本节主要介绍命令行参数处理函数及一些网络地址转换方面的函数：
首先，介绍关于命令行参数处理函数相关源代码。
gnu_getopt.h文件源代码：
#ifndef _GETOPT_H
#define _GETOPT_H 1
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif
/* For communication from `gnu_getopt' to the caller.
When `gnu_getopt' finds an option that takes an argument,
the argument value is returned here.
Also, when `ordering' is RETURN_IN_ORDER,
each non-option ARGV-element is returned here. */
extern char *gnu_optarg;
/* Index in ARGV of the next element to be scanned.
This is used for communication to and from the caller
and for communication between successive calls to `gnu_getopt'.
On entry to `gnu_getopt', zero means this is the first call; initialize.
When `gnu_getopt' returns -1, this is the index of the first of the
non-option elements that the caller should itself scan.
Otherwise, `gnu_optind' communicates from one call to the next
how much of ARGV has been scanned so far. */
extern int gnu_optind;
/* Callers store zero here to inhibit the error message `gnu_getopt' prints
for unrecognized options. */
extern int gnu_opterr;
/* Set to an option character which was unrecognized. */
extern int gnu_optopt;
/* Describe the long-named options requested by the application.
The LONG_OPTIONS argument to gnu_getopt_long or getopt_long_only is a vector
of `struct option' terminated by an element containing a name which is
zero.
The field `has_arg' is:
no_argument (or 0) if the option does not take an argument,
required_argument (or 1) if the option requires an argument,
optional_argument (or 2) if the option takes an optional argument.
If the field `flag' is not NULL, it points to a variable that is set
to the value given in the field `val' when the option is found, but
left unchanged if the option is not found.
To have a long-named option do something other than set an `int' to
a compiled-in constant, such as set a value from `gnu_optarg', set the
option's `flag' field to zero and its `val' field to a nonzero
value (the equivalent single-letter option character, if there is
one). For long options that have a zero `flag' field, `gnu_getopt'
returns the contents of the `val' field. */
/* has_arg can't be an enum because some compilers complain about
type mismatches in all the code that assumes it is an int. */
struct option {
const char *name;
int has_arg;
int *flag;
int val;
};
/* Names for the values of the `has_arg' field of `struct option'. */
#define no_argument 0
#define required_argument 1
#define optional_argument 2
int gnu_getopt( int argc,
char *const *argv,
const char *shortopts );
int gnu_getopt_long( int argc,
char *const *argv,
const char *shortopts,
const struct option *longopts,
int *longind );
int gnu_getopt_long_only( int argc,
char *const *argv,
const char *shortopts,
const struct option *longopts,
int *longind );
/* Internal only. Users should not call this directly. */
int _gnu_getopt_internal( int argc,
char *const *argv,
const char *shortopts,
const struct option *longopts,
int *longind,
int long_only );
#ifdef __cplusplus
} /* end extern "C" */
#endif
#endif /* _GETOPT_H */在这里，需要明确这样几个概念：
extern char *gnu_optarg;
extern int gnu_optind;
extern int gnu_opterr;
extern int gnu_optopt;====>>>>>
1、*gnu_optarg :当gnu_getopt函数查找到一个含参数的选项，对应参数就会返回到此变量中(gnu_optarg字符串)。对于“RETURN_IN_ORDER”的“ordering”时，每一个非选项参数均将参量返回到gnu_optarg字符串中。
2、gnu_optind :下一个被扫描到的元素中的元素序号，适用于caller与gnu_getopt之间的交互。在gnu_getopt函数入口，zero(0)表示这是第一个call，进行初始化工作。当“gnu_getopt”返回-1时，表示这是第一个非选项参量，这时，caller应该自我扫描。
3、gnu_opterr :caller此时存储0来防止错误信息"gnu_getopt"打印无法识别的选项(option)的错误。
4、gnu_optopt :用以标志无法识别的选项。这个值在很多系统中为了避免与系统自身的gnu_getopt实现相连接必须进行初始化。
====>>>>>
struct option :
struct option {
const char *name;
int has_arg;
int *flag;
int val;
}has_arg成员变量表示：
no_argument (0) -----此选项没有参量（自变量）；
required_argument (1)-----此选项需要参量（一般需要设置，未设置应设立default选项）；
optional_argument (2)-----此选项有可选参量。
flag成员变量：
当flag不为空时，当发现一个option时，其指向一个值被设置为给定val域中的值的变量；当没有option被发现时，此时flag保持不变。
在这里，我们可以结合具体实现时的赋值来对比学习：
在gnu_getopt.c中，这些变量的值的初始化为：
char *gnu_optarg = NULL;
/* 1003.2 says this must be 1 before any call. */
int gnu_optind = 1;
int gnu_opterr = 1;
int gnu_optopt = '?';下面对几个实现函数进行说明：
gnu_getopt(......)函数：实现对形如"-c"/"--c"之类的参数进行参数提取，得到'c'。
int gnu_getopt ( int argc,
char *const *argv,
const char *optstring ) {
return _gnu_getopt_internal (argc, argv, optstring,
(const struct option *) 0,
(int *) 0,
0);
}gnu_getopt_long(......)函数：实现对形如"-client"/"--client"之类的参数进行参数提取，得到'c'。
int gnu_getopt_long( int argc,
char *const *argv,
const char *options,
const struct option *long_options,
int *opt_index ) {
return _gnu_getopt_internal (argc, argv, options, long_options, opt_index, 0);
}它们的核心实现为_gnu_getopt_internal(......)函数:
int _gnu_getopt_internal( int argc,char *const *argv,
const char *optstring,
const struct option *longopts,
int *longind,
int long_only );再则，介绍一些关于 网络地址转换方面的函数：
这里主要有四个文件：endian.c、inet_aton.h、inet_ntop.c、inet_pton.c
在endian.c中，主要功能函数是：
void ntoh( void *buffer, int len, int inSizeof );其完成的功能是将网络字节序转换为主机字节序。
在inet_aton.h，简述了相关功能：
/*
* inet_pton is the new, better version of inet_aton.
* inet_aton is not IP version agnostic.
* inet_aton is the new, better version of inet_addr.
* inet_addr is incorrect in that it returns -1 as an error value,
* while -1 (0xFFFFFFFF) is a valid IP address (255.255.255.255).
*/在inet_ntop.c中，主要功能函数是：
int inet_ntop(int af, const void *src, char *dst, size_t size);其完成的功能是完成数值式套接字地址（IP地址-二进制形式）转换为表达式套接字地址（IP地址-点分十进制形式）。其余系统提供的相关函数不同的地方是，其可以同时实现IPv4与IPv6的地址转换工作。此函数的子功能函数分别为
//ipv4 version
static int
inet_ntop4(const unsigned char *src, char *dst, size_t size);
//ipv6 version
static int
inet_ntop6(const unsigned char *src, char *dst, size_t size);同理，在inet_pton.c中，主要功能函数是：
int inet_pton(int af, const char *src, void *dst);其完成的功能是完成表达式套接字地址（IP地址-点分十进制形式）转换为数值式套接字地址（IP地址-二进制形式）。其余系统提供的相关函数不同的地方是，其可以同时实现IPv4与IPv6的地址转换工作。此函数的子功能函数分别为
//ipv4 version
static int
inet_pton4(src, dst)
const char *src;
unsigned char *dst;
//ipv6 version
inet_pton6(src, dst)
const char *src;
unsigned char *dst;
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