网络编程总结 & 使用NSOperation和NSOperationQueue启动多线程

一:确认网络环境3G/WIFI

   1. 添加源文件和framework
   
   开发Web等网络应用程序的时候,需要确认网络环境,连接情况等信息。如果没有处理它们,是不会通过Apple的审(我们的)查的。
   Apple 的 例程 Reachability 中介绍了取得/检测网络状态的方法。要在应用程序程序中使用Reachability,首先要完成如下两部:
   
   1.1. 添加源文件:
   在你的程序中使用 Reachability 只须将该例程中的 Reachability.h 和 Reachability.m 拷贝到你的工程中。如下图:

   
   
   1.2.添加framework:
   将SystemConfiguration.framework 添加进工程。如下图:
   
   
   2. 网络状态
   
   Reachability.h中定义了三种网络状态:
   typedef enum {
       NotReachable = 0,            //无连接
       ReachableViaWiFi,            //使用WiFi网络
       ReachableViaWWAN            //使用3G/GPRS网络
   } NetworkStatus;
   
   因此可以这样检查网络状态:

   Reachability *r = [Reachability reachabilityWithHostName:@“www.apple.com”];
   switch ([r currentReachabilityStatus]) {
           case NotReachable:
                   // 没有网络连接
                   break;
           case ReachableViaWWAN:
                   // 使用3G网络
                   break;
           case ReachableViaWiFi:
                   // 使用WiFi网络
                   break;
   }
   
   3.检查当前网络环境
   程序启动时,如果想检测可用的网络环境,可以像这样
   // 是否wifi
   + (BOOL) IsEnableWIFI {
       return ([[Reachability reachabilityForLocalWiFi] currentReachabilityStatus] != NotReachable);
   }

   // 是否3G
   + (BOOL) IsEnable3G {
       return ([[Reachability reachabilityForInternetConnection] currentReachabilityStatus] != NotReachable);
   }
   例子:
   - (void)viewWillAppear:(BOOL)animated {    
   if (([Reachability reachabilityForInternetConnection].currentReachabilityStatus == NotReachable) && 
           ([Reachability reachabilityForLocalWiFi].currentReachabilityStatus == NotReachable)) {
           self.navigationItem.hidesBackButton = YES;
           [self.navigationItem setLeftBarButtonItem:nil animated:NO];
       }
   }

   4. 链接状态的实时通知
   网络连接状态的实时检查,通知在网络应用中也是十分必要的。接续状态发生变化时,需要及时地通知用户:
   
   Reachability 1.5版本
   // My.AppDelegate.h
   #import "Reachability.h"

   @interface MyAppDelegate : NSObject <UIApplicationDelegate> {
       NetworkStatus remoteHostStatus;
   }

   @property NetworkStatus remoteHostStatus;

   @end

   // My.AppDelegate.m
   #import "MyAppDelegate.h"

   @implementation MyAppDelegate
   @synthesize remoteHostStatus;

   // 更新网络状态
   - (void)updateStatus {
       self.remoteHostStatus = [[Reachability sharedReachability] remoteHostStatus];
   }

   // 通知网络状态
   - (void)reachabilityChanged:(NSNotification *)note {
       [self updateStatus];
       if (self.remoteHostStatus == NotReachable) {
           UIAlertView *alert = [[UIAlertView alloc] initWithTitle:NSLocalizedString(@"AppName", nil)
                        message:NSLocalizedString (@"NotReachable", nil)
                       delegate:nil cancelButtonTitle:@"OK" otherButtonTitles: nil];
           [alert show];
           [alert release];
       }
   }

   // 程序启动器,启动网络监视
   - (void)applicationDidFinishLaunching:(UIApplication *)application {
   
       // 设置网络检测的站点
       [[Reachability sharedReachability] setHostName:@"www.apple.com"];
       [[Reachability sharedReachability] setNetworkStatusNotificationsEnabled:YES];
       // 设置网络状态变化时的通知函数
       [[NSNotificationCenter defaultCenter] addObserver:self selector:@selector(reachabilityChanged:)
                                                name:@"kNetworkReachabilityChangedNotification" object:nil];
       [self updateStatus];
   }

