我的python基础总结

最新推荐文章于 2021-08-19 22:54:22 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2021-08-19 22:54:22 发布

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原文链接：http://blog.51cto.com/13496382/2113434

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1.mac下给python3安装requests库和scrapy库

https://blog.csdn.net/u011413922/article/details/78026866

pip3 install requests

pip3 install Scrapy #注意S大写

两种安装方式 https://blog.csdn.net/cighao/article/details/47860041

最新安装步骤：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_36305327/article/details/60144614

2.重启

https://blog.csdn.net/wen_1108/article/details/78682578

3.最新版的下载地址

http://www.pc6.com/mac/170572.html

requests：https://pypi.org/project/requests/。安装方式多样。。。

4.mac版本的切换

https://blog.csdn.net/blue_zy/article/details/69568240

pycharm切换python版本：https://blog.csdn.net/sgfmby1994/article/details/77876873

5.基础知识

1>中文编码

1>#!/usr/bin/python

# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-

print "你好，世界";

同时idea File Encoding需要设置

2>交互式编程脚本式编程

独有的标识符和保留字

多行语句\ 注释# 多引号、单引号、三引号的使用空行 python -h

3>运算符、条件表达式、循环表达式、break、continue、pass

4>变量类型：字符串、Number、原祖、字典（json）、日期时间、列表（数组）

5>函数

def 函数名（参数列表）:

函数体

在 python 中，strings, tuples, 和 numbers 是不可更改的对象，而 list,dict 等则是可以修改的对象。 list、dict参数->指针

默认参数：def printinfo( name, age = 35 ):

不定长参数：

#!/usr/bin/python3

# 可写函数说明

def printinfo( arg1, *vartuple ):

"打印任何传入的参数"

print ("输出: ")

print (arg1)

for var in vartuple:

print (var)

return

# 调用printinfo 函数

printinfo( 10 )

printinfo( 70, 60, 50 )

匿名函数：lambda [arg1 [,arg2,.....argn]]:expression

变量的作用域：L--->E--->G--->B Python 中只有模块（module），类（class）以及函数（def、lambda）才会引入新的作用域，其它的代码块（如 if/elif/else/、try/except、for/while等）是不会引入新的作用域的

global 和 nonlocal关键字:

num = 1

def fun1():

global num # 需要使用 global 关键字声明

print(num)

num = 123

print(num)

fun1()

print(num)

def outer():

num = 10

def inner():

nonlocal num # nonlocal关键字声明

num = 100

print(num)

inner()

print(num)

outer()

6>模块

7>文件io操作。file操作文件open seek tell read write等方法，os操作目录

8>支持对异常的处理

9>时间的处理

获取时间戳：ticks = time.time()

时间元组：time.struct_time(tm_year=2018, tm_mon=5, tm_mday=7, tm_hour=10, tm_min=19, tm_sec=50, tm_wday=0, tm_yday=127, tm_isdst=0)

日期的转换：

print (time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", time.localtime()))

print (time.strftime("%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y", time.localtime()))

print (time.mktime(time.strptime(a,"%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y")))

元祖tuple：tup1 = (50,） tup1 = ('Google', 'Runoob', 1997, 2000);

访问元祖：print ("tup1[0]: ", tup1[0]) print ("tup2[1:5]: ", tup2[1:5])

元组元素不可修改，但是可以进组合

# 以下修改元组元素操作是非法的。

# tup1[0] = 100

# 创建一个新的元组

tup3 = tup1 + tup2;

print (tup3)

删除元组：del tup；

元祖运算符：len + *（复制） in for in

10>保留字

['False', 'None', 'True', 'and', 'as', 'assert', 'break', 'class', 'continue', 'def', 'del', 'elif', 'else', 'except', 'finally', 'for', 'from', 'global', 'if', 'import', 'in', 'is', 'lambda', 'nonlocal', 'not', 'or', 'pass', 'raise', 'return', 'try', 'while', 'with', 'yield']

