Handler源码剖析

什么是handler?

熟悉Android开发的一定都知道Handler对于Android开发的重要性吧,Android主线程(UI线程)阻塞5s以上就会ANR,所以通常情况下耗时操作都是在子线程完成,当子线程完成耗时操作后,在通过Handler通知主线程去更新UI,最常见的使用场景就是在网络请求完成的时候,将网络请求的数据传给主线程,所以Handler的作用就是完成线程间通信。

最简单的线程间通信

我们想一下Android中Handler的使用步骤吧。

  • 主线程中定义一个Handler,并覆写它的handlerMessage方法。
private Handler mHandler = new Handler() {
    @Override
    public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
        super.handleMessage(msg);
        //update UI
    }
};
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  • 在子线程耗时操作完成后创建一个message对象,并通过调用handler.sendMessage方法将这个message发送给主线程
new Thread(new Runnable() {
    @Override
    public void run() {
        // do someting
        Message message = Message.obtain();
        mHandler.sendMessage(message);
    }
}).start();
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Java程序中要实现线程间通信要如何做呢?

  • 先定义一个Message对象,这里我们只在Message中定义一个字符串
public class Message {
    public String msg;
}
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  • 再定义一个IHandler接口
public interface IHandler {
    void handleMessage(Message msg);
}
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  • 下面我们写一段普通的java代码
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        IHandler handler = new IHandler() {
            @Override
            public void handleMessage(Message message) {
                System.out.println("main thread receive a message: " + message.msg);
            }
        };
        new SubThread(handler).start();
    }

    private static class SubThread extends Thread {
        private IHandler mHandler;

        public SubThread(IHandler handler) {
            mHandler = handler;
        }

        @Override
        public void run() {
            super.run();
            while (true) {
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(1000);
                    Message message = new Message();
                    message.msg = "hello";
                    mHandler.handleMessage(message);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
        }
    }
}
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运行结果:

main thread receive a message: hello
main thread receive a message: hello
main thread receive a message: hello
······
······
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这就是最简单的线程通信,通过接口回调将子线程中的Message传递给主线程去处理。Android中的Handler当然不是用这种方式实现的了,但是对于类与类之间的通信,接口回调是最简单最通用的方法了

下面我们参照Android中的方式实现一个Handler工具吧。Android的Handler在Java层包括了Handler,Looper,Message和MessageQueue四个类。其中Handler的主要作用是发送和处理消息,sendMessage会将新的Message加入到MessageQueue中。Looper是一个轮询器,检查MessageQueue中是否有Message,如果有Message就取出来分发给对应的Handler去处理。

  • Message不用多做处理,只需要增加一个目标Handler就可以了
public class Message {
    public Handler target;
    public String msg;
}
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  • MessageQueue是一个先进先出的队列,为了方便实现我们使用java提供的LinkedBlockingQueue来实现
public class MessageQueue {
    private LinkedBlockingQueue<Message> messageList;

    public MessageQueue() {
        messageList = new LinkedBlockingQueue<>();
    }

    public void enqueueMessage(Message msg) {
        messageList.add(msg);
    }

    public Message next() {
        return messageList.poll();
    }
}
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  • Looper是和线程绑定的,一个线程里只能有一个Looper,所以Looper应该保存在ThreadLocal中。Looper的初始化应该放到Looper.prepare中去完成。
public class Looper {
    private static ThreadLocal<Looper> sThreadLocal = new ThreadLocal<>();
    final MessageQueue mQueue;
    final Thread mThread;

    public Looper() {
        mQueue = new MessageQueue();
        mThread = Thread.currentThread();
    }

    public static void prepare() {
        if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
        }
        sThreadLocal.set(new Looper());
    }


    public static Looper myLooper() {
        return sThreadLocal.get();
    }

    public static void loop() {
        final Looper me = myLooper();
        final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;
        for (; ; ) {
            Message msg = queue.next();
            if (msg == null) {
                continue;
            }
            msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
        }
    }
}
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  • 最后看一下Handler的实现
public class Handler {

    private Looper mLooper;
    private MessageQueue mQueue;

    public Handler() {
        mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
        mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;
    }

    public void sendMessage(Message msg) {
        msg.target = this;
        mQueue.enqueueMessage(msg);
    }

    public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
        handleMessage(msg);
    }

    public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
    }
}
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我们依然用之前例子里的代码来测试

public class Main {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Looper.prepare();
        Handler handler = new Handler() {
            @Override
            public void handleMessage(Message message) {
                super.handleMessage(message);
                System.out.println("main thread receive a message: " + message.msg);
            }
        };
        new SubThread(handler).start();
        Looper.loop();
    }

    private static class SubThread extends Thread {
        private Handler mHandler;

        public SubThread(Handler handler) {
            mHandler = handler;
        }

        @Override
        public void run() {
            super.run();
            while (true) {
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(1000);
                    Message message = new Message();
                    message.msg = "hello";
                    mHandler.handleMessage(message);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
        }
    }
}
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输出结果

main thread receive a message: hello
main thread receive a message: hello
main thread receive a message: hello
······
······
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一个简单的Handler模拟程序就这样完成了。

