文件处理及分区管理

{6.shell脚本命令}

 

[1.diff]

diff    file  file1      **比较两个文件的不同

     -c                  **显示周围的行

     -u                  **按照一格式统一输出生成补丁

     -r                  **比较两个目录中文件的不同

 

patch    file  file.patch **打补丁

      -b                  **备份原文件

 

[2.grep]

grep  关键字符    文件|目录   **在文件或目录中查找含有关键字的行

 

grep  -i        **忽略大小写

      -n        **显示关键字所在的行

      -c        **显示过滤结果的个数

      -v        **反向过滤

      -E  "关键字1|关键字2"  **过滤多个关键字

      -r        **在目录中查找含有关键字的文件

注意： ^关键字    **以关键字开头

      关键字$    **以关键字结尾

grep -E "^root|root$" -v passwd -n | grep root **反向过滤passwd中以root开头和root结尾的行并显示含有root的行

[root@localhost mnt]# ifconfig eth0 | grep inet | grep inet6 -v |cut -d " " -f 10

     172.25.254.17

[root@localhost mnt]# ifconfig eth0 | grep inet | grep inet6 -v | awk -F " " '{print $2}'

     172.25.254.17

 

[3.cut]

cut          **截取字符

cut -d 分隔符 **指定分隔符

cut -f 1,7   **显示指定的列(此处显示1和7列)

[root@localhost mnt]# cut -d ":" -f 1,7 passwd  **显示passwd中以":"为分隔符第一列和第七列

root:/bin/bash

bin:/sbin/nologin

daemon:/sbin/nologin

adm:/sbin/nologin

lp:/sbin/nologin

sync:/bin/sync

shutdown:/sbin/shutdown

halt:/sbin/halt

mail:/sbin/nologin

operator:/sbin/nologin

games:/sbin/nologina

cut -c 1-4   **显示指定的字符（此处显示第二个字符到第四个字符）

 

[4.sort]

sort file     **排序

       -n       **纯数字排序

       -u       **去冗余

       -u|uniq -c  **去冗余并统计冗余次数

       -t       **指定分隔符

       -k       **指定列

 

[5.uniq]

sort file |uniq -c  **去除冗余并统计冗余次数

                -d  **显示冗余行

                -u  **显示唯一行

 

附加：tr 'a-z' 'A-Z' < file **将file中的小写换成大写

     tr 'A-Z' 'a-z' < file **将file中的大写换成小写

 

[6.]

sed 's/原字符/替换字符/g' file

sed -e '策略1' -e '策略2' file

sed -i file        **把转换后的内容输入到指定文件

sed '3,5s/原字符/替换字符/g'  **3-5行替换

sed xd             **屏蔽指定行

sed xp             **复制指定行

sed -n xp          **只显示指定行

[root@localhost mnt]# sed -ne 3p -ne 5p passwd **显示passwd的第三和第五行

3 daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin

5 lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin

 

for i in {1..5};do echo $i;done

将每个用户对应配密码，做法如下：

[root@localhost mnt]# ls

[root@localhost mnt]# vim userfile

[root@localhost mnt]# cat userfile

user1

user2

user3

[root@localhost mnt]# vim passwdfile

[root@localhost mnt]# cat passwdfile

westos1

westos2

westos3

[root@localhost mnt]# wc -l userfile

3 userfile

[root@localhost mnt]# wc -l userfile | cut -d " " -f 1

3

[root@localhost mnt]# ls

passwdfile  userfile

[root@localhost mnt]# vim create_user.sh   **编写脚本

[root@localhost mnt]# cat create_user.sh

#!/bin/bash

MAX=$( wc -l $1 | cut -d " " -f 1)

 

for NUM in $( seq $MAX)

do

         USERNAME=$(sed -n ${NUM}p $1)

         PASSWD=$( sed -n ${NUM}p $2)

         useradd $USERNAME

         echo $PASSWD |passwd --stdin $USERNAME

done

[root@localhost mnt]# chmod  +x create_user.sh  **给执行权限

[root@localhost mnt]# ./create_user.sh  /mnt/userfile  /mnt/passwdfile

Changing password for user user1.

passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.

Changing password for user user2.

passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.

Changing password for user user3.

passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.