   - (void)dealloc {
       // 删除通知对象
       [[NSNotificationCenter defaultCenter] removeObserver:self];
       [window release];
       [super dealloc];
   } 
   
   Reachability 2.0版本
   

   // MyAppDelegate.h
   @class Reachability;

       @interface MyAppDelegate : NSObject <UIApplicationDelegate> {
           Reachability  *hostReach;
       }

   @end

   // MyAppDelegate.m
   - (void)reachabilityChanged:(NSNotification *)note {
       Reachability* curReach = [note object];
       NSParameterAssert([curReach isKindOfClass: [Reachability class]]);
       NetworkStatus status = [curReach currentReachabilityStatus];
   
       if (status == NotReachable) {
           UIAlertView *alert = [[UIAlertView alloc] initWithTitle:@"AppName""
                             message:@"NotReachable"
                             delegate:nil
                             cancelButtonTitle:@"YES" otherButtonTitles:nil];
                             [alert show];
                             [alert release];
       }
   }
                             
   - (void)applicationDidFinishLaunching:(UIApplication *)application {
       // ...
                 
       // 监测网络情况
       [[NSNotificationCenter defaultCenter] addObserver:self
                             selector:@selector(reachabilityChanged:)
                             name: kReachabilityChangedNotification
                             object: nil];
       hostReach = [[Reachability reachabilityWithHostName:@"www.google.com"] retain];
       hostReach startNotifer];
       // ...
   }


二:使用NSConnection下载数据
   
   1.创建NSConnection对象,设置委托对象
   
   NSMutableURLRequest *request = [NSMutableURLRequest requestWithURL:[NSURL URLWithString:[self urlString]]];
   [NSURLConnection connectionWithRequest:request delegate:self];
   
   2. NSURLConnection delegate委托方法
       - (void)connection:(NSURLConnection *)connection didReceiveResponse:(NSURLResponse *)response;  
       - (void)connection:(NSURLConnection *)connection didFailWithError:(NSError *)error;  
       - (void)connection:(NSURLConnection *)connection didReceiveData:(NSData *)data;  
       - (void)connectionDidFinishLoading:(NSURLConnection *)connection;  

   3. 实现委托方法
   - (void)connection:(NSURLConnection *)connection didReceiveResponse:(NSURLResponse *)response {
       // store data
       [self.receivedData setLength:0];            //通常在这里先清空接受数据的缓存
   }
   
   - (void)connection:(NSURLConnection *)connection didReceiveData:(NSData *)data {
          /* appends the new data to the received data */
       [self.receivedData appendData:data];        //可能多次收到数据,把新的数据添加在现有数据最后
   }

   - (void)connection:(NSURLConnection *)connection didFailWithError:(NSError *)error {
       // 错误处理
   }

   - (void)connectionDidFinishLoading:(NSURLConnection *)connection {
       // disconnect
       [UIApplication sharedApplication].networkActivityIndicatorVisible = NO;   
       NSString *returnString = [[NSString alloc] initWithData:self.receivedData encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
       NSLog(returnString);
       [self urlLoaded:[self urlString] data:self.receivedData];
       firstTimeDownloaded = YES;
   }

三:使用NSXMLParser解析xml文件

   1. 设置委托对象,开始解析
   NSXMLParser *parser = [[NSXMLParser alloc] initWithData:data];   //或者也可以使用initWithContentsOfURL直接下载文件,但是有一个原因不这么做:
   // It's also possible to have NSXMLParser download the data, by passing it a URL, but this is not desirable
   // because it gives less control over the network, particularly in responding to connection errors.
   [parser setDelegate:self];
   [parser parse];

