摘自:http://www.cnblogs.com/huyong/archive/2011/04/27/2030466.html
例1: 建立一个触发器, 当职工表 emp 表被删除一条记录时,把被删除记录写到职工表删除日志表中去。
CREATE TABLE emp_his AS SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE 1=2; CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER tr_del_emp BEFORE DELETE --指定触发时机为删除操作前触发 ON scott.emp FOR EACH ROW --说明创建的是行级触发器 BEGIN --将修改前数据插入到日志记录表 del_emp ,以供监督使用。 INSERT INTO emp_his(deptno , empno, ename , job ,mgr , sal , comm , hiredate ) VALUES( :old.deptno, :old.empno, :old.ename , :old.job,:old.mgr, :old.sal, :old.comm, :old.hiredate ); END; DELETE emp WHERE empno=7788; DROP TABLE emp_his; DROP TRIGGER del_emp;
例2:限制对Departments表修改(包括INSERT,DELETE,UPDATE)的时间范围,即不允许在非工作时间修改departments表。
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER tr_dept_time BEFORE INSERT OR DELETE OR UPDATE ON departments BEGIN IF (TO_CHAR(sysdate,'DAY') IN ('星期六', '星期日')) OR (TO_CHAR(sysdate, 'HH24:MI') NOT BETWEEN '08:30' AND '18:00') THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001, '不是上班时间,不能修改departments表'); END IF; END;
例3:限定只对部门号为80的记录进行行触发器操作。
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER tr_emp_sal_comm BEFORE UPDATE OF salary, commission_pct OR DELETE ON HR.employees FOR EACH ROW WHEN (old.department_id = 80) BEGIN CASE WHEN UPDATING ('salary') THEN IF :NEW.salary < :old.salary THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001, '部门80的人员的工资不能降'); END IF; WHEN UPDATING ('commission_pct') THEN IF :NEW.commission_pct < :old.commission_pct THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20002, '部门80的人员的奖金不能降'); END IF; WHEN DELETING THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20003, '不能删除部门80的人员记录'); END CASE; END; /* 实例: UPDATE employees SET salary = 8000 WHERE employee_id = 177; DELETE FROM employees WHERE employee_id in (177,170); */
例4:利用行触发器实现级联更新。在修改了主表regions中的region_id之后(AFTER),级联的、自动的更新子表countries表中原来在该地区的国家的region_id。
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER tr_reg_cou AFTER update OF region_id ON regions FOR EACH ROW BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('旧的region_id值是'||:old.region_id ||'、新的region_id值是'||:new.region_id); UPDATE countries SET region_id = :new.region_id WHERE region_id = :old.region_id; END;
例5:在触发器中调用过程。
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE add_job_history ( p_emp_id job_history.employee_id%type , p_start_date job_history.start_date%type , p_end_date job_history.end_date%type , p_job_id job_history.job_id%type , p_department_id job_history.department_id%type ) IS BEGIN INSERT INTO job_history (employee_id, start_date, end_date, job_id, department_id) VALUES(p_emp_id, p_start_date, p_end_date, p_job_id, p_department_id); END add_job_history; --创建触发器调用存储过程... CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER update_job_history AFTER UPDATE OF job_id, department_id ON employees FOR EACH ROW BEGIN add_job_history(:old.employee_id, :old.hire_date, sysdate, :old.job_id, :old.department_id); END;
8.2.3创建替代(INSTEAD OF)触发器
创建触发器的一般语法是:
CREATE [OR REPLACE] TRIGGER trigger_name INSTEAD OF {INSERT | DELETE | UPDATE [OF column [, column …]]} [OR {INSERT | DELETE | UPDATE [OF column [, column …]]}...] ON [schema.] view_name --只能定义在视图上 [REFERENCING {OLD [AS] old | NEW [AS] new| PARENT as parent}] [FOR EACH ROW ] --因为INSTEAD OF触发器只能在行级上触发,所以没有必要指定 [WHEN condition] PL/SQL_block | CALL procedure_name;