深入分析

上面我们用几十行代码实现的那个玩具Handler只是为了让我们更好的理解Handler机制,Android实际中的Handler要复杂的多,更重要的是Android中Handler的实现不止包含了java代码,还包含了native调用

private native static long nativeInit();
private native static void nativeDestroy(long ptr);
private native void nativePollOnce(long ptr, int timeoutMillis); /*non-static for callbacks*/
private native static void nativeWake(long ptr);
private native static boolean nativeIsPolling(long ptr);
private native static void nativeSetFileDescriptorEvents(long ptr, int fd, int events);
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这几个native方法主要的作用是什么呢?在之前的Demo程序我们的loop方法实现是如果Message为空的时候就continue,这就造成了明明消息队列里没有消息,Looper依然在那里空转浪费cpu资源。native方法就是解决这个问题的。

MessageQueue的创建

这几个native方法都是在MessageQueue中定义,所以我们就先来研究一下MessageQueue创建。

构造方法

MessageQueue(boolean quitAllowed) {
    mQuitAllowed = quitAllowed;
    mPtr = nativeInit();
}
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mQuitAllowed表示这个消息队列能不能退出,除了主线程外,其他线程的消息队列都是可以退出的。
mPtr保存了native方法nativeInit()方法的返回值,这个值我们后面会用到,先看下nativeInit()做了什么吧。

nativeInit调用的是android_os_MessageQueue.cpp里面的方法

static jlong android_os_MessageQueue_nativeInit(JNIEnv* env, jclass clazz) {
    NativeMessageQueue* nativeMessageQueue = new NativeMessageQueue();
    if (!nativeMessageQueue) {
        jniThrowRuntimeException(env, "Unable to allocate native queue");
        return 0;
    }

    nativeMessageQueue->incStrong(env);
    return reinterpret_cast<jlong>(nativeMessageQueue);
}
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从上面的代码我们知道,nativeInit创建了一个NativeMessageQueue对象,并将它的指针强转成了Java中的long类型保存在mPtr中,我们可以这样理解,MessageQueue.java中保存了一份NativeMessageQueue的指针,在需要的时候,mPtr可以传给native方法并转换成NativeMessageQueue对象。

NativeMessageQueue的构造方法

NativeMessageQueue::NativeMessageQueue() :
        mPollEnv(NULL), mPollObj(NULL), mExceptionObj(NULL) {
    mLooper = Looper::getForThread();
    if (mLooper == NULL) {
        mLooper = new Looper(false);
        Looper::setForThread(mLooper);
    }
}
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上面的代码的作用很简单,如果ThreadLocal中有Looper对象就返回。如果没有就new一个Looper对象,并将其保存在ThreadLocal中。

Looper.cpp的构造函数

Looper::Looper(bool allowNonCallbacks) :
        mAllowNonCallbacks(allowNonCallbacks), mSendingMessage(false),
        mPolling(false), mEpollFd(-1), mEpollRebuildRequired(false),
        mNextRequestSeq(0), mResponseIndex(0), mNextMessageUptime(LLONG_MAX) {
    mWakeEventFd = eventfd(0, EFD_NONBLOCK | EFD_CLOEXEC);
    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(mWakeEventFd < 0, "Could not make wake event fd: %s",
                        strerror(errno));

    AutoMutex _l(mLock);
    rebuildEpollLocked();
}
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上面的代码有一个关键的方法eventfd,这个具体的作用可参看Linux进程间通信-eventfd,简单讲的话这个就是linux进程间通信的一种方式,Linux内核空间维护了一个64位的计数器,可以一个进程调用write写入一个数,另一个进程调用read读出来。

最后一个函数

void Looper::rebuildEpollLocked() {
    // Close old epoll instance if we have one.
    if (mEpollFd >= 0) {
        close(mEpollFd);
    }

