (RAND)|

|2 |TABLE ACCESS FULL| T_OBJECTS| 32435 |2945K|22 | 63,00| P->S | QC (RAND)|

|1 |LOAD AS SELECT||||||||

|2 |TABLE ACCESS FULL| T_OBJECTS| 32435 |2945K|22 | 64,00| P->S | QC (RAND)|

|2 |TABLE ACCESS FULL| T_OBJECTS| 32435 |2945K|22 | 63,00| P->S | QC (RAND)|

|0 | INSERT STATEMENT|| 32435 |2945K|22 ||||

|1 |LOAD AS SELECT||||||||

|2 |TABLE ACCESS FULL| T_OBJECTS| 32435 |2945K|22 | 64,00| P->S | QC (RAND)|

|2 |TABLE ACCESS FULL| T_OBJECTS| 32435 |2945K|22 | 63,00| P->S | QC (RAND)|

|1 |LOAD AS SELECT||||||||

|2 |TABLE ACCESS FULL| T_OBJECTS| 32435 |2945K|22 | 64,00| P->S | QC (RAND)|

|2 |TABLE ACCESS FULL| T_OBJECTS| 32435 |2945K|22 | 63,00| P->S | QC (RAND)|

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

语法:NO_QKN_BUFF

描述:禁止优化器使用动态分配的内存

HELLODBA.COM>exec sql_explain('select /*+parallel(t 8) parallel(o 8) leading(t o) pq_distribute(o hash hash) NO_QKN_BUFF*/* from t_tables t, t_objects o where t.owner=o.owner and t.table_name=o.object_name and o.status=:A','BASIC');

---------------------------------------------

| Id| Operation| Name|

---------------------------------------------

|0 | SELECT STATEMENT||

|1 |PX COORDINATOR||

|2 |PX SEND QC (RANDOM)| :TQ10002|

|3 |HASH JOIN||

|4 |PX RECEIVE||

|5 |PX SEND HASH| :TQ10000|

|6 |PX BLOCK ITERATOR ||

|7 |TABLE ACCESS FULL| T_TABLES|

|8 |PX RECEIVE||

|9 |PX SEND HASH| :TQ10001|

|10 |PX BLOCK ITERATOR ||

|11 |TABLE ACCESS FULL| T_OBJECTS |

---------------------------------------------

语法:PARALLEL_INDEX([查询块] [ ...] )或者PARALLEL_INDEX([查询块] () [() ...] )

描述:指示优化器选择并行方式访问本地分区索引。并行度可以为数字,也可以为DEFAULT,使用系统默认并行度。

HELLODBA.COM>exec sql_explain('select /*+ qb_name(M) parallel_index(o t_objects_list_IDX1 2) */* from t_objects_list o where object_name like :A', 'BASIC');

--------------------------------------------------------------------

| Id| Operation| Name|

--------------------------------------------------------------------

|0 | SELECT STATEMENT||

|1 |PX COORDINATOR||

|2 |PX SEND QC (RANDOM)| :TQ10000|

|3 |PX PARTITION LIST ALL||

|4 |TABLE ACCESS BY LOCAL INDEX ROWID| T_OBJECTS_LIST|

|5 |INDEX RANGE SCAN| T_OBJECTS_LIST_IDX1 |

--------------------------------------------------------------------

语法:NO_PARALLEL_INDEX([查询块] [ ...])或者NO_PARALLEL_INDEX([查询块] () [() ...])

描述:禁止优化器选择并行方式访问本地分区索引

HELLODBA.COM>alter index t_objects_list_IDX1 parallel(degree 2);

Index altered.

HELLODBA.COM>exec sql_explain('select /*+ qb_name(M) no_parallel_index(o t_objects_list_IDX1)*/* from t_objects_list o where object_name like :A', 'BASIC');

------------------------------------------------------------------

| Id| Operation| Name|

------------------------------------------------------------------

|0 | SELECT STATEMENT||

|1 |PARTITION LIST ALL||

|2 |TABLE ACCESS BY LOCAL INDEX ROWID| T_OBJECTS_LIST|

|3 |INDEX RANGE SCAN| T_OBJECTS_LIST_IDX1 |

------------------------------------------------------------------

语法:PQ_DISTRIBUTE([] )或者PQ_DISTRIBUTE([] )

描述:指定并行查询中并行收、发进程直接的分发方式;

