默认路由试验-CSDN博客

本测试使用的是 NP BSCI 的实验拓扑，拓扑参数可以到我 BLOG 上找！ FR 是全互联的！已下实验都经过测试

<?xml:namespace prefix = v ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" />

试验环境： dynamips 0.26RC4

IOS ： 2691

Route p1r1 p1r2

1 、ip default-gateway
当路由器上的ip routing无效时，使用它指定默认路由

2 、ip default-network和ip route <?XML:NAMESPACE PREFIX = ST1 />0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0
两者都用于ip routing有效的路由器上，区别主要在于路由协议是否传播这条路由信息。比如：IGRP无法识别0.0.0.0，因此传播默认路由时必须用ip default-network。

当用ip default-network指令设定多条默认路由时，administrative distance最短的成为最终的默认路由；如果有复数条路由distance值相等，那么在路由表（show ip route）中靠上的成为默认路由。
同时使用ip default-network和ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0双方设定默认路由时，如果ip default-network设定的网络是直连（静态、且已知）的，那么它就成为默认路由；如果ip default-network指定的网络是由交换路由信息得来的，则ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0指定的表项成为默认路由。
最后，如果使用多条ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0指令，则流量会自动在多条链路上负载均衡。

Ip default-network:

当 CISCO 路由器的 IP ROUTING 可用的时候你可以使用 Default-network 命令当你配置 ip default-network 时你要考虑路由上到达网络的最后求助网关为每个网络配置 ip default － network 如果路由能到达此网络，这个路由将会标记候选路由！

P1R4#show ip route

Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2

E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2

i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2

ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route

o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets

C 10.1.2.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

P1R4#

P1R4(config)# ip route 172.31.0.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.2.2

P1R4(config)#ip default-network 172.31.0.0

P1R4#show ip

*Mar 1 01:08:06.595: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console

P1R4#show ip route

Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2

E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2

i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2

ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route

o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is 10.1.2.2 to network 172.31.0.0

* 172.31.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets

S* 172.31.0.0 [1/0] via 10.1.2.2

10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets

C 10.1.2.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

P1R4#

这个命令是独立于路由协议的！

默认网关已经变成 10.1.2.2 了！

Ip default-network 这个命令是 classful

P1R4(config)#ip route 168.32.1.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.3.3

P1R4(config)#ip def

P1R4(config)#ip default-n

P1R4(config)#ip default-network 168.32.1.0

P1R4(config)#end

P1R4#show ip route

Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2

E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2

i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2

ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route

o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is 10.1.2.2 to network 172.31.0.0

168.32.0.0/16 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks

S 168.32.0.0/16 [1/0] via 168.32.1.0

S 168.32.1.0/24 [1/0] via 10.1.3.3

* 172.31.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets

S* 172.31.0.0 [1/0] via 10.1.2.2

10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets

C 10.1.3.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0

C 10.1.2.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

P1R4#

*Mar 1 01:34:55.419: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console

P1R4#Explain:

ip default-network 命令是有类别的，意味着如果路由器有一个路由到此命令表示的子网，它才会被作为默认的求助网关。

这时两个网络未被标记作为默认网络。必须使用主网再发出ip default-network命令.

再看：

P1R4(config)#ip default-n

P1R4(config)#ip default-network 168.32.0.0

P1R4(config)#end

P1R4#show ip r

*Mar 1 01:35:59.095: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console

P1R4#show ip route

Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2

E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2

i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2

ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route

o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is 168.32.1.0 to network 168.32.0.0

* 168.32.0.0/16 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks

S* 168.32.0.0/16 [1/0] via 168.32.1.0

S 168.32.1.0/24 [1/0] via 10.1.3.3

* 172.31.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets

S* 172.31.0.0 [1/0] via 10.1.2.2

10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets

C 10.1.3.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0

C 10.1.2.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

P1R4#

可以看到命令是 classful 默认路由又添加了一个！

注意下

Gateway of last resort is 168.32.1.0 看看是不是和上面的有变动了！

呵呵请看看前面的说明！

使用不同的路由协议：

使用ip default-network命令选择的最后求助网关根据路由协议不同而不同。为了能传播路由,IGRP及EIGRP的 ip default-network命令指定的网络必须为IGRP或EIGRP所知。这意味着网络在路由表里必须是一个IGRP-或EIGRP派生的网络，或者必须再分布用于的静态路由生成路由对网络到IGRP或 EIGRP 。

RIP做通告路由到0.0.0.0 。例如，注意最后求助网关在如下路由器使用IP 路由和ip default-network 命令的组合是获知。如果在此路由器启用RIP，RIP做通告路由到0.0.0.0 (虽然不对令牌环网络由于纵向隔离)：