    // Allocate the new epoll instance and register the wake pipe.
    mEpollFd = epoll_create(EPOLL_SIZE_HINT);
    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(mEpollFd < 0, "Could not create epoll instance: %s", strerror(errno));

    struct epoll_event eventItem;
    memset(& eventItem, 0, sizeof(epoll_event)); // zero out unused members of data field union
    eventItem.events = EPOLLIN;
    eventItem.data.fd = mWakeEventFd;
    int result = epoll_ctl(mEpollFd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, mWakeEventFd, & eventItem);
    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(result != 0, "Could not add wake event fd to epoll instance: %s",
                        strerror(errno));

    for (size_t i = 0; i < mRequests.size(); i++) {
        const Request& request = mRequests.valueAt(i);
        struct epoll_event eventItem;
        request.initEventItem(&eventItem);

        int epollResult = epoll_ctl(mEpollFd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, request.fd, & eventItem);
        if (epollResult < 0) {
            ALOGE("Error adding epoll events for fd %d while rebuilding epoll set: %s",
                  request.fd, strerror(errno));
        }
    }
}
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这个里面也有两个关键的方法epoll_create和epoll_ctl,epoll的具体讲解可以看这个。简单说就是epoll可以监控很多个文件描述符,并注册想要监控的事件。mWakeEventFd是之前我们创建的那个eventfd的文件描述符,EPOLLIN表示写事件。所以

int result = epoll_ctl(mEpollFd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, mWakeEventFd, & eventItem)
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这行代码的含义就是当eventfd有写入事件时触发。

sendMessage的流程

我们先来看一下Handler中sendMessage大致的时序图

  1. Handler调用自身的方法
public final boolean sendMessage(Message msg)
{
    return sendMessageDelayed(msg, 0);
}
public final boolean sendMessageDelayed(Message msg, long delayMillis)
{
    if (delayMillis < 0) {
        delayMillis = 0;
    }
    return sendMessageAtTime(msg, SystemClock.uptimeMillis() + delayMillis);
}
public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
    MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
    if (queue == null) {
        RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
                this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
        Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
        return false;
    }
    return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);
}
private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
    msg.target = this;
    if (mAsynchronous) {
        msg.setAsynchronous(true);
    }
    return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
}
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  1. MessageQueue调用enqueueMessage方法
boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
    if (msg.target == null) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Message must have a target.");
    }
    if (msg.isInUse()) {
        throw new IllegalStateException(msg + " This message is already in use.");
    }

    synchronized (this) {
        if (mQuitting) {
            IllegalStateException e = new IllegalStateException(
                    msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread");
            Log.w(TAG, e.getMessage(), e);
            msg.recycle();
            return false;
        }

        msg.markInUse();
        msg.when = when;
        Message p = mMessages;
        boolean needWake;
        if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
            // 第一个消息;需要唤醒Looper
            msg.next = p;
            mMessages = msg;
            needWake = mBlocked;
        } else {
            // 按照时间排序找到合适的插入点,这种情况通常不需要唤醒Looper,但是如果同步分隔栏且是第一个异步消息就需要唤醒Looper
            needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous();
            Message prev;
            for (;;) {
                prev = p;
                p = p.next;
                if (p == null || when < p.when) {
                    break;
                }
                if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) {
                    needWake = false;
                }
            }
            msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next
            prev.next = msg;
        }

        // We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting is false.
        if (needWake) {
            nativeWake(mPtr);
        }
    }
    return true;
}
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上面代码是Message加入队列的过程,Message入队过程并不像我们Demo里写的那样先进先出的,而是按照执行时间进行排序,如果这个Message是队列里面的第一个Message,则需要唤醒Looper。我们假设我们发送的Message就是第一个,那么就会触发nativeWake方法,传入的参数就是我们在MessageQueue构造函数中保存的指针mPtr,这个指针指向NativeMessageQueue。

  1. android_os_MessageQueue.cpp中的android_os_MessageQueue_nativeWake
static void android_os_MessageQueue_nativeWake(JNIEnv* env, jclass clazz, jlong ptr) {
    NativeMessageQueue* nativeMessageQueue = reinterpret_cast<NativeMessageQueue*>(ptr);
    nativeMessageQueue->wake();
}
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  1. NativeMessageQueue调用wake方法
void NativeMessageQueue::wake() {
    mLooper->wake();
}
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  1. Looper.cpp调用wake方法
void Looper::wake() {
#if DEBUG_POLL_AND_WAKE
    ALOGD("%p ~ wake", this);
#endif
    uint64_t inc = 1;
    // 向eventfd中写入1
    ssize_t nWrite = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(write(mWakeEventFd, &inc, sizeof(uint64_t)));
    if (nWrite != sizeof(uint64_t)) {
        if (errno != EAGAIN) {
            LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("Could not write wake signal to fd %d: %s",
                    mWakeEventFd, strerror(errno));
        }
    }
}
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mWakeEventFd就是在Looper的构造方法中创建的eventfd的文件描述符。上述代码的作用就是向eventfd中写入一个1。还记得Looper构造方法中的epoll吗?epoll正在监听eventfd的写事件,现在已经触发了。触发了什么事呢?我们接着往下分析。

handleMessage的流程

我们先来看一下Handler中handleMessage大致的时序图

  1. Looper中的loop
public static void loop() {
    final Looper me = myLooper();
    if (me == null) {
        throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
    }
    final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;
    Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
    final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();

    for (;;) {
        //消息队列为空的时候会阻塞
        Message msg = queue.next(); 
        if (msg == null) {
            // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
            return;
        }

        // This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger
        final Printer logging = me.mLogging;
        if (logging != null) {
            logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +
                    msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);
        }

        final long traceTag = me.mTraceTag;
        if (traceTag != 0) {
            Trace.traceBegin(traceTag, msg.target.getTraceName(msg));
        }
        try {
            msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
        } finally {
            if (traceTag != 0) {
                Trace.traceEnd(traceTag);
            }
        }

        if (logging != null) {
            logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);
        }

        // Make sure that during the course of dispatching the
        // identity of the thread wasn't corrupted.
        final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
        if (ident != newIdent) {
            Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"
                    + Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"
                    + Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "
                    + msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "
                    + msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);
        }

        msg.recycleUnchecked();
    }
}
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无限循环取Message,取到Message后调用msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg)分发给对应的Handler处理,看着似乎跟我们Demo里是一样的,但关键点就在于

Message msg = queue.next();
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这个操作是会阻塞的,还记得Looper.cpp里面的wake有个唤醒操作吗?这个唤醒操作就是为了唤醒queue.next()的。

  1. MessageQueue的next方法
Message next() {
    final long ptr = mPtr;
    if (ptr == 0) {
        return null;
    }
    int pendingIdleHandlerCount = -1; // -1 only during first iteration
    int nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
    for (;;) {
        if (nextPollTimeoutMillis != 0) {
            Binder.flushPendingCommands();
        }
        nativePollOnce(ptr, nextPollTimeoutMillis);
        synchronized (this) {
            // Try to retrieve the next message.  Return if found.
            final long now = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
            Message prevMsg = null;
            Message msg = mMessages;
            if (msg != null && msg.target == null) {
                // Stalled by a barrier.  Find the next asynchronous message in the queue.
                do {
                    prevMsg = msg;
                    msg = msg.next;
                } while (msg != null && !msg.isAsynchronous());
            }
            if (msg != null) {
                if (now < msg.when) {
                    // Next message is not ready.  Set a timeout to wake up when it is ready.
                    nextPollTimeoutMillis = (int) Math.min(msg.when - now, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
                } else {
                    // Got a message.
                    mBlocked = false;
                    if (prevMsg != null) {
                        prevMsg.next = msg.next;
                    } else {
                        mMessages = msg.next;
                    }
                    msg.next = null;
                    if (DEBUG) Log.v(TAG, "Returning message: " + msg);
                    msg.markInUse();
                    return msg;
                }
            } else {
                // No more messages.
                nextPollTimeoutMillis = -1;
            }
            // Process the quit message now that all pending messages have been handled.
            if (mQuitting) {
                dispose();
                return null;
            }
            
            if (pendingIdleHandlerCount < 0
                    && (mMessages == null || now < mMessages.when)) {
                pendingIdleHandlerCount = mIdleHandlers.size();
            }
            if (pendingIdleHandlerCount <= 0) {
                // No idle handlers to run.  Loop and wait some more.
                mBlocked = true;
                continue;
            }
            if (mPendingIdleHandlers == null) {
                mPendingIdleHandlers = new IdleHandler[Math.max(pendingIdleHandlerCount, 4)];
            }
            mPendingIdleHandlers = mIdleHandlers.toArray(mPendingIdleHandlers);
        }
        // Run the idle handlers.
        // We only ever reach this code block during the first iteration.
        for (int i = 0; i < pendingIdleHandlerCount; i++) {
            final IdleHandler idler = mPendingIdleHandlers[i];
            mPendingIdleHandlers[i] = null; // release the reference to the handler
            boolean keep = false;
            try {
                keep = idler.queueIdle();
            } catch (Throwable t) {
                Log.wtf(TAG, "IdleHandler threw exception", t);
            }
            if (!keep) {
                synchronized (this) {
                    mIdleHandlers.remove(idler);
                }
            }
        }
        pendingIdleHandlerCount = 0;
        nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
    }
}
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当MessageQueue里面没有消息时nativePollOnce(ptr, nextPollTimeoutMillis)会阻塞

