James Munkres Topology: Sec 22 Exer 3-CSDN博客

Exercise 22.3 Let $\pi_1: \mathbb{R} \times \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ be projection on the first coordinate. Let $A$ be the subspace of $\mathbb{R}\times\mathbb{R}$ consisting of all points $x \times y$ for which either $x \geq 0$ or $y = 0$ (or both); let $q: A \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ be obtained by restricting $\pi_1$. Show that $q$ is a quotient map that is neither open nor closed.

Proof (a) Show $q$ is a quotient map.

The projection map $\pi_1$ is continuous because the pre-image of any open set $U$ in $\mathbb{R}$ under $\pi_1$ is $U \times \mathbb{R}$, which is open in the product space $\mathbb{R}\times\mathbb{R}$. Then its restriction $q$ is also continuous due to Theorem 18.2.

According to the illustrated domain of $q$ in Figure 1 which is marked in light grey, it is obvious that $q$ is surjective. It also shows the three types of saturated open sets in $A$ with respect to $q$, which are marked in red:

$(a,b) \times \{0\}$ with $a < 0$ and $b \leq 0$ and its image under $q$ is $(a, b)$.
$(a,b) \times \mathbb{R}$ with $a \geq 0$ and $b > 0$ and its image under $q$ is $(a, b)$.
$(a, 0) \times \{0\} \cup [0,b) \times \mathbb{R}$ with $a < 0$ and $b > 0$. Because a map preserves set union operation, its image under $q$ is $(a, b)$.

It can be seen that for the three types of saturated open sets, their images are all open in $\mathbb{R}$. Meanwhile, arbitrary union of the above three types saturated open sets is also a saturated open set with its image open in $\mathbb{R}$. Therefore, $q$ is a quotient map.

Figure 1. Illustration of the domain of $q$ and saturated open sets in $A$.

(b) Show $q$ is neither an open nor a closed map.

Let $U = [0, 1) \times (1, 2)$ be an open set of $A$ in the subspace topology, which is not saturated. $q(U) = [0, 1)$ is not open in $\mathbb{R}$. Hence $q$ is not an open map.

Let $U = \{(x,y) \vert xy = 1 \;\text{and}\; x > 0 \}$ which is closed in $\mathbb{R} \times \mathbb{R}$. According to Theorem 17.2, $U$ is also closed in the subspace $A$. Then $q(U)=(0,+\infty)$, which is not closed in $\mathbb{R}$. Hence $q$ is not a closed map.

Comment This exercise shows that a function being open or closed map is a sufficient but not a necessary condition for the function to be a quotient map.

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/peabody/p/10357768.html