例1:
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW emp_view AS SELECT deptno, count(*) total_employeer, sum(sal) total_salary FROM emp GROUP BY deptno;
在此视图中直接删除是非法:
SQL>DELETE FROM emp_view WHERE deptno=10; DELETE FROM emp_view WHERE deptno=10
ERROR 位于第 1 行:
ORA-01732: 此视图的数据操纵操作非法 但是我们可以创建INSTEAD_OF触发器来为 DELETE 操作执行所需的处理,即删除EMP表中所有基准行:
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER emp_view_delete INSTEAD OF DELETE ON emp_view FOR EACH ROW BEGIN DELETE FROM emp WHERE deptno= :old.deptno; END emp_view_delete; DELETE FROM emp_view WHERE deptno=10; DROP TRIGGER emp_view_delete; DROP VIEW emp_view;
例2:创建复杂视图,针对INSERT操作创建INSTEAD OF触发器,向复杂视图插入数据。
l 创建视图:
CREATE OR REPLACE FORCE VIEW "HR"."V_REG_COU" ("R_ID", "R_NAME", "C_ID", "C_NAME") AS SELECT r.region_id, r.region_name, c.country_id, c.country_name FROM regions r, countries c WHERE r.region_id = c.region_id;
l 创建触发器:
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER "HR"."TR_I_O_REG_COU" INSTEAD OF INSERT ON v_reg_cou FOR EACH ROW DECLARE v_count NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT COUNT(*) INTO v_count FROM regions WHERE region_id = :new.r_id; IF v_count = 0 THEN INSERT INTO regions (region_id, region_name ) VALUES (:new.r_id, :new.r_name ); END IF; SELECT COUNT(*) INTO v_count FROM countries WHERE country_id = :new.c_id; IF v_count = 0 THEN INSERT INTO countries ( country_id, country_name, region_id ) VALUES ( :new.c_id, :new.c_name, :new.r_id ); END IF; END;
创建INSTEAD OF触发器需要注意以下几点:
l 只能被创建在视图上,并且该视图没有指定WITH CHECK OPTION选项。
l 不能指定BEFORE 或 AFTER选项。
l FOR EACH ROW子可是可选的,即INSTEAD OF触发器只能在行级上触发、或只能是行级触发器,没有必要指定。
l 没有必要在针对一个表的视图上创建INSTEAD OF触发器,只要创建DML触发器就可以了。
8.2.3创建系统事件触发器
ORACLE10G提供的系统事件触发器可以在DDL或数据库系统上被触发。DDL指的是数据定义语言,如CREATE 、ALTER及DROP 等。而数据库系统事件包括数据库服务器的启动或关闭,用户的登录与退出、数据库服务错误等。创建系统触发器的语法如下:
创建触发器的一般语法是:
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER [sachema.]trigger_name {BEFORE|AFTER} {ddl_event_list | database_event_list} ON { DATABASE | [schema.]SCHEMA } [WHEN condition] PL/SQL_block | CALL procedure_name;
其中: ddl_event_list:一个或多个DDL 事件,事件间用 OR 分开;
database_event_list:一个或多个数据库事件,事件间用 OR 分开;
系统事件触发器既可以建立在一个模式上,又可以建立在整个数据库上。当建立在模式(SCHEMA)之上时,只有模式所指定用户的DDL操作和它们所导致的错误才激活触发器, 默认时为当前用户模式。当建立在数据库(DATABASE)之上时,该数据库所有用户的DDL操作和他们所导致的错误,以及数据库的启动和关闭均可激活触发器。要在数据库之上建立触发器时,要求用户具有ADMINISTER DATABASE TRIGGER权限。
下面给出系统触发器的种类和事件出现的时机(前或后):
事件 | 允许的时机 | 说明 |
STARTUP | AFTER | 启动数据库实例之后触发 |
SHUTDOWN | BEFORE | 关闭数据库实例之前触发(非正常关闭不触发) |
SERVERERROR | AFTER | 数据库服务器发生错误之后触发 |
LOGON | AFTER | 成功登录连接到数据库后触发 |
LOGOFF | BEFORE | 开始断开数据库连接之前触发 |
CREATE | BEFORE,AFTER | 在执行CREATE语句创建数据库对象之前、之后触发 |
DROP | BEFORE,AFTER | 在执行DROP语句删除数据库对象之前、之后触发 |
ALTER | BEFORE,AFTER | 在执行ALTER语句更新数据库对象之前、之后触发 |
DDL | BEFORE,AFTER | 在执行大多数DDL语句之前、之后触发 |
GRANT | BEFORE,AFTER | 执行GRANT语句授予权限之前、之后触发 |
REVOKE | BEFORE,AFTER | 执行REVOKE语句收权限之前、之后触犯发 |
RENAME | BEFORE,AFTER | 执行RENAME语句更改数据库对象名称之前、之后触犯发 |
AUDIT / NOAUDIT | BEFORE,AFTER | 执行AUDIT或NOAUDIT进行审计或停止审计之前、之后触发 |
8.2.4系统触发器事件属性
事件属性\事件 | Startup/Shutdown | Servererror | Logon/Logoff | DDL | DML |
事件名称 | * | * | * | * | * |
数据库名称 | * |