11>import

将整个模块(somemodule)导入，格式为： import somemodule

从某个模块中导入多个函数,格式为： from somemodule import firstfunc, secondfunc, thirdfunc

将某个模块中的全部函数导入，格式为： from somemodule import *

12>迭代器和生成器

迭代器：

list=[1,2,3,4]

it = iter(list) # 创建迭代器对象

for x in it:

print (x, end=" ")

生成器：自定义的迭代器

import sys

def fibonacci(n): # 生成器函数 - 斐波那契

a, b, counter = 0, 1, 0

while True:

if (counter > n):

return

yield a

a, b = b, a + b

counter += 1

f = fibonacci(10) # f 是一个迭代器，由生成器返回生成

while True:

try:

print (next(f), end=" ")

except StopIteration:

sys.exit()

6.操作mysql

面向对象、可以创建一个类

1>连接mysql数据库 PyMysql(python3)

安装PyMysql，链接mysql的库

import pymysql

db = pymysql.connect("localhost","root","root","jiqi" )

cursor = db.cursor()

cursor.execute("SELECT VERSION()")

data = cursor.fetchone()

print ("Database version : %s " % data)

db.close()

2>创建表：

# 打开数据库连接

db = pymysql.connect("localhost","testuser","test123","TESTDB" )

# 使用 cursor() 方法创建一个游标对象 cursor

cursor = db.cursor()

# 使用 execute() 方法执行 SQL，如果表存在则删除

cursor.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS EMPLOYEE")

# 使用预处理语句创建表

sql = """CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE (

FIRST_NAME CHAR(20) NOT NULL,

LAST_NAME CHAR(20),

AGE INT,

SEX CHAR(1),

INCOME FLOAT )"""

cursor.execute(sql）

# 关闭数据库连接

db.close()

3>数据库插入操作：

import pymysql

# 打开数据库连接

db = pymysql.connect("localhost","testuser","test123","TESTDB" )

# 使用cursor()方法获取操作游标

cursor = db.cursor()

# SQL 插入语句

sql = """INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE(FIRST_NAME,

LAST_NAME, AGE, SEX, INCOME)

VALUES ('Mac', 'Mohan', 20, 'M', 2000)"""

try:

# 执行sql语句

cursor.execute(sql)

# 提交到数据库执行

db.commit()

except:

# 如果发生错误则回滚

db.rollback()

# 关闭数据库连接

db.close()

4>数据查询操作：

# 打开数据库连接

db = pymysql.connect("localhost","testuser","test123","TESTDB" )

# 使用cursor()方法获取操作游标

cursor = db.cursor()

# SQL 查询语句

sql = "SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE \

WHERE INCOME > '%d'" % (1000)

try:

# 执行SQL语句

cursor.execute(sql)

# 获取所有记录列表

results = cursor.fetchall()

for row in results:

fname = row[0]

lname = row[1]

age = row[2]

sex = row[3]

income = row[4]

# 打印结果

print ("fname=%s,lname=%s,age=%d,sex=%s,income=%d" % \

(fname, lname, age, sex, income ))

except:

print ("Error: unable to fetch data")

# 关闭数据库连接

db.close()

5>数据库更新操作：

import pymysql

# 打开数据库连接

db = pymysql.connect("localhost","testuser","test123","TESTDB" )

# 使用cursor()方法获取操作游标

cursor = db.cursor()

# SQL 更新语句

sql = "UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET AGE = AGE + 1 WHERE SEX = '%c'" % ('M')

try:

# 执行SQL语句

cursor.execute(sql)

# 提交到数据库执行

db.commit()

except:

# 发生错误时回滚

db.rollback()

# 关闭数据库连接

db.close()

6>删除操纵

import pymysql

# 打开数据库连接

db = pymysql.connect("localhost","testuser","test123","TESTDB" )

# 使用cursor()方法获取操作游标

cursor = db.cursor()

# SQL 删除语句

sql = "DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE AGE > '%d'" % (20)

try:

# 执行SQL语句

cursor.execute(sql)

# 提交修改

db.commit()

except:

# 发生错误时回滚

db.rollback()

# 关闭连接

db.close()

7.网络编程

服务器端口：

# 导入 socket、sys 模块

import socket

import sys

# 创建 socket 对象

s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)