----------------------------------------------------------------------

RIP

P1R1 配置：

P1R1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.31.1.2 创建一条静态路由

也可以 ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 s1/0

这样的话 P1R1 路由表出现的

Gateway of last resort is 0.0.0.0 to network 0.0.0.0

P1R1(config)#router rip

P1R1(config-router)#default-information originate 通过 RIP 协议通告默认路由！

P1R1 路由表：

P1R1#show ip route

Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2

E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2

i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2

ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route

o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is 172.31.1.2 to network 0.0.0.0

172.31.0.0/16 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks

C 172.31.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0

R 172.31.0.0/16 [120/1] via 10.1.0.2, 00:00:08, Serial1/1

10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 3 subnets

R 10.1.2.0 [120/1] via 10.1.0.2, 00:00:08, Serial1/1

C 10.1.1.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

C 10.1.0.0 is directly connected, Serial1/1

S* 0.0.0.0/0 [1/0] via 172.31.1.2

P1R2 的路由表

P1R2#

*Mar 1 00:03:06.415: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console

P1R2#show ip route

Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2

E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2

i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2

ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route

o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is 10.1.0.1 to network 0.0.0.0

172.31.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets

C 172.31.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0

10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 3 subnets

C 10.1.2.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

R 10.1.1.0 [120/1] via 10.1.0.1, 00:00:13, Serial1/1

C 10.1.0.0 is directly connected, Serial1/1

R* 0.0.0.0/0 [120/1] via 10.1.0.1, 00:00:03, Serial1/1

P1R2#

已经传递了！

------------------------------------------------------

Ospf

P1 R1:

P1R1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 s1/0

P1R1(config-router)#default-information originate

P1r1 route table

P1R1#

*Mar 1 00:22:52.363: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console

P1R1#show ip route

Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2

E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2

i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2

ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route

o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is 0.0.0.0 to network 0.0.0.0

172.31.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets

C 172.31.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0

10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 3 subnets

O 10.1.2.0 [110/65] via 10.1.0.2, 00:02:14, Serial1/1

C 10.1.1.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

C 10.1.0.0 is directly connected, Serial1/1

S* 0.0.0.0/0 is directly connected, Serial1/0

P1R1#

P1R2 route table

P1R2#show ip route

Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2

E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2

i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2

ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route

o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is 10.1.0.1 to network 0.0.0.0

172.31.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets

O 172.31.1.0 [110/128] via 10.1.0.1, 00:00:05, Serial1/1

10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 3 subnets

C 10.1.2.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

O 10.1.1.0 [110/65] via 10.1.0.1, 00:00:05, Serial1/1

C 10.1.0.0 is directly connected, Serial1/1

O*E2 0.0.0.0/0 [110/1] via 10.1.0.1, 00:00:05, Serial1/1

P1R2#

现在其中一台 ROUTE 中通告一个默认路由

通过 Default-information origiate 传播到外地的路由表中！

P1R4

P1R4#show ip route

Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2

E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2

i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2

ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route

o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is 10.1.2.2 to network 0.0.0.0

172.31.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets

O 172.31.1.0 [110/129] via 10.1.2.2, 00:06:30, FastEthernet0/0

10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 3 subnets

C 10.1.2.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

O 10.1.1.0 [110/66] via 10.1.2.2, 00:06:30, FastEthernet0/0

O 10.1.0.0 [110/65] via 10.1.2.2, 00:06:30, FastEthernet0/0

O*E2 0.0.0.0/0 [110/1] via 10.1.2.2, 00:06:30, FastEthernet0/0

P1R4#

Default metric 是 1 而不是 BSCI 自学指南 P212 上说的 10 书的作者已经试验验证了！

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EIGRP

Eigrp 在默认的情况下不重发 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 默认路由但是如果在 NETWORK 中添加 network 0.0.0.0 命令由于ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 interface 命令所产生的结果(不是ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 add 或ip default-network). 他将重分发一条默认路由。实验见：

方法一：

P1R1(config-router)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 s1/0

P1R1(config)#

*Mar 1 00:00:44.851: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial1/0, changed state to down

P1R1(config)#router eigrp 100

P1R1(config-router)#network 0.0.0.0

P1R1 的路由表：

P1R1#show ip route

Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2

E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2

i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2

ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route

o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is 0.0.0.0 to network 0.0.0.0