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数据库实例号 | * |
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错误号 |
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用户名 |
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模式对象类型 |
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模式对象名称 |
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列 |
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除DML语句的列属性外,其余事件属性值可通过调用ORACLE定义的事件属性函数来读取。
函数名称 | 数据类型 | 说 明 |
Ora_sysevent | VARCHAR2(20) | 激活触发器的事件名称 |
Instance_num | NUMBER | 数据库实例名 |
Ora_database_name | VARCHAR2(50) | 数据库名称 |
Server_error(posi) | NUMBER | 错误信息栈中posi指定位置中的错误号 |
Is_servererror(err_number) |
BOOLEAN | 检查err_number指定的错误号是否在错误信息栈中,如果在则返回TRUE,否则返回FALSE。在触发器内调用此函数可以判断是否发生指定的错误。 |
Login_user | VARCHAR2(30) | 登陆或注销的用户名称 |
Dictionary_obj_type | VARCHAR2(20) | DDL语句所操作的数据库对象类型 |
Dictionary_obj_name | VARCHAR2(30) | DDL语句所操作的数据库对象名称 |
Dictionary_obj_owner | VARCHAR2(30) | DDL语句所操作的数据库对象所有者名称 |
Des_encrypted_password | VARCHAR2(2) | 正在创建或修改的经过DES算法加密的用户口令 |
例1:创建触发器,存放有关事件信息。
DESC ora_sysevent DESC ora_login_user --创建用于记录事件用的表 CREATE TABLE ddl_event (crt_date timestamp PRIMARY KEY, event_name VARCHAR2(20), user_name VARCHAR2(10), obj_type VARCHAR2(20), obj_name VARCHAR2(20)); --创建触犯发器 CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER tr_ddl AFTER DDL ON SCHEMA BEGIN INSERT INTO ddl_event VALUES (systimestamp,ora_sysevent, ora_login_user, ora_dict_obj_type, ora_dict_obj_name); END tr_ddl;
例2:创建登录、退出触发器。
CREATE TABLE log_event (user_name VARCHAR2(10), address VARCHAR2(20), logon_date timestamp, logoff_date timestamp); --创建登录触发器 CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER tr_logon AFTER LOGON ON DATABASE BEGIN INSERT INTO log_event (user_name, address, logon_date) VALUES (ora_login_user, ora_client_ip_address, systimestamp); END tr_logon; --创建退出触发器 CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER tr_logoff BEFORE LOGOFF ON DATABASE BEGIN INSERT INTO log_event (user_name, address, logoff_date) VALUES (ora_login_user, ora_client_ip_address, systimestamp); END tr_logoff;
8.2.5使用触发器谓词
ORACLE 提供三个参数INSERTING, UPDATING, DELETING 用于判断触发了哪些操作。
谓词 | 行为 |
INSERTING | 如果触发语句是 INSERT 语句,则为TRUE,否则为FALSE |
UPDATING | 如果触发语句是 UPDATE语句,则为TRUE,否则为FALSE |
DELETING | 如果触发语句是 DELETE 语句,则为TRUE,否则为FALSE |
8.2.6重新编译触发器
如果在触发器内调用其它函数或过程,当这些函数或过程被删除或修改后,触发器的状态将被标识为无效。当DML语句激活一个无效触发器时,ORACLE将重新编译触发器代码,如果编译时发现错误,这将导致DML语句执行失败。
在PL/SQL程序中可以调用ALTER TRIGGER语句重新编译已经创建的触发器,格式为:
ALTER TRIGGER [schema.] trigger_name COMPILE [ DEBUG]
其中:DEBUG 选项要器编译器生成PL/SQL 程序条使其所使用的调试代码。
8.3 删除和使能触发器
l 删除触发器:
当删除其他用户模式中的触发器名称,需要具有DROP ANY TRIGGER系统权限,当删除建立在数据库上的触发器时,用户需要具有ADMINISTER DATABASE TRIGGER系统权限。
此外,当删除表或视图时,建立在这些对象上的触发器也随之删除。
l 禁用或启用触发器
数据库TRIGGER 的状态:
有效状态(ENABLE):当触发事件发生时,处于有效状态的数据库触发器TRIGGER 将被触发。
无效状态(DISABLE):当触发事件发生时,处于无效状态的数据库触发器TRIGGER 将不会被触发,此时就跟没有这个数据库触发器(TRIGGER) 一样。
数据库TRIGGER的这两种状态可以互相转换。格式为:
-- 例:ALTER TRIGGER emp_view_delete DISABLE;
ALTER TRIGGER语句一次只能改变一个触发器的状态,而ALTER TABLE语句则一次能够改变与指定表相关的所有触发器的使用状态。格式为:
ALTER TABLE [schema.]table_name {ENABLE|DISABLE} ALL TRIGGERS; --例:使表EMP 上的所有TRIGGER 失效: ALTER TABLE emp DISABLE ALL TRIGGERS;
8.4 触发器和数据字典
相关数据字典:USER_TRIGGERS、ALL_TRIGGERS、DBA_TRIGGERS