HELLODBA.COM>exec sql_explain('select /*+parallel(o 2)*/* from t_objects o where exists (select /*+hash_sj PQ_DISTRIBUTE(t HASH HASH)*/1 from t_tables t where o.owner = t.owner and o.object_name = t.table_name)', 'BASIC');

-------------------------------------------------------

| Id| Operation| Name|

-------------------------------------------------------

|0 | SELECT STATEMENT||

|1 |PX COORDINATOR||

|2 |PX SEND QC (RANDOM)| :TQ10002|

|3 |HASH JOIN RIGHT SEMI BUFFERED||

|4 |BUFFER SORT||

|5 |PX RECEIVE||

|6 |PX SEND HASH| :TQ10000|

|7 |INDEX FULL SCAN| T_TABLES_PK |

|8 |PX RECEIVE||

|9 |PX SEND HASH| :TQ10001|

|10 |PX BLOCK ITERATOR||

|11 |TABLE ACCESS FULL| T_OBJECTS|

-------------------------------------------------------

语法:PARALLE([[] ] [])

描述:指示优化器对查询块或者对象使用并行查询。其中,当中指定整条语句为并行查询(未指定查询块和表)时,并行度可以为MANUAL,AUTO,DEFAULT或者指定数字;指定某个表时,并行度可以为DEFAULT或者指定数字,

HELLODBA.COM>exec sql_explain('SELECT /*+ parallel(u default) */* from t_users u', 'BASIC');

-----------------------------------------

| Id| Operation| Name|

-----------------------------------------

|0 | SELECT STATEMENT||

|1 |PX COORDINATOR||

|2 |PX SEND QC (RANDOM)| :TQ10000 |

|3 |PX BLOCK ITERATOR ||

|4 |TABLE ACCESS FULL| T_USERS|

-----------------------------------------

语法:NO_PARALLEL()

描述:禁止优化器并行查询表

HELLODBA.COM>alter table t_objects_dummy parallel(degree 2);

Table altered.

HELLODBA.COM>exec sql_explain('SELECT /*+ no_parallel */* from t_objects_dummy o', 'BASIC');

Plan hash value: 2093122083

---------------------------------------------

| Id| Operation| Name|

---------------------------------------------

|0 | SELECT STATEMENT||

|1 |TABLE ACCESS FULL| T_OBJECTS_DUMMY |

---------------------------------------------

语法:SHARED( [并行度])

描述:指示优化器共享指定表的并行度。如果指定并行度,则和PARALLEL提示作用相同。

HELLODBA.COM>alter table t_objects_dummy parallel(degree 2);

Table altered.

HELLODBA.COM>alter table t_objects parallel(degree 8);

Table altered.

HELLODBA.COM>exec sql_explain('select /*+ full(o) full(d) shared(d) */count(*) from t_objects_dummy d, t_objects o where o.owner=d.owner and o.object_name = d.object_name', 'BASIC COST');

------------------------------------------------------------------

| Id| Operation| Name| Cost (%CPU)|

------------------------------------------------------------------

|0 | SELECT STATEMENT||719(1)|

|1 |SORT AGGREGATE|||

|2 |PX COORDINATOR|||

|3 |PX SEND QC (RANDOM)| :TQ10002||

|4 |SORT AGGREGATE|||

| 5 |HASH JOIN||719(1)|

|6 |PX RECEIVE||231(0)|

|7 |PX SEND HASH| :TQ10000|231(0)|

|8 |PX BLOCK ITERATOR ||231(0)|

|9 |TABLE ACCESS FULL| T_OBJECTS|231(0)|

|10 |PX RECEIVE||486(0)|

|11 |PX SEND HASH| :TQ10001|486(0)|

|12 |PX BLOCK ITERATOR ||486(0)|

|13 |TABLE ACCESS FULL| T_OBJECTS_DUMMY |486(0)|

------------------------------------------------------------------

HELLODBA.COM>exec sql_explain('select /*+ full(o) full(d) shared(o) */count(*) from t_objects_dummy d, t_objects o where o.owner=d.owner and o.object_name = d.object_name', 'BASIC COST');

