signature=f52a82a027a5e79440c82eab38c4b11b,Radiotherapy

Abstract

The focus of this chapter lies on the description of the general basics of early and late radiation effects and the translation of these pathogenetic processes into imaging; furthermore, a few short clinical examples including imaging patterns of those underlying pathogenetic normal tissue reactions are given to provide a better understanding. In addition, the margin concepts used in radiotherapy as well as the important radiation techniques are summarized, as it is very important for diagnostic radiologists to correlate post-therapeutic tissue and organ changes in follow-up examinations with dose characteristics of a certain treatment to achieve a higher degree of reliability in image interpretation. Furthermore, for a better understanding of the cellular basis of the various radiogenic tissue effects, a short refresher about the underlying radiobiological principles is given. The detailed description of specific radiation effects and imaging patterns of clinically relevant organs and tissues, however, follows in the specific organ chapters in order to avoid redundancy.

KeywordsPlanning Target VolumeStereotactic Body Radiation TherapyOncological TreatmentSecondary CancerChronic Radiation

These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Abbreviations

CLEConsequential late effectsCOX-2Cyclooxygenase-2CTComputed tomographyCTVClinical target volume3DThree dimensional4DFour dimensionalDNADeoxyribonucleic acidEBRTExternal-beam radiation therapye.g.Exempli gratiaGTVGross tumor volumeGyGrayi.e.Id estIL-1aInterleukin-1 alphaiNOSInducible nitric oxide synthaseIGRTImage-guided radiotherapyIMRTIntensity-modulated radiation therapyMRIMagnetic resonance imagingmRNAMessenger ribonucleic acidNTCPNormal tissue complication probabilityOAROrgans at riskPETPositron emission tomographyPTVPlanning target volumeRBERelative biological effectivenessRRRelative riskSBRTStereotactic body radiation therapyTDTolerance doseTGF-ßTransforming growth factor-ßTNF-aTumor necrosis factor alphaVODVeno-occlusive disease

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© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014Authors and Affiliations

T. Bostel1

F. Sterzing11.Department of Radiooncology and Radiation TherapyHeidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany