三周第五次课(4月10日）

最新推荐文章于 2024-06-06 13:16:34 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2024-06-06 13:16:34 发布

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原文链接：http://blog.51cto.com/235571/2092182

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4.5/4.6 磁盘格式化

df -Th 查看分区的文件系统

[root@test220 ~]# df -hT
Filesystem          Type      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/cl-root xfs       100G   73M  100G   1% /
devtmpfs            devtmpfs  7.8G     0  7.8G   0% /dev
tmpfs               tmpfs     7.8G     0  7.8G   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs               tmpfs     7.8G   26M  7.8G   1% /run
tmpfs               tmpfs     7.8G     0  7.8G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/cl-usr  xfs       100G  4.6G   96G   5% /usr
/dev/sda2           xfs       497M  132M  366M  27% /boot
/dev/mapper/cl-home xfs       100G   33M  100G   1% /home
/dev/mapper/cl-data xfs       153G  249M  153G   1% /data
/dev/mapper/cl-var  xfs        30G  269M   30G   1% /var
tmpfs               tmpfs     1.6G     0  1.6G   0% /run/user/0
/dev/sdb1           ext3      459G   71M  435G   1% /mnt/test

[root@test220 ~]# parted /dev/sdb mkpart ext3 514000 518000 ##先分一个分区
Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.

[root@test220 ~]# parted /dev/sdb
GNU Parted 3.1
Using /dev/sdb
Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
(parted) p                                                                
Model: VMware Virtual disk (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 537GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: gpt
Disk Flags: 

Number  Start   End    Size    File system     Name  Flags
 1      17.4kB  500GB  500GB   ext3            ext3
 2      500GB   504GB  4000MB  linux-swap(v1)  swap
 3      504GB   514GB  10.0GB  ext3
 4      514GB   518GB  3999MB  ext3            ext4

mke2fs
-t 指定文件系统 xfs ext4
-b 指定块大小
mke2fs -t ext4 -b 2048 /dev/sdb1 格式化成ext4

[root@test220 ~]# mke2fs -t ext4 -b 2048 /dev/sdb4 
mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=2048 (log=1)
Fragment size=2048 (log=1)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
244800 inodes, 1952768 blocks
97638 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=270532608
120 block groups
16384 blocks per group, 16384 fragments per group
2040 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks: 
        16384, 49152, 81920, 114688, 147456, 409600, 442368, 802816, 1327104

Allocating group tables: done                            
Writing inode tables: done                            
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb4 格式化成ext4
[root@test220 ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/sdb4 格式化为xfs

mkfs.xfs: /dev/sdb4 appears to contain an existing filesystem (ext4).
mkfs.xfs: Use the -f option to force overwrite.
[root@test220 ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/sdb4 -f
meta-data=/dev/sdb4              isize=512    agcount=4, agsize=244096 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=1        finobt=0, sparse=0
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=976384, imaxpct=25
         =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=2560, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0
[root@test220 ~]# parted /dev/sdb   
GNU Parted 3.1
Using /dev/sdb
Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
(parted) p                                                                
Model: VMware Virtual disk (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 537GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: gpt
Disk Flags: 

Number  Start   End    Size    File system     Name  Flags
 1      17.4kB  500GB  500GB   ext3            ext3
 2      500GB   504GB  4000MB  linux-swap(v1)  swap
 3      504GB   514GB  10.0GB  ext3
 4      514GB   518GB  3999MB  xfs             ext4

df -hT 只可以查看已经挂载的分区和文件系统类型。

[root@test220 ~]# df -Th
Filesystem          Type      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/cl-root xfs       100G   73M  100G   1% /
devtmpfs            devtmpfs  7.8G     0  7.8G   0% /dev
tmpfs               tmpfs     7.8G     0  7.8G   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs               tmpfs     7.8G   26M  7.8G   1% /run
tmpfs               tmpfs     7.8G     0  7.8G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/cl-usr  xfs       100G  4.6G   96G   5% /usr
/dev/sda2           xfs       497M  132M  366M  27% /boot
/dev/mapper/cl-home xfs       100G   33M  100G   1% /home
/dev/mapper/cl-data xfs       153G  249M  153G   1% /data
/dev/mapper/cl-var  xfs        30G  269M   30G   1% /var
tmpfs               tmpfs     1.6G     0  1.6G   0% /run/user/0
/dev/sdb1           ext3      459G   71M  435G   1% /mnt/test

fdisk -l **可以显示出所有挂载和未挂载的分区，但不显示文件系统类型。

[root@test220 ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sda

Disk /dev/sda: 536.9 GB, 536870912000 bytes, 1048576000 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x00003b51