------------------------------------------------------------------

| Id| Operation| Name| Cost (%CPU)|

------------------------------------------------------------------

|0 | SELECT STATEMENT||1437(1)|

|1 |SORT AGGREGATE|||

|2 |PX COORDINATOR|||

|3 |PX SEND QC (RANDOM)| :TQ10002||

|4 |SORT AGGREGATE|||

|5 |HASH JOIN||1437(1)|

|6 |PX RECEIVE||463(1)|

|7 | PX SEND HASH| :TQ10000|463(1)|

|8 |PX BLOCK ITERATOR ||463(1)|

|9 |TABLE ACCESS FULL| T_OBJECTS|463(1)|

|10 |PX RECEIVE||973(1)|

|11 |PX SEND HASH| :TQ10001|973(1)|

|12 |PX BLOCK ITERATOR ||973(1)|

|13 |TABLE ACCESS FULL| T_OBJECTS_DUMMY |973(1)|

------------------------------------------------------------------

语法:NOPARALLEL([[] ])

描述:禁止优化器对查询块或者对象使用并行查询。和NO_PARALLEL作用基本相同。

参见NO_PARALLEL示例。

语法:PQ_MAP()

描述:未知。可能是用于并行查询的提示。

语法:PQ_NOMAP()

描述:未知。可能是用于并行查询的提示。

语法:PRESERVE_OID

描述:未知。可能是用于并行查询的提示。

语法:SYS_PARALLEL_TXN

描述:未知。可能是用于并行查询的递归调用语句上的。

语法:CUBE_GB

描述:未知。可能是用于GROUP BY CUBE并行查询的内部递归查询

该提示直接使用会导致10g(10.2.0.4)在解析提示时在后台发生ORA-00600错误,但不会终止语句运行。

ORA-600: internal error code, arguments: [prsHintQbLevel-1], [890], [], [], [], [], [], []

发生类似情况的提示还有:CUBE_GB/GBY_CONC_ROLLUP/PIV_GB/PIV_SSF/RESTORE_AS_INTERVALS/SAVE_AS_INTERVALS/SCN_ASCENDING/MODEL_DONTVERIFY_UNIQUENESS/TIV_GB/TIV_SSF

语法:GBY_CONC_ROLLUP

描述:未知。可能是用于GROUP BY ROLLUP并行查询的内部递归查询

语法:PIV_GB

描述:未知。出现在GROUP BY并行查询的内部递归查询语句上

示例(9i):

HELLODBA.COM>select /*+qb_name(Q2) full(o2) parallel(o2 2)*/ owner, status, count(object_name) from t_objects o2 where owner like 'D%' group by owner, status;

Execution Plan

----------------------------------------------------------

0SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE (Cost=11 Card=3 Bytes=42)

10SORT* (GROUP BY) (Cost=11 Card=3 Bytes=42):Q17865001

21SORT* (GROUP BY) (Cost=11 Card=3 Bytes=42):Q17865000

32TABLE ACCESS* (FULL) OF 'T_OBJECTS' (Cost=6 Card=3379 Bytes=47306):Q17865000

1 PARALLEL_TO_SERIALSELECT /*+ CIV_GB */ A1.C0,A1.C1,COUNT(SYS_O

P_CSR(A1.C2,0)) FROM :Q17865000 A1 GROUP BY

A1.C0,A1.C1

2 PARALLEL_TO_PARALLELSELECT /*+ PIV_GB */ A1.C0 C0,A1.C1 C1,SYS_O

P_MSR(COUNT(*)) C2 FROM (SELECT /*+ NO_EXPAN

D ROWID(A2) */ A2."OWNER" C0,A2."STATUS" C1

FROM "T_OBJECTS" PX_GRANULE(0, BLOCK_RANGE,

DYNAMIC)A2 WHERE A2."OWNER" LIKE 'D%') A1

GROUP BY A1.C0,A1.C1

3 PARALLEL_COMBINED_WITH_PARENT

语法:TIV_GB

描述:未知。出现在并行查询的内部递归查询语句上

语法:TIV_SSF

描述:未知。出现在并行查询的内部递归查询语句上

语法:PIV_SSF

描述:未知。出现在并行查询的内部递归查询语句上

语法:RESTORE_AS_INTERVALS

描述:未知。出现在并行查询的内部递归查询语句上

语法:SAVE_AS_INTERVALS

描述:未知。出现在并行查询的内部递归查询语句上

语法:SCN_ASCENDING

描述:未知。出现在并行查询的内部递归查询语句上

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