一、封装(属性/私有方法/公有方法/静态方法/构造函数...)
# 定义一个类
class Animal:
# 私有成员(用_开头的约定为私有成员 - 注:仅仅是君子协定)
_age = 0
# 构造函数
def __init__(self, name):
# 建议所有私有成员在这里初始化(不管是已定义的,还是"动态"添加的)
self.name = name # 动态添加的私有成员
self._age = 1 # 已经定义好的私有成员
# 静态方法
@staticmethod
def eat():
print("Animal can eat food")
# 公有方法
def to_string(self):
return "name:" + self.name
# 私有方法(用_开头的约定为私有方法 - 注:仅仅是君子协定)
def _some_method(self):
return "this is a private method of :" + self.name
# setter示例
def set_age(self, age):
if age < 0 or age > 100:
print("age is invalid!")
self._age = age
# getter示例
def get_age(self):
return self._age
def run(self):
print(self._some_method())
print("I am running")
def test(self):
print("test1")
# 注:这样会覆盖上面的test(self版本)
def test(self, hello):
print("test2:" + hello)
animal = Animal("A new animal")
print(animal.to_string()) # 方法调用
animal.eat() # 静态方法调用1(不推荐)
Animal.eat() # 静态方法调用2
print("animal._age=" + str(animal.get_age()))
animal.set_age(10) # 调用setter
print(animal.get_age()) # 调用getter,输出10
animal.run() # 公有方法里调用私有方法
animal._age = 30 # 直接修改私有成员(不推荐)
animal._age2 = 40 # 注意:这里实际上给实例animal"动态"添加了一个_age2属性
print(animal.get_age()) # 这里输出的仍然是10
print("_age2:" + str(animal._age2)) # 这里输出的动态添加的_age2属性值
print(animal.test("hi"))
#print(animal.test()) # 这里会报错,因为test(self,hello)这个版本要求hello参数有值
print(animal._some_method()) # 直接调用私有方法(不推荐)
输出:
name:A new animal
Animal can eat food
Animal can eat food
animal._age=1
10
this is a private method of :A new animal
I am running
30
_age2:40
test2:hi
None
this is a private method of :A new animal
几个要点:
1、约定大于配置:比如构造函数约定为__init__;私有方法/成员约定为"_"开头(注:只是君子协定,硬要调用的话,外部是可以直接调用的);实例方法约定第1个参数为self
2、重载的处理,不象java里要定义多个方法签名,python里就一个版本,但是通过可变参数来实现(后面还要细讲)
3、动态语言,实例在运行过程中,可随时动态添加属性
另外注意:不要轻易使用__(二个连续的下划线)做为方法或变量的前缀或后缀,"__XXX__"在python里通常有特定含义,如果使用"__"开头的变量或写法,可能会遇到各种奇葩问题。
二、重载
传统的OOP语言,比如java,重载只能是定义多个不同方法签名的method,来实现重载,但是python可以做得更简单,用参数默认值就可以变相实现。
# 定义一个类
class Calculator:
# 加法
def add(self, a=0, b=0, c=0, d=0):
print("args:", a, b, c, d)
return int(a) + int(b) + int(c) + int(d)
cal = Calculator()
print(cal.add(1, 2))
print(cal.add(1, 2, 3))
print(cal.add(1, "2", 3, "4"))
print("\n")
cal = Calculator #注意这里,如果漏了(),结果会大不同
print(cal.add(1, 2))
输出:
args: 1 2 0 0
3
args: 1 2 3 0
6
args: 1 2 3 4
10
args: 2 0 0 0
2
注意:16行,如果漏了(),cal = Calculator,实际上只是cal只是相当于类Calculator的别名,这样调用add(1,2)时,类似于静态方法调用,1会认为是第一个参数self,所以输出就成了2.
如果不确定参数个数,还可以这么做:
# 定义一个类
class Calculator:
# 约定:*参数,表示参数个数不限定
def add(self, *args):
result = 0
for arg in args:
result += int(arg)
return result
cal = Calculator()
print(cal.add(1, 2, 3))
print(cal.add("1", 2, "3"))
输出:
6
6
三、继承
3.1 基本示例
class Fruit:
def __init__(self, name):
print("Fruit constructor...")
self.name = name
def to_string(self):
print("Fruit to_string...")
return "name:" + self.name
# 抽象方法
def get_color(self):
print("Fruit get_color...")
raise NotImplementedError
class RedApple(Fruit):
def __init__(self, name):
print("Apple constructor...")
# 调用父类的构造函数
Fruit.__init__(self, name)
def get_color(self):
return self.name + " is red"
fruit = Fruit("unknown")
print(fruit.to_string())
# print(fruit.get_color()) # 报错,因为没实现
print("\n")
redApple = RedApple("red apple")
print(redApple.get_color())
print(redApple.to_string())
print("\n")
print("1、redApple is instance of RedApple ? ", isinstance(redApple, RedApple))
print("2、redApple is instance of Fruit ? ", isinstance(redApple, Fruit))
print("3、fruit is instance of Fruit ? ", isinstance(fruit, Fruit))
print("4、fruit is instance of RedApple ? ", isinstance(fruit, RedApple))
print("5、RedApple is subclass of Fruit ? ", issubclass(RedApple, Fruit))
print("6、Fruit is subclass of Fruit ? ", issubclass(Fruit, Fruit))
print("7、Fruit is subclass of RedApple ? ", issubclass(Fruit, RedApple))
输出:
Fruit constructor...
Fruit to_string...
name:unknown
Apple constructor...
Fruit constructor...
red apple is red
Fruit to_string...
name:red apple
1、redApple is instance of RedApple ? True
2、redApple is instance of Fruit ? True
3、fruit is instance of Fruit ? True
4、fruit is instance of RedApple ? False
5、RedApple is subclass of Fruit ? True
6、Fruit is subclass of Fruit ? True
7、Fruit is subclass of RedApple ? False
注:抽象方法是通过抛出未实现的异常来实现的。如果想类似java定义抽象类,把__init__方法抛出未实现异常就行。
3.2 多继承
python支持多继承,这点与java有很大区别
class P1:
def a(self):
print("P1-a")
def b(self):
print("P1-b")
def x(self):
print("P1-x")
class P2:
def a(self):
print("P2-a")
def b(self):
print("P2-b")
def y(self):
print("P2-y")
# 多继承示例
class S1(P1, P2):
def a(self):
print("S1-a")
class S2(P2, P1):
def a(self):
print("S2-a")
s1 = S1()
s1.a()
s1.b() # P1-b
s1.x()
s1.y()
print("\n")
s2 = S2()
s2.a()
s2.b() # P2-b
s2.x()
s2.y()
print("\n")
print("s1 isinstance of P1:", isinstance(s1, P1))
print("s1 isinstance of P2:", isinstance(s1, P2))
print("s1 isinstance of S1:", isinstance(s1, S1))
print("s1 isinstance of S2:", isinstance(s1, S2))
输出:
S1-a
P1-b
P1-x
P2-y
S2-a
P2-b
P1-x
P2-y
s1 isinstance of P1: True
s1 isinstance of P2: True
s1 isinstance of S1: True
s1 isinstance of S2: False
注意多承继的顺序,如果“爸爸们”之间有重名方法,将会按照继承顺序,谁在前面,就调用谁的。eg:def S(A,B) 子类S继承自A,B,如果A,B中都有方法x,调用S.x时,因为A排在B的前面,所以调用到的就是A.x方法。从上面的输出就可以得到印证。
3.3 接口、abc模块、属性
3.1中抽象类/方法是通过抛出异常来实现的,有点粗暴,下面介绍一种更优雅的方法,python内置的abc模块
from abc import *
# 接口示例
class IRun(ABC):
# 抽象方法
@abstractmethod
def run(self):
pass
class Animal(ABC):
# 抽象属性
@property
@abstractmethod
def name(self):
pass
class Dog(Animal, IRun):
def __init__(self, name):
self._name = name;
# 属性的getter
@property
def name(self):
return self._name
# 属性的setter (注:每个property都会生成一个对应的@xxx.setter)
@name.setter
def name(self, value):
self._name = value
# 接口的方法实现
def run(self):
print(self.name + " is running")
dog1 = Dog("a")
dog1.run()
dog2 = Dog("b")
dog2.run()
print(isinstance(dog1, IRun))
print(id(dog1), id(dog2), id(dog1) == id(dog2)) # 判断2个实例是否相等
输出:
a is running
b is running
True
4314753736 4314753792 False
最后送一波福利: https://github.com/faif/python-patterns 这是python实现的所有设计模式,对oop感兴趣的推荐研究。