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1            2048        6143        2048   83  Linux
/dev/sda2   *        6144     1030143      512000   83  Linux
/dev/sda3         1030144  1048575999   523772928   8e  Linux LVM

parted -l 可以查看未挂载的文件系统类型，以及哪些分区尚未格式化。

[root@test220 ~]# parted -l 
Model: VMware Virtual disk (scsi)
Disk /dev/sda: 537GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Disk Flags: 

Number  Start   End     Size    Type     File system  Flags
 1      1049kB  3146kB  2097kB  primary
 2      3146kB  527MB   524MB   primary  xfs          boot
 3      527MB   537GB   536GB   primary               lvm

Model: VMware Virtual disk (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 537GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: gpt
Disk Flags: 

Number  Start   End    Size    File system     Name  Flags
 1      17.4kB  500GB  500GB   ext3            ext3
 2      500GB   504GB  4000MB  linux-swap(v1)  swap
 3      504GB   514GB  10.0GB  ext3
 4      514GB   518GB  3999MB  xfs             ext4

Model: Linux device-mapper (linear) (dm)
Disk /dev/mapper/cl-var: 32.2GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: loop
Disk Flags: 

Number  Start  End     Size    File system  Flags
 1      0.00B  32.2GB  32.2GB  xfs

Model: Linux device-mapper (linear) (dm)
Disk /dev/mapper/cl-data: 164GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: loop
Disk Flags: 

Number  Start  End    Size   File system  Flags
 1      0.00B  164GB  164GB  xfs

Model: Linux device-mapper (linear) (dm)
Disk /dev/mapper/cl-home: 107GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: loop
Disk Flags: 

Number  Start  End    Size   File system  Flags
 1      0.00B  107GB  107GB  xfs

Model: Linux device-mapper (linear) (dm)
Disk /dev/mapper/cl-usr: 107GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: loop
Disk Flags: 

Number  Start  End    Size   File system  Flags
 1      0.00B  107GB  107GB  xfs

Model: Linux device-mapper (linear) (dm)
Disk /dev/mapper/cl-swap: 18.3GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: loop
Disk Flags: 

Number  Start  End     Size    File system     Flags
 1      0.00B  18.3GB  18.3GB  linux-swap(v1)

Model: Linux device-mapper (linear) (dm)
Disk /dev/mapper/cl-root: 107GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: loop
Disk Flags: 

Number  Start  End    Size   File system  Flags
 1      0.00B  107GB  107GB  xfs

lsblk -f 也可以查看未挂载的文件系统类型以及UUID

[root@test220 ~]# lsblk -f
NAME        FSTYPE      LABEL UUID                                   MOUNTPOINT
sda                                                                  
├─sda1                                                               
├─sda2      xfs               287189b1-44a7-4f4f-a938-cab7ce42f221   /boot
└─sda3      LVM2_member       3hocZ6-nb7d-x0rC-N5QW-BgcL-aiSj-YRZ3ew 
  ├─cl-root xfs               b75fdd0f-20bc-4330-b811-2db4378c24dc   /
  ├─cl-swap swap              73e5acf7-7176-425e-953f-eb628d45077c   [SWAP]
  ├─cl-usr  xfs               ccb57a8d-dacb-4638-9459-f0c173b9855d   /usr
  ├─cl-var  xfs               00d09508-1ca0-4b4e-9fcc-4cb2f5535a30   /var
  ├─cl-home xfs               10160c19-5e44-4136-be90-1be7db47ddb9   /home
  └─cl-data xfs               4ff14856-eb63-4e63-9479-2214332711a7   /data
sdb                                                                  
├─sdb1      ext3              364198ce-a598-4952-8073-8e4f45f90cc2   /mnt/test
├─sdb2      swap              d9f2f280-481b-4ea9-bb67-598d34f9604b   [SWAP]
├─sdb3      ext3              d3f212e6-1d08-4942-9f3f-e36accda64f5   
└─sdb4      xfs               54f0f0e4-ab92-410d-a8df-62cc7b1af586   
sr0