 

Command (m for help): m                  **帮助

Command action

   a   toggle a bootable flag

   b   edit bsd disklabel

   c   toggle the dos compatibility flag

   d   delete a partition                **删除分区

   g   create a new empty GPT partition table

   G   create an IRIX (SGI) partition table

   l   list known partition types        **列出系统可用的分区类型

   m   print this menu

   n   add a new partition               **新建分区

   o   create a new empty DOS partition table

   p   print the partition table         **显示分区

   q   quit without saving changes       **退出

   s   create a new empty Sun disklabel

   t   change a partition's system id    **修改分区功能id

   u   change display/entry units

   v   verify the partition table

   w   write table to disk and exit      **保存更改到分区表中

   x   extra functionality (experts only)

Command (m for help): n                  **新建分区

Partition type:

   p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)  **分区类型为主分区

   e   extended                                 **分区类型为扩展分区

Select (default p):                             **默认为主分区

Using default response p

Partition number (1-4, default 1):              **主分区id

First sector (2048-20971519, default 2048):     **此分区起始位置（一般默认）

Using default value 2048

Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-20971519, default 20971519): +100M                                **分区大小

Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set

 

Command (m for help): p

 

Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk label type: dos

Disk identifier: 0xdce4867b

 

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

/dev/vdb1            2048      206847      102400   83  Linux

 

Command (m for help): wq              **保存退出，如果按q表示放弃更改退出

The partition table has been altered!

 

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

Syncing disks.

[root@localhost ~]# partprobe         **同步分区表

[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/partitions  **查看已生成分区

major minor  #blocks  name

 

 253        0   10485760 vda

 253        1   10484142 vda1

 253       16   10485760 vdb

 253       17     102400 vdb1

mkfs.xfs /dev/vdb1     **格式化

mount /dev/vdb1 /mnt   **挂载

df                     **查看是否挂载

blkid                  **查看系统可使用的分区

 

 

[2.swap]

mkswap /dev/vdb6           **格式化为swap分区

swapon -a /dev/vdb6        **激活

swapon -s                  **查看系统中的swap分区

swapoff /dev/vdb6          **关闭激活的swap分区

上述激活为临时激活，重启后消失，如需永久激活，操作如下：

 vim /etc/fstab        **修改配置文件

#

# /etc/fstab

# Created by anaconda on Wed May  7 01:22:57 2014

#

# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'

# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info

#

UUID=9bf6b9f7-92ad-441b-848e-0257cbb883d1 /                       xfs     defaults        1 1

/dev/vdb6     swap    swap        defaults   0 0

 设备         挂载点  文件系统类型

 

举例：

[root@localhost ~]# mkswap /dev/vdb6           **格式化为swap分区

Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 1048572 KiB

no label, UUID=ebbd4a4a-910b-4d2e-b5f8-87832a3fc63a

[root@localhost ~]# blkid

/dev/vda1: UUID="9bf6b9f7-92ad-441b-848e-0257cbb883d1" TYPE="xfs"

/dev/vdb6: UUID="ebbd4a4a-910b-4d2e-b5f8-87832a3fc63a" TYPE="swap"

[root@localhost ~]# swapon -a /dev/vdb6        **激活

[root@localhost ~]# swapon -s                  **查看系统中的swap分区

FilenameTypeSizeUsedPriority

/dev/vdb6                              partition10485720-1

[root@localhost ~]# swapoff /dev/vdb6          **关闭激活的swap分区

[root@localhost ~]# swapon -s

[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/fstab

[root@localhost mnt]#  cat /etc/fstab

 

#

# /etc/fstab

# Created by anaconda on Wed May  7 01:22:57 2014

#

# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'

# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info

#

UUID=9bf6b9f7-92ad-441b-848e-0257cbb883d1 /                       xfs     defaults        1 1

/dev/vdb6      swap  swap   defaults   0 0

/dev/vdb5      /mnt  xfs    defaults   0 0

[root@localhost ~]# mount -a

[root@localhost ~]# df

Filesystem     1K-blocks    Used Available Use% Mounted on

/dev/vda1       10473900 3128524   7345376  30% /

devtmpfs          927072       0    927072   0% /dev

tmpfs             942660      80    942580   1% /dev/shm

tmpfs             942660   17028    925632   2% /run

tmpfs             942660       0    942660   0% /sys/fs/cgroup

/dev/vdb5          98988    5280     93708   6% /mnt

 

添加临时swap分区

dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/swapfile bs=1M count=1000  **在/mnt下划分一块名为swapfile的分区，块大小为1M，数量为1000

mkswap /dev/vdb1           **格式化为swap分区

swapon -a /dev/vdb6        **激活

 

注意：主分区+逻辑分区总数不超过15

     分区时，分三个主分区，第四个为扩展分区（剩下空间都给它）

 

转载于:https://blog.51cto.com/12116768/1871288