SELECT TRIGGER_NAME, TRIGGER_TYPE, TRIGGERING_EVENT, TABLE_OWNER, BASE_OBJECT_TYPE, REFERENCING_NAMES, STATUS, ACTION_TYPE FROM user_triggers;
8.5 数据库触发器的应用举例
例1:创建一个DML语句级触发器,当对emp表执行INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE 操作时,它自动更新dept_summary 表中的数据。由于在PL/SQL块中不能直接调用DDL语句,所以,利用ORACLE内置包DBMS_UTILITY中的EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT过程,由它执行DDL语句创建触发器。
CREATE TABLE dept_summary( Deptno NUMBER(2), Sal_sum NUMBER(9, 2), Emp_count NUMBER); INSERT INTO dept_summary(deptno, sal_sum, emp_count) SELECT deptno, SUM(sal), COUNT(*) FROM emp GROUP BY deptno; --创建一个PL/SQL过程disp_dept_summary --在触发器中调用该过程显示dept_summary标中的数据。 CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE disp_dept_summary IS Rec dept_summary%ROWTYPE; CURSOR c1 IS SELECT * FROM dept_summary; BEGIN OPEN c1; FETCH c1 INTO REC; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('deptno sal_sum emp_count'); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('-------------------------------------'); WHILE c1%FOUND LOOP DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(RPAD(rec.deptno, 6)|| To_char(rec.sal_sum, '$999,999.99')|| LPAD(rec.emp_count, 13)); FETCH c1 INTO rec; END LOOP; CLOSE c1; END; BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('插入前'); Disp_dept_summary(); DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT(' CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trig1 AFTER INSERT OR DELETE OR UPDATE OF sal ON emp BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''正在执行trig1 触发器…''); DELETE FROM dept_summary; INSERT INTO dept_summary(deptno, sal_sum, emp_count) SELECT deptno, SUM(sal), COUNT(*) FROM emp GROUP BY deptno; END; '); INSERT INTO dept(deptno, dname, loc) VALUES(90, ‘demo_dept’, ‘none_loc’); INSERT INTO emp(ename, deptno, empno, sal) VALUES(USER, 90, 9999, 3000); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('插入后'); Disp_dept_summary(); UPDATE emp SET sal=1000 WHERE empno=9999; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('修改后'); Disp_dept_summary(); DELETE FROM emp WHERE empno=9999; DELETE FROM dept WHERE deptno=90; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('删除后'); Disp_dept_summary(); DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT(‘DROP TRIGGER trig1’); EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SQLCODE||'---'||SQLERRM); END;
例2:创建DML语句行级触发器。当对emp表执行INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE 操作时,它自动更新dept_summary 表中的数据。由于在PL/SQL块中不能直接调用DDL语句,所以,利用ORACLE内置包DBMS_UTILITY中的EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT过程,由它执行DDL语句创建触发器。
BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('插入前'); Disp_dept_summary(); DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT( 'CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trig2_update AFTER UPDATE OF sal ON emp REFERENCING OLD AS old_emp NEW AS new_emp FOR EACH ROW WHEN (old_emp.sal != new_emp.sal) BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''正在执行trig2_update 触发器…''); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''sal 旧值:''|| :old_emp.sal); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''sal 新值:''|| :new_emp.sal); UPDATE dept_summary SET sal_sum=sal_sum + :new_emp.sal - :old_emp.sal WHERE deptno = :new_emp.deptno; END;' ); DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT( 'CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trig2_insert AFTER INSERT ON emp REFERENCING NEW AS new_emp FOR EACH ROW DECLARE I NUMBER; BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''正在执行trig2_insert 触发器…''); SELECT COUNT(*) INTO I FROM dept_summary WHERE deptno = :new_emp.deptno; IF I > 0 THEN UPDATE dept_summary SET sal_sum=sal_sum+:new_emp.sal, Emp_count=emp_count+1 WHERE deptno = :new_emp.deptno; ELSE INSERT INTO dept_summary VALUES (:new_emp.deptno, :new_emp.sal, 1); END IF; END;' ); DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT( 'CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trig2_delete AFTER DELETE ON emp REFERENCING OLD AS old_emp FOR EACH ROW DECLARE I NUMBER; BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''正在执行trig2_delete 触发器…''); SELECT emp_count INTO I FROM dept_summary WHERE deptno = :old_emp.deptno; IF I >1 THEN UPDATE dept_summary SET sal_sum=sal_sum - :old_emp.sal, Emp_count=emp_count - 1 WHERE deptno = :old_emp.deptno; ELSE DELETE FROM dept_summary WHERE deptno = :old_emp.deptno; END IF; END;' ); INSERT INTO dept(deptno, dname, loc) VALUES(90, 'demo_dept', 'none_loc'); INSERT INTO emp(ename, deptno, empno, sal) VALUES(USER, 90, 9999, 3000); INSERT INTO emp(ename, deptno, empno, sal) VALUES(USER, 90, 9998, 2000); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('插入后'); Disp_dept_summary(); UPDATE emp SET sal = sal*1.1 WHERE deptno=90; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('修改后'); Disp_dept_summary(); DELETE FROM emp WHERE deptno=90; DELETE FROM dept WHERE deptno=90; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('删除后'); Disp_dept_summary(); DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT('DROP TRIGGER trig2_update'); DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT('DROP TRIGGER trig2_insert'); DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT('DROP TRIGGER trig2_delete'); EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SQLCODE||'---'||SQLERRM); END;
例3:利用ORACLE提供的条件谓词INSERTING、UPDATING和DELETING创建与例2具有相同功能的触发器。
BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('插入前'); Disp_dept_summary(); DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT( 'CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trig2 AFTER INSERT OR DELETE OR UPDATE OF sal ON emp REFERENCING OLD AS old_emp NEW AS new_emp FOR EACH ROW DECLARE I NUMBER; BEGIN IF UPDATING AND :old_emp.sal != :new_emp.sal THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''正在执行trig2 触发器…''); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''sal 旧值:''|| :old_emp.sal); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''sal 新值:''|| :new_emp.sal); UPDATE dept_summary SET sal_sum=sal_sum + :new_emp.sal - :old_emp.sal WHERE deptno = :new_emp.deptno; ELSIF INSERTING THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''正在执行trig2触发器…''); SELECT COUNT(*) INTO I FROM dept_summary WHERE deptno = :new_emp.deptno; IF I > 0 THEN UPDATE dept_summary SET sal_sum=sal_sum+:new_emp.sal, Emp_count=emp_count+1 WHERE deptno = :new_emp.deptno; ELSE INSERT INTO dept_summary VALUES (:new_emp.deptno, :new_emp.sal, 1); END IF; ELSE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''正在执行trig2触发器…''); SELECT emp_count INTO I FROM dept_summary WHERE deptno = :old_emp.deptno; IF I > 1 THEN UPDATE dept_summary SET sal_sum=sal_sum - :old_emp.sal, Emp_count=emp_count - 1 WHERE deptno = :old_emp.deptno; ELSE DELETE FROM dept_summary WHERE deptno = :old_emp.deptno; END IF; END IF; END;' ); INSERT INTO dept(deptno, dname, loc) VALUES(90, 'demo_dept', 'none_loc'); INSERT INTO emp(ename, deptno, empno, sal) VALUES(USER, 90, 9999, 3000); INSERT INTO emp(ename, deptno, empno, sal) VALUES(USER, 90, 9998, 2000); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('插入后'); Disp_dept_summary(); UPDATE emp SET sal = sal*1.1 WHERE deptno=90; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('修改后'); Disp_dept_summary(); DELETE FROM emp WHERE deptno=90; DELETE FROM dept WHERE deptno=90; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('删除后'); Disp_dept_summary(); DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT('DROP TRIGGER trig2'); EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SQLCODE||'---'||SQLERRM); END;
例4:创建INSTEAD OF 触发器。首先创建一个视图myview, 由于该视图是复合查询所产生的视图,所以不能执行DML语句。根据用户对视图所插入的数据判断需要将数据插入到哪个视图基表中,然后对该基表执行插入操作。
DECLARE No NUMBER; Name VARCHAR2(20); BEGIN DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT(' CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myview AS SELECT empno, ename, ''E'' type FROM emp UNION SELECT dept.deptno, dname, ''D'' FROM dept '); -- 创建INSTEAD OF 触发器trigger3; DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT(' CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trig3 INSTEAD OF INSERT ON myview REFERENCING NEW n FOR EACH ROW DECLARE Rows INTEGER; BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''正在执行trig3触发器…''); IF :n.type = ''D'' THEN SELECT COUNT(*) INTO rows FROM dept WHERE deptno = :n.empno; IF rows = 0 THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''向dept表中插入数据…''); INSERT INTO dept(deptno, dname, loc) VALUES (:n.empno, :n.ename, ''none’’); ELSE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''编号为''|| :n.empno|| ''的部门已存在,插入操作失败!''); END IF; ELSE SELECT COUNT(*) INTO rows FROM emp WHERE empno = :n.empno; IF rows = 0 THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('’向emp表中插入数据…’’); INSERT INTO emp(empno, ename) VALUES(:n.empno, :n.ename); ELSE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(''编号为''|| :n.empno|| ''的人员已存在,插入操作失败!''); END IF; END IF; END; '); INSERT INTO myview VALUES (70, 'demo', 'D'); INSERT INTO myview VALUES (9999, USER, 'E'); SELECT deptno, dname INTO no, name FROM dept WHERE deptno=70; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('员工编号:'||TO_CHAR(no)||'姓名:'||name); SELECT empno, ename INTO no, name FROM emp WHERE empno=9999; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('部门编号:'||TO_CHAR(no)||'姓名:'||name); DELETE FROM emp WHERE empno=9999; DELETE FROM dept WHERE deptno=70; DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT('DROP TRIGGER trig3'); END;
例5:利用ORACLE事件属性函数,创建一个系统事件触发器。首先创建一个事件日志表eventlog,由它存储用户在当前数据库中所创建的数据库对象,以及用户的登陆和注销、数据库的启动和关闭等事件,之后创建trig4_ddl、trig4_before和trig4_after触发器,它们调用事件属性函数将各个事件记录到eventlog数据表中。
BEGIN -- 创建用于记录事件日志的数据表 DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT(' CREATE TABLE eventlog( Eventname VARCHAR2(20) NOT NULL, Eventdate date default sysdate, Inst_num NUMBER NULL, Db_name VARCHAR2(50) NULL, Srv_error NUMBER NULL, Username VARCHAR2(30) NULL, Obj_type VARCHAR2(20) NULL, Obj_name VARCHAR2(30) NULL, Obj_owner VARCHAR2(30) NULL ) '); -- 创建DDL触发器trig4_ddl DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT(' CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trig4_ddl AFTER CREATE OR ALTER OR DROP ON DATABASE DECLARE Event VARCHAR2(20); Typ VARCHAR2(20); Name VARCHAR2(30); Owner VARCHAR2(30); BEGIN -- 读取DDL事件属性 Event := SYSEVENT; Typ := DICTIONARY_OBJ_TYPE; Name := DICTIONARY_OBJ_NAME; Owner := DICTIONARY_OBJ_OWNER; --将事件属性插入到事件日志表中 INSERT INTO scott.eventlog(eventname, obj_type, obj_name, obj_owner) VALUES(event, typ, name, owner); END; '); -- 创建LOGON、STARTUP和SERVERERROR 事件触发器 DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT(' CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trig4_after AFTER LOGON OR STARTUP OR SERVERERROR ON DATABASE DECLARE Event VARCHAR2(20); Instance NUMBER; Err_num NUMBER; Dbname VARCHAR2(50); User VARCHAR2(30); BEGIN Event := SYSEVENT; IF event = ''LOGON'' THEN User := LOGIN_USER; INSERT INTO eventlog(eventname, username) VALUES(event, user); ELSIF event = ''SERVERERROR'' THEN Err_num := SERVER_ERROR(1); INSERT INTO eventlog(eventname, srv_error) VALUES(event, err_num); ELSE Instance := INSTANCE_NUM; Dbname := DATABASE_NAME; INSERT INTO eventlog(eventname, inst_num, db_name) VALUES(event, instance, dbname); END IF; END; '); -- 创建LOGOFF和SHUTDOWN 事件触发器 DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT(' CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trig4_before BEFORE LOGOFF OR SHUTDOWN ON DATABASE DECLARE Event VARCHAR2(20); Instance NUMBER; Dbname VARCHAR2(50); User VARCHAR2(30); BEGIN Event := SYSEVENT; IF event = ''LOGOFF'' THEN User := LOGIN_USER; INSERT INTO eventlog(eventname, username) VALUES(event, user); ELSE Instance := INSTANCE_NUM; Dbname := DATABASE_NAME; INSERT INTO eventlog(eventname, inst_num, db_name) VALUES(event, instance, dbname); END IF; END; '); END; CREATE TABLE mydata(mydate NUMBER); CONNECT SCOTT/TIGER COL eventname FORMAT A10 COL eventdate FORMAT A12 COL username FORMAT A10 COL obj_type FORMAT A15 COL obj_name FORMAT A15 COL obj_owner FORMAT A10 SELECT eventname, eventdate, obj_type, obj_name, obj_owner, username, Srv_error FROM eventlog; DROP TRIGGER trig4_ddl; DROP TRIGGER trig4_before; DROP TRIGGER trig4_after; DROP TABLE eventlog; DROP TABLE mydata;
8.6 数据库触发器的应用实例
用户可以使用数据库触发器实现各种功能:
l 复杂的审计功能;
例:将EMP 表的变化情况记录到AUDIT_TABLE和AUDIT_TABLE_VALUES中。
CREATE TABLE audit_table( Audit_id NUMBER, User_name VARCHAR2(20), Now_time DATE, Terminal_name VARCHAR2(10), Table_name VARCHAR2(10), Action_name VARCHAR2(10), Emp_id NUMBER(4)); CREATE TABLE audit_table_val( Audit_id NUMBER, Column_name VARCHAR2(10), Old_val NUMBER(7,2), New_val NUMBER(7,2)); CREATE SEQUENCE audit_seq START WITH 1000 INCREMENT BY 1 NOMAXVALUE NOCYCLE NOCACHE; CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER audit_emp AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON emp FOR EACH ROW DECLARE Time_now DATE; Terminal CHAR(10); BEGIN Time_now:=sysdate; Terminal:=USERENV('TERMINAL'); IF INSERTING THEN