blkid 查看已格式化分区的UUID和文件系统

[root@test220 ~]# blkid 
/dev/sda2: UUID="287189b1-44a7-4f4f-a938-cab7ce42f221" TYPE="xfs" 
/dev/sda3: UUID="3hocZ6-nb7d-x0rC-N5QW-BgcL-aiSj-YRZ3ew" TYPE="LVM2_member" 
/dev/mapper/cl-root: UUID="b75fdd0f-20bc-4330-b811-2db4378c24dc" TYPE="xfs" 
/dev/mapper/cl-swap: UUID="73e5acf7-7176-425e-953f-eb628d45077c" TYPE="swap" 
/dev/mapper/cl-usr: UUID="ccb57a8d-dacb-4638-9459-f0c173b9855d" TYPE="xfs" 
/dev/mapper/cl-var: UUID="00d09508-1ca0-4b4e-9fcc-4cb2f5535a30" TYPE="xfs" 
/dev/mapper/cl-home: UUID="10160c19-5e44-4136-be90-1be7db47ddb9" TYPE="xfs" 
/dev/mapper/cl-data: UUID="4ff14856-eb63-4e63-9479-2214332711a7" TYPE="xfs" 
/dev/sdb1: UUID="364198ce-a598-4952-8073-8e4f45f90cc2" TYPE="ext3" PARTLABEL="ext3" PARTUUID="663d3aaf-e4e9-49d1-8183-508a3ab7b488" 
/dev/sdb2: UUID="d9f2f280-481b-4ea9-bb67-598d34f9604b" TYPE="swap" PARTLABEL="swap" PARTUUID="1a3d9940-3c24-430a-9f4b-71823c94a9c7" 
/dev/sdb3: UUID="d3f212e6-1d08-4942-9f3f-e36accda64f5" SEC_TYPE="ext2" TYPE="ext3" PARTUUID="6517dbfc-9cb1-4837-b428-73bef7db0bc7" 
/dev/sdb4: UUID="54f0f0e4-ab92-410d-a8df-62cc7b1af586" TYPE="xfs" PARTLABEL="ext4" PARTUUID="c15760ec-033a-4b6c-bc8b-956bac951d49"

三周第五次课(4月10日）

大的文件可以指定大一点的块，块小可以节省空间

mke2fs -m 0.1 /dev/sdb4 -m 预留空间百分比

 [root@test220 ~]# mke2fs -m 0.1 /dev/sdb4
mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
244320 inodes, 976384 blocks
976 blocks (0.10%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=1002438656
30 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8144 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks: 
        32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736

Allocating group tables: done                            
Writing inode tables: done                            
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

mke2fs -i 8192 -t ext4 /dev/sdb4 -i,指定多少块对应一个inode,这里是2:1

[root@test220 ~]# mke2fs -i 8192 -t ext4 /dev/sdb4
mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
488640 inodes, 976384 blocks
48819 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=1000341504
30 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
16288 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks: 
        32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736

Allocating group tables: done                            
Writing inode tables: done                            
Creating journal (16384 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

mke2fs -t ext4 -b 2048 /dev/sdb4 -b指定块大小，为2048字节

[root@test220 ~]# mke2fs -t ext4 -b 2048 /dev/sdb4
mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=2048 (log=1)
Fragment size=2048 (log=1)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
244800 inodes, 1952768 blocks
97638 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=270532608
120 block groups
16384 blocks per group, 16384 fragments per group
2040 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks: 
        16384, 49152, 81920, 114688, 147456, 409600, 442368, 802816, 1327104

Allocating group tables: done                            
Writing inode tables: done                            
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

4.7/4.8 磁盘挂载

mkfs.xfs -f /dev/sdb单个硬盘可以不分区直接格式化然后挂载
mount /dev/sdb /mnt/挂载分区
umount /dev/sdb卸载分区
umount /mnt/卸载分区
umount -l /mnt/ 强制卸载分区，即使分区提示忙

一、格式化

查看当前磁盘支持的文件系统

[root@aiker01 mnt]# cat /etc/filesystems
xfs
ext4
ext3
ext2
nodev proc
nodev devpts
iso9660
vfat
hfs
hfsplus

*
查看分区文件系统：lsblk -f

[root@aiker01 mnt]# lsblk -f
NAME        FSTYPE      LABEL UUID                                   MOUNTPOINT
sda                                                                  
├─sda1                                                               
├─sda2      xfs               460aa503-2017-41c1-a406-c94f8b1097b7   /boot
└─sda3      LVM2_member       KzLxC5-B3g0-qvz5-4Bsf-Neaq-y3f1-cmRV0I 
  ├─cl-root xfs               16cc098f-10c5-4b7d-9a3a-cfd0289a0e12   /
  ├─cl-swap swap              542d997a-3a61-4e10-afe5-f4f96277eba9   [SWAP]
  ├─cl-var  xfs               2b8c9632-31ea-4299-9cb3-aa8d6d9c030e   /var
  └─cl-home xfs               b7a246f3-746e-49e4-bab0-4def83faaa26   /home
sdb         
sr0

可以看到sdb还没有格式化
mke2fs格式化分区（但不支持xfs）
-t：指定文件系统（如果不指定默认是ext2）
-b：指定块大小
-m：指定分区预留大小（给root用户预留的空间）
[root@aiker01 ~]# mke2fs -t ext4 -i 8192 -m 0.1 /dev/sdb #同时我们还可以设定inodes多少，如下图，四个块对应一个inodes，也就是16k对应一个inodes，如果你想要更多的inodes，那么就用-i选项。
-i：多少个字节对应一个inodes，设定8k对应一个inodes，inodes数量就变多了。（对少一个快对应一个inodes）
用mke2fs方法也能实现，事实上mke2fs和mkfs.ext4基本上是等同的。默认的块大小是4096。

mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
/dev/sdb is entire device, not just one partition!
Proceed anyway? (y,n) y
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
2621440 inodes, 5242880 blocks
5242 blocks (0.10%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=2153775104
160 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
16384 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks: 
        32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208, 
        4096000
Allocating group tables: done                            
Writing inode tables: done                            
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
[root@aiker01 ~]# parted -l /dev/sdb
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sda: 21.5GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Disk Flags: 
Number  Start   End     Size    Type     File system  Flags
 1      1049kB  3146kB  2097kB  primary
 2      3146kB  527MB   524MB   primary  xfs          boot
 3      527MB   21.5GB  20.9GB  primary               lvm
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: loop
Disk Flags: 
Number  Start  End     Size    File system  Flags
 1      0.00B  21.5GB  21.5GB  ext4

mkfs.ext4相当于是mke2fs -t ext4，并且也支持上面的几个选项，不过mkfs.xfs不支持上面的几个选项。
这里格式化成xfs文件系统我们使用mkfs.xfs

[root@aiker01 ~]# mkfs.xfs -f /dev/sdb
meta-data=/dev/sdb               isize=512    agcount=4, agsize=1310720 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=1        finobt=0, sparse=0
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=5242880, imaxpct=25
         =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=2560, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0

格式化后可以用以下两个命令查看文件系统和uuid,我们已经格式化未了xfs文件系统

[root@aiker01 ~]# blkid /dev/sdb
/dev/sdb: UUID="514ac48b-a5e8-4dd7-8907-16d75cf99cae" TYPE="xfs" 
[root@aiker01 ~]# lsblk -f
NAME        FSTYPE      LABEL UUID                                   MOUNTPOINT
sda                                                                  
├─sda1                                                               
├─sda2      xfs               460aa503-2017-41c1-a406-c94f8b1097b7   /boot
└─sda3      LVM2_member       KzLxC5-B3g0-qvz5-4Bsf-Neaq-y3f1-cmRV0I 
  ├─cl-root xfs               16cc098f-10c5-4b7d-9a3a-cfd0289a0e12   /
  ├─cl-swap swap              542d997a-3a61-4e10-afe5-f4f96277eba9   [SWAP]
  ├─cl-var  xfs               2b8c9632-31ea-4299-9cb3-aa8d6d9c030e   /var
  └─cl-home xfs               b7a246f3-746e-49e4-bab0-4def83faaa26   /home
sdb         xfs               514ac48b-a5e8-4dd7-8907-16d75cf99cae   
sr0

二、挂载

mount：挂载分区
用法：mount （盘符）（挂载的目录）

[root@aiker01 ~]# mount /dev/sdb /mnt/

-o：可以挂载成只读的
用法：mount -o rw （盘符或挂载点）
remount：重新挂载
umount：卸载分区（如果当前就在要卸载分区的挂载点里会提示忙，退出该目录即可）
用法：umount （盘符或挂载点）
强制卸载：
umout -l 挂载点 #可以不用退出就能卸载当前的挂载点，或者提示忙时也可以强制卸载
新加入的磁盘要加入开机自动挂载的方法：
vim /etc/fstab
三周第五次课(4月10日）

最后一行是新添加的
一共是六列，
第一列是设备号，可以是UUID也可以是盘符，第二列是挂载点，
第三列是文件格式，第四列是挂载选项，第五列是否备份，第六列优先级
UUID的获取：可以使用blkid 或者lsblk -f

4.9 手动增加swap空间

一般swap的大小是内存大小的2倍。如果内存为4G，我们最多分配8G的swap空间。如果某些应用程序要求使用那么大的空间，我们可以进行手动扩容，比如oracle在安装配置的时候就会要严格的swap大小匹配

1.创建虚拟磁盘

[root@aiker01 ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/ramdisk bs=1M count=2000 #dd命令的 if参数的意思是：数据源从哪里来。/dev/zero是个造零器。of的意思是到那里去。bs是块的大小。count是多少块。
mkswap是将造的空间转换成swap空间。

2000+0 records in
2000+0 records out
2097152000 bytes (2.1 GB) copied, 18.0467 s, 116 MB/s
[root@aiker01 ~]# ls -dl /tmp/ramdisk 
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 28 Dec  2 16:15 /tmp/ramdisk

[root@aiker01 ~]# mkswap /tmp/ramdisk 
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 2047996 KiB
no label, UUID=56383424-697b-4587-ac00-0330d141cef9

2、把虚拟磁盘的空间增加到swap：

[root@aiker01 ~]# free -h
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 4.7G 163M 2.2G 8.6M 2.3G 4.2G
Swap: 4.0G 0B 4.0G

[root@aiker01 ~]# swapon !$
swapon /tmp/ramdisk

swapon: /tmp/ramdisk: insecure permissions 0644, 0600 suggested. #swapon: /tmp/testdisk：不安全的权限 0644，建议使用 0600。

[root@aiker01 ~]# chmod 0600 !$
chmod 0600 /tmp/ramdisk
[root@aiker01 ~]# swapon /tmp/ramdisk
swapon: /tmp/ramdisk: swapon failed: Device or resource busy
[root@aiker01 ~]# free -h
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 4.7G 165M 180M 8.6M 4.3G 4.2G
Swap: 6.0G 0B 6.0G

如果要删除新增的空间，使用命令：


[root@aiker01 ~]# swapoff /tmp/ramdisk
[root@aiker01 ~]# !fr
free -h
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 4.7G 163M 181M 8.6M 4.3G 4.2G
Swap: 4.0G 0B 4.0G

转载于:https://blog.51cto.com/235571/2092182

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三周第五次课(4月10日）

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