   2. 常用的委托方法
   - (void)parser:(NSXMLParser *)parser didStartElement:(NSString *)elementName 
                               namespaceURI:(NSString *)namespaceURI
                               qualifiedName:(NSString *)qName 
                               attributes:(NSDictionary *)attributeDict;
   - (void)parser:(NSXMLParser *)parser didEndElement:(NSString *)elementName 
                               namespaceURI:(NSString *)namespaceURI 
                               qualifiedName:(NSString *)qName;
   - (void)parser:(NSXMLParser *)parser foundCharacters:(NSString *)string;
   - (void)parser:(NSXMLParser *)parser parseErrorOccurred:(NSError *)parseError;

   static NSString *feedURLString = @"http://www.yifeiyang.net/test/test.xml";

   3.  应用举例
   - (void)parseXMLFileAtURL:(NSURL *)URL parseError:(NSError **)error
   {
       NSXMLParser *parser = [[NSXMLParser alloc] initWithContentsOfURL:URL];
       [parser setDelegate:self];
       [parser setShouldProcessNamespaces:NO];
       [parser setShouldReportNamespacePrefixes:NO];
       [parser setShouldResolveExternalEntities:NO];
       [parser parse];
       NSError *parseError = [parser parserError];
       if (parseError && error) {
           *error = parseError;
       }
       [parser release];
   }

   - (void)parser:(NSXMLParser *)parser didStartElement:(NSString *)elementName namespaceURI:(NSString *)namespaceURI 
                                       qualifiedName:(NSString*)qName attributes:(NSDictionary *)attributeDict{
       // 元素开始句柄
       if (qName) {
           elementName = qName;
       }
       if ([elementName isEqualToString:@"user"]) {
           // 输出属性值
           NSLog(@"Name is %@ , Age is %@", [attributeDict objectForKey:@"name"], [attributeDict objectForKey:@"age"]);
       }
   }

   - (void)parser:(NSXMLParser *)parser didEndElement:(NSString *)elementName namespaceURI:(NSString *)namespaceURI 
                                       qualifiedName:(NSString *)qName
   {
       // 元素终了句柄
       if (qName) {
              elementName = qName;
       }
   }

   - (void)parser:(NSXMLParser *)parser foundCharacters:(NSString *)string
   {
       // 取得元素的text
   }

   NSError *parseError = nil;
   [self parseXMLFileAtURL:[NSURL URLWithString:feedURLString] parseError:&parseError];

 

 

使用NSOperation和NSOperationQueue启动多线程

在app store中的很多应用程序非常的笨重,他们有好的界面,但操作性很差,比如说当程序从网上或本地载入数据的时候,界面被冻结了,用户只能等程序完全载入数据之后才能进行操作。
当 打开一个应用程序时,iphone会产生一个包含main方法的线程,所用程序中的界面都是运行在这个线程之中的(table views, tab bars, alerts…),有时候我们会用数据填充这些view,现在问        题是如何有效的载入数据,并且用户还能自如的操作程序。方法是启动新的线 程,专门用于数据的下载,而主线程不会因为下载数据被阻塞。
不管使用任何编程语言,在实现多线程时都是一件很麻烦的事情。更糟糕的是,一旦出错, 这种错误通常相当糟糕。然而,幸运的是apple从os x10.5在这方面做了很多的改进,NSThread的引入,使得开发多线程应用程序容易多了。除此之外,它们还引入了两个全新的 类,NSOperation和NSOperationQueue。
接下来我们通过一个实例来剖析如何使用这两个类实现多线程。这里指示展示这两个类的基本用法,当然这不是使用他们的唯一办法。
如 果你熟悉java或者它的别的变种语言的话 ,你会发现NSOperation对象很像java.lang.Runnable接口,就像java.lang.Runnable接口那 样,NSOperation类也被设计为可扩展的,而且只有一个需要重写的方法。它就是-(void)main。使用NSOperation的最简单的方 式就是把一个NSOperation对象加入到NSOperationQueue队列中,一旦这个对象被加入到队列,队列就开始处理这个对象,直到这个对 象的所有操作完成。然后它被队列释放。
下面的例子中,使用一个获取网页,并对其解析程NSXMLDocument,最后将解析得到的NSXMLDocument返回给主线程。
   