# 获取本地主机名

host = socket.gethostname()

# 设置端口好

port = 9999

# 连接服务，指定主机和端口

s.connect((host, port))

# 接收小于 1024 字节的数据

msg = s.recv(1024)

s.close()

print (msg.decode('utf-8'))

客户端端口：

# 导入 socket、sys 模块

import socket

import sys

# 创建 socket 对象

serversocket = socket.socket(

socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)

# 获取本地主机名

host = socket.gethostname()

port = 9999

# 绑定端口号

serversocket.bind((host, port))

# 设置最大连接数，超过后排队

serversocket.listen(5)

while True:

# 建立客户端连接

clientsocket, addr = serversocket.accept()

print("连接地址: %s" % str(addr))

msg = '欢迎访问菜鸟教程！' + "\r\n"

clientsocket.send(msg.encode('utf-8'))

clientsocket.close()

8.多线程

创建多线程

import _thread

import time

# 为线程定义一个函数

def print_time( threadName, delay):

count = 0

while count < 5:

time.sleep(delay)

count += 1

print ("%s: %s" % ( threadName, time.ctime(time.time()) ))

# 创建两个线程

try:

_thread.start_new_thread( print_time, ("Thread-1", 2, ) )

_thread.start_new_thread( print_time, ("Thread-2", 4, ) )

except:

print ("Error: 无法启动线程")

while 1:

pass

使用 threading 模块创建线程

import threading

import time

exitFlag = 0

class myThread (threading.Thread):

def __init__(self, threadID, name, counter):

threading.Thread.__init__(self)

self.threadID = threadID

self.name = name

self.counter = counter

def run(self):

print ("开始线程：" + self.name)

print_time(self.name, self.counter, 5)

print ("退出线程：" + self.name)

def print_time(threadName, delay, counter):

while counter:

if exitFlag:

threadName.exit()

time.sleep(delay)

print ("%s: %s" % (threadName, time.ctime(time.time())))

counter -= 1

# 创建新线程

thread1 = myThread(1, "Thread-1", 1)

thread2 = myThread(2, "Thread-2", 2)

# 开启新线程

thread1.start()

thread2.start()

thread1.join()

thread2.join()

print ("退出主线程")

线程的同步：

class myThread (threading.Thread):

def __init__(self, threadID, name, counter):

threading.Thread.__init__(self)

self.threadID = threadID

self.name = name

self.counter = counter

def run(self):

print ("开启线程： " + self.name)

# 获取锁，用于线程同步

threadLock.acquire()

print_time(self.name, self.counter, 3)

# 释放锁，开启下一个线程

threadLock.release()

def print_time(threadName, delay, counter):

while counter:

time.sleep(delay)

print ("%s: %s" % (threadName, time.ctime(time.time())))

counter -= 1

threadLock = threading.Lock()

threads = []

# 创建新线程

thread1 = myThread(1, "Thread-1", 1)

thread2 = myThread(2, "Thread-2", 2)

# 开启新线程

thread1.start()

thread2.start()

# 添加线程到线程列表

threads.append(thread1)

threads.append(thread2)

# 等待所有线程完成

for t in threads:

t.join()

print ("退出主线程")

线程的优先级队列：

import queue

import threading

import time

exitFlag = 0

class myThread (threading.Thread):

def __init__(self, threadID, name, q):

threading.Thread.__init__(self)

self.threadID = threadID

self.name = name

self.q = q

def run(self):

print ("开启线程：" + self.name)

process_data(self.name, self.q)

print ("退出线程：" + self.name)

def process_data(threadName, q):

while not exitFlag:

queueLock.acquire()

if not workQueue.empty():

data = q.get()

queueLock.release()

print ("%s processing %s" % (threadName, data))

else:

queueLock.release()

time.sleep(1)

threadList = ["Thread-1", "Thread-2", "Thread-3"]

nameList = ["One", "Two", "Three", "Four", "Five"]

queueLock = threading.Lock()

workQueue = queue.Queue(10)

threads = []

threadID = 1

# 创建新线程

for tName in threadList:

thread = myThread(threadID, tName, workQueue)

thread.start()

threads.append(thread)

threadID += 1

# 填充队列

queueLock.acquire()

for word in nameList:

workQueue.put(word)

queueLock.release()