INSERT INTO audit_table VALUES(audit_seq.NEXTVAL, user, time_now, terminal, 'EMP', 'INSERT', :new.empno); ELSIF DELETING THEN INSERT INTO audit_table VALUES(audit_seq.NEXTVAL, user, time_now, terminal, 'EMP', 'DELETE', :old.empno); ELSE INSERT INTO audit_table VALUES(audit_seq.NEXTVAL, user, time_now, terminal, 'EMP', 'UPDATE', :old.empno); IF UPDATING('SAL') THEN INSERT INTO audit_table_val VALUES(audit_seq.CURRVAL, 'SAL', :old.sal, :new.sal); ELSE UPDATING('DEPTNO') INSERT INTO audit_table_val VALUES(audit_seq.CURRVAL, 'DEPTNO', :old.deptno, :new.deptno); END IF; END IF; END;
l 增强数据的完整性管理;
例:修改DEPT表的DEPTNO列时,同时把EMP表中相应的DEPTNO也作相应的修改;
CREATE SEQUENCE update_sequence INCREMENT BY 1 START WITH 1000 MAXVALUE 5000 CYCLE; ALTER TABLE emp ADD update_id NUMBER; CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE integritypackage AS Updateseq NUMBER; END integritypackage; CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY integritypackage AS END integritypackage; CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER dept_cascade1 BEFORE UPDATE OF deptno ON dept DECLARE Dummy NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT update_sequence.NEXTVAL INTO dummy FROM dual; Integritypackage.updateseq:=dummy; END; CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER dept_cascade2 AFTER DELETE OR UPDATE OF deptno ON dept FOR EACH ROW BEGIN IF UPDATING THEN UPDATE emp SET deptno=:new.deptno, update_id=integritypackage.updateseq WHERE emp.deptno=:old.deptno AND update_id IS NULL; END IF; IF DELETING THEN DELETE FROM emp WHERE emp.deptno=:old.deptno; END IF; END; CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER dept_cascade3 AFTER UPDATE OF deptno ON dept BEGIN UPDATE emp SET update_id=NULL WHERE update_id=integritypackage.updateseq; END; SELECT * FROM EMP ORDER BY DEPTNO; UPDATE dept SET deptno=25 WHERE deptno=20;
l 帮助实现安全控制;
例:保证对EMP表的修改仅在工作日的工作时间;
CREATE TABLE company_holidays(day DATE); INSERT INTO company_holidays VALUES(sysdate); INSERT INTO company_holidays VALUES(TO_DATE('21-10月-01', 'DD-MON-YY')); CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER emp_permit_change BEFORE INSERT OR DELETE OR UPDATE ON emp DECLARE Dummy NUMBER; Not_on_weekends EXCEPTION; Not_on_holidays EXCEPTION; Not_working_hours EXCEPTION; BEGIN /* check for weekends */ IF TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, 'DAY') IN ('星期六', '星期日') THEN RAISE not_on_weekends; END IF; /* check for company holidays */ SELECT COUNT(*) INTO dummy FROM company_holidays WHERE TRUNC(day)=TRUNC(SYSDATE); IF dummy >0 THEN RAISE not_on_holidays; END IF; /* check for work hours(8:00 AM to 18:00 PM */ IF (TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'HH24')<8 OR TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, 'HH24')>18) THEN RAISE not_working_hours; END IF; EXCEPTION WHEN not_on_weekends THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20324, 'May not change employee table during the weekends'); WHEN not_on_holidays THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20325, 'May not change employee table during a holiday'); WHEN not_working_hours THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20326, 'May not change employee table during no_working hours'); END;