PageLoadOperation.h

@interface PageLoadOperation : NSOperation {
   NSURL *targetURL;

}
@property(retain) NSURL *targetURL;
- (id)initWithURL:(NSURL*)url;

@end

PageLoadOperation.m
#import "PageLoadOperation.h"

#import "AppDelegate.h"

@implementation PageLoadOperation

@synthesize targetURL;

- (id)initWithURL:(NSURL*)url;{
   if (![super init])

return nil;
   [self setTargetURL:url];
   return self;

}

- (void)dealloc {
   [targetURL release], targetURL = nil;
   [super dealloc];
}
- (void)main 
{
   NSString *webpageString = [[[NSString alloc]
   initWithContentsOfURL:[self targetURL]] autorelease];
   NSError *error = nil;
   NSXMLDocument *document = [[NSXMLDocument alloc]
   initWithXMLString:webpageString 
   options:NSXMLDocumentTidyHTML error:&error];
   if (!document) {
       NSLog(@"%s Error loading document (%@): %@", 
       _cmd, [[self targetURL] absoluteString], error);
        return;
   }
   [[AppDelegate shared]
   performSelectorOnMainThread:@selector(pageLoaded:)
        withObject:document waitUntilDone:YES];
   [document release];
}
@end
   正 如我们所看到的那样,这个类相当的简单,在它的init方法中接受一个url并保存起来,当main函数被调用的时候,它使用这个保存的url创建一个字 符串,并将这个字符串传递给NSXMLDocumentinit方法。如果加载的xml数据没有出错,数据会被传递给AppDelegate,它处于主线 程中。到此,这个线程的任务就完成了。在主线程中注销操作队列的时候,会将这个NSOperation对象释放。
AppDelegate.h
@interface AppDelegate : NSObject {
   NSOperationQueue *queue;
}

+ (id)shared;

- (void)pageLoaded:(NSXMLDocument*)document;

@end

 

AppDelegate.m      

#import "AppDelegate.h"

#import "PageLoadOperation.h"

@implementation AppDelegate
static AppDelegate *shared;
static NSArray *urlArray;
- (id)init
{
   if (shared)
   {
       [self autorelease];
       return shared;
   }
   if (![super init]) return nil;   

 NSMutableArray *array = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init];

[array addObject:@"http://www.google.com"];

[array addObject:@"http://www.apple.com"];

[array addObject:@"http://www.yahoo.com"];

[array addObject:@"http://www.zarrastudios.com"];

[array addObject:@"http://www.macosxhints.com"];

urlArray = array;    

queue = [[NSOperationQueue alloc] init];

shared = self;

return self;
}
- (void)applicationDidFinishLaunching:(NSNotification *)aNotification {
       for (NSString *urlString in urlArray) 
       {
       NSURL *url = [NSURL URLWithString:urlString];       

PageLoadOperation *plo = [[PageLoadOperation alloc] initWithURL:url];
       [queue addOperation:plo];
       [plo release];
       }
}
- (void)dealloc
{
       [queue release], queue = nil;
       [super dealloc];
}
+ (id)shared;
{
       if (!shared) {
           [[AppDelegate alloc] init];
       }
       return shared;
}
- (void)pageLoaded:(NSXMLDocument*)document;
{
       NSLog(@"%s Do something with the XMLDocument: %@",
            _cmd, document);
}
@end

NSOperationQueue的并行控制(NSOperationQueue Concurrency)
       在 上面这个简单的例子中,我们很难看出这些操作是并行运行的,然而,如果你你的操作花费的时间远远比这里的要长,你将会发现,队列是同时执行这些操作的。幸 运的是,如果你想要为队列限制同时只能运行几个操作,你可以使用NSOperationQueue的 setMaxConcurrentOperationCount:方法。例如,[queue setMaxConcurrentOperationCount:2];

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/sany007/archive/2013/02/22/2922825.html

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