  1. android_os_MessageQueue.cpp中的nativePollOnce
static void android_os_MessageQueue_nativePollOnce(JNIEnv* env, jobject obj,
        jlong ptr, jint timeoutMillis) {
    NativeMessageQueue* nativeMessageQueue = reinterpret_cast<NativeMessageQueue*>(ptr);
    nativeMessageQueue->pollOnce(env, obj, timeoutMillis);
}
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  1. NativeMessageQueue中的pollOnce方法
void NativeMessageQueue::pollOnce(JNIEnv* env, jobject pollObj, int timeoutMillis) {
    mPollEnv = env;
    mPollObj = pollObj;
    mLooper->pollOnce(timeoutMillis);
    mPollObj = NULL;
    mPollEnv = NULL;

    if (mExceptionObj) {
        env->Throw(mExceptionObj);
        env->DeleteLocalRef(mExceptionObj);
        mExceptionObj = NULL;
    }
}
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  1. Looper.cpp中的pollOnce方法
int Looper::pollOnce(int timeoutMillis, int* outFd, int* outEvents, void** outData) {
    int result = 0;
    for (;;) {
        while (mResponseIndex < mResponses.size()) {
            const Response& response = mResponses.itemAt(mResponseIndex++);
            int ident = response.request.ident;
            if (ident >= 0) {
                int fd = response.request.fd;
                int events = response.events;
                void* data = response.request.data;
                if (outFd != NULL) *outFd = fd;
                if (outEvents != NULL) *outEvents = events;
                if (outData != NULL) *outData = data;
                return ident;
            }
        }

        if (result != 0) {
            if (outFd != NULL) *outFd = 0;
            if (outEvents != NULL) *outEvents = 0;
            if (outData != NULL) *outData = NULL;
            return result;
        }
        result = pollInner(timeoutMillis);
    }
}
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  1. Looper.cpp中的pollInner方法
int Looper::pollInner(int timeoutMillis) {

    // Poll.
    int result = POLL_WAKE;
    mResponses.clear();
    mResponseIndex = 0;

    // We are about to idle.
    mPolling = true;

    struct epoll_event eventItems[EPOLL_MAX_EVENTS];
    // 等待eventfd中的写事件触发
    int eventCount = epoll_wait(mEpollFd, eventItems, EPOLL_MAX_EVENTS, timeoutMillis);

    for (int i = 0; i < eventCount; i++) {
        int fd = eventItems[i].data.fd;
        uint32_t epollEvents = eventItems[i].events;
        if (fd == mWakeEventFd) {
            if (epollEvents & EPOLLIN) {
                awoken();
            } else {
                ALOGW("Ignoring unexpected epoll events 0x%x on wake event fd.", epollEvents);
            }
        }
    }
    return result;
}
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pollInner中代码很长,我删去了一些不相关的代码,主要就是这行代码

struct epoll_event eventItems[EPOLL_MAX_EVENTS];
int eventCount = epoll_wait(mEpollFd, eventItems, EPOLL_MAX_EVENTS, timeoutMillis);
复制代码

epoll_wait会一直等待eventfd中的写事件触发,如果没有就会阻塞。

  1. 最后的awoken
void Looper::awoken() {
    uint64_t counter;
    TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(mWakeEventFd, &counter, sizeof(uint64_t)));
}
复制代码

读取eventfd中保存的数据,read操作后eventfd会置0,重新陷入阻塞

总结

  1. Looper调用prepare方法创建MessageQueue
  2. MessageQueue创建的时候同时调用jni方法创建了eventfd和epoll,epoll监听eventfd上的写事件。
  3. Looper调用loop方法进入循环。
  4. 执行到nativePollOnce时,由于eventfd计数器的值为0陷入阻塞。
  5. Handler调用sendMessage发送消息。
  6. message加入到MessageQueue,同时执行nativeWake方法向eventfd写入一个数字1。
  7. nativePollOnce阻塞解除,分发Message给对应的Handler。
  8. 读取eventfd中的数据,eventfd置0。nativePollOnce继续阻塞。

转载于:https://juejin.im/post/5ad61225f265da237f1ecf0a

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