172.31.0.0/16 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks

C 172.31.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0

D 172.31.0.0/16 is a summary, 00:05:04, Null0

10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 4 subnets, 2 masks

D 10.1.2.0/24 [90/2172416] via 10.1.0.2, 00:05:07, Serial1/1

C 10.1.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

D 10.0.0.0/8 is a summary, 00:05:04, Null0

C 10.1.0.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/1

S* 0.0.0.0/0 is directly connected, Serial1/0

P1R1#

*Mar 1 00:06:28.071: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console

P1R1#

P1R2 的

P1R2#show ip route

Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2

E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2

i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2

ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route

o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is 10.1.0.1 to network 0.0.0.0

D 172.31.0.0/16 [90/2681856] via 10.1.0.1, 00:00:02, Serial1/1

10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 3 subnets

C 10.1.2.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

D 10.1.1.0 [90/2172416] via 10.1.0.1, 00:00:05, Serial1/1

C 10.1.0.0 is directly connected, Serial1/1

D* 0.0.0.0/0 [90/2681856] via 10.1.0.1, 00:00:02, Serial1/1

P1R2#

已经传递过来了！

-------------------------------------------------------------------

EIGRP

方法二：

P1R1

router eigrp 100

redistribute static

network 10.0.0.0

auto-summary

!

ip http server

ip classless

ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.31.1.3( ＃接口或者地址都可以 )

P1R1 route table

P1R1#show ip route

Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2

E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2

i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2

ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route

o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is 172.31.1.3 to network 0.0.0.0

172.31.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets

C 172.31.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0

10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 3 subnets

D 10.1.2.0 [90/2172416] via 10.1.0.2, 00:02:34, Serial1/1

C 10.1.1.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

C 10.1.0.0 is directly connected, Serial1/1

S* 0.0.0.0/0 [1/0] via 172.31.1.3

P1R1#

接下来看看 P1R2 的！

P1R2#show ip route

Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2

E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2

i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2

ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route

o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is 10.1.0.1 to network 0.0.0.0

10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 3 subnets

C 10.1.2.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

D 10.1.1.0 [90/2172416] via 10.1.0.1, 00:00:33, Serial1/1

C 10.1.0.0 is directly connected, Serial1/1

D*EX 0.0.0.0/0 [ 170 /2681856] via 10.1.0.1, 00:00:03, Serial1/1

P1R2#

通过 Redistribute static 也是可以的但是作为外部的 EIGRP 路由通告出去！

------------------------------------------------------------------------

默认路由的注意事项

注意：在早期的 RIP 版本中使用 IP ROUTE 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 创建的默认路由会自动的在 rip 路由器中被宣告但是 CISCO SOFTWATE RELEASE 12.0T 以后的版本中 RIP 不会宣告默认路由就算是此设置为默认的网络被 RIP 学习的情况下重分配进RIP就变成已个必要的步骤！或者使用 default-information originate命令。

OSPF，类似RIP，为 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0做通告路由。然而，与OSPF，必须用 default-information originate命令配置产生默认路由的路由器。关于详细信息，请参阅如何执行OSPF生成默认路由？.

ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 创建静态路由到网络0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0是另一个方式设置最后求助网关在路由器。照同 ip default-network命令，使用静态路由到0.0.0.0不依靠任何路由协议。然而，在路由器必须启用 IP路由。

注意： IGRP不了解路由到0.0.0.0因此不能传播使用 ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0命令被创建的默认路由。使用 ip default-network命令使 IGRP使用默认路由。

EIGRP传播一个路由对网络0.0.0.0，但必须再分布静态路由到EIGRP。RIP和 OSPF 正常运行如所描述当使用 ip default-network命令时。记住上面附注仍然适用。

如果配置多个网络作为候选默认路由使用 ip default-network命令，有最低管理距离的网络被选择作为网络为最后求助网关。如果所有网络有同一管理距离然后网络列表首先在路由表里 (show ip route 列出路由表)被选择作为网络为最后一招网关。如果使用 ip default-network 和 ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 命令配置候选默认值网络，并且ip default-network命令使用的网络静态知道，用ip default-network 命令被定义的网络采取优先次序和为最后一招网关被选择。否则如果ip default-network命令使用的网络由路由协议派生， ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0命令，将有一个更低的管理距离，采取优先次序和为最后一招网关被选择。最后，如果使用多个 ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 命令配置默认路由，数据流在多个路由负载平衡。

汇总
当IP路由在Cisco路由器时，禁用总结，您能使用 ip default-gateway命令。使用 ip default-network 和 ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 命令设置最后一招网关在有被启用的IP路由的 Cisco路由器。路由协议传播默认路由信息的方式为每个协议变化。

默认路由试验

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