# 等待队列清空

while not workQueue.empty():

pass

# 通知线程是时候退出

exitFlag = 1

# 等待所有线程完成

for t in threads:

t.join()

print ("退出主线程")

9.xml解析

dom解析

#!/usr/bin/python3

from xml.dom.minidom import parse

import xml.dom.minidom

# 使用minidom解析器打开 XML 文档

DOMTree = xml.dom.minidom.parse("movies.xml")

collection = DOMTree.documentElement

if collection.hasAttribute("shelf"):

print ("Root element : %s" % collection.getAttribute("shelf"))

# 在集合中获取所有电影

movies = collection.getElementsByTagName("movie")

# 打印每部电影的详细信息

for movie in movies:

print ("*****Movie*****")

if movie.hasAttribute("title"):

print ("Title: %s" % movie.getAttribute("title"))

type = movie.getElementsByTagName('type')[0]

print ("Type: %s" % type.childNodes[0].data)

format = movie.getElementsByTagName('format')[0]

print ("Format: %s" % format.childNodes[0].data)

rating = movie.getElementsByTagName('rating')[0]

print ("Rating: %s" % rating.childNodes[0].data)

description = movie.getElementsByTagName('description')[0]

print ("Description: %s" % description.childNodes[0].data)

sax解析：

#!/usr/bin/python3

import xml.sax

class MovieHandler( xml.sax.ContentHandler ):

def __init__(self):

self.CurrentData = ""

self.type = ""

self.format = ""

self.year = ""

self.rating = ""

self.stars = ""

self.description = ""

# 元素开始调用

def startElement(self, tag, attributes):

self.CurrentData = tag

if tag == "movie":

print ("*****Movie*****")

title = attributes["title"]

print ("Title:", title)

# 元素结束调用

def endElement(self, tag):

if self.CurrentData == "type":

print ("Type:", self.type)

elif self.CurrentData == "format":

print ("Format:", self.format)

elif self.CurrentData == "year":

print ("Year:", self.year)

elif self.CurrentData == "rating":

print ("Rating:", self.rating)

elif self.CurrentData == "stars":

print ("Stars:", self.stars)

elif self.CurrentData == "description":

print ("Description:", self.description)

self.CurrentData = ""

# 读取字符时调用

def characters(self, content):

if self.CurrentData == "type":

self.type = content

elif self.CurrentData == "format":

self.format = content

elif self.CurrentData == "year":

self.year = content

elif self.CurrentData == "rating":

self.rating = content

elif self.CurrentData == "stars":

self.stars = content

elif self.CurrentData == "description":

self.description = content

if ( __name__ == "__main__"):

# 创建一个 XMLReader

parser = xml.sax.make_parser()

# 关闭命名空间

parser.setFeature(xml.sax.handler.feature_namespaces, 0)

# 重写 ContextHandler

Handler = MovieHandler()

parser.setContentHandler( Handler )

parser.parse("movies.xml")

10.cgi编程：

处理请求：

#!/usr/bin/python3

# CGI处理模块

import cgi, cgitb

# 创建 FieldStorage 的实例化

form = cgi.FieldStorage()

# 获取数据

site_name = form.getvalue('name')

site_url = form.getvalue('url')

print ("Content-type:text/html")

print ()

print ("<html>")

print ("<head>")

print ("<meta charset=\"utf-8\">")

print ("<title>菜鸟教程 CGI 测试实例</title>")

print ("</head>")

print ("<body>")

print ("<h2>%s官网：%s</h2>" % (site_name, site_url))

print ("</body>")

print ("</html>")

转载于:https://blog.51cto.com/13496382/2113434

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我的python基础总结

1.mac下给python3安装requests库和scrapy库https://blog.csdn.net/u011413922/article/details/78026866pip3 install requests pip3 install Scrapy #注意S大写两种安装方式 https://blog.csdn.net/cighao/article/det...
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