常用命令：
[root@goodluck etc]# uname –a------à查看内核版本
Linux goodluck 2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64 #1 SMPFri Nov 22 03:15:09 UTC 2013 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
[root@goodluck etc]# cat /proc/version -----------à查看内核等版本信息
Linux version 2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64 (mockbuild@c6b8.bsys.dev.centos.org)(gcc version 4.4.7 20120313 (Red Hat 4.4.7-4) (GCC) ) #1 SMP Fri Nov 2203:15:09 UTC 2013
[root@goodluck etc]# cat/etc/redhat-release------------------à查看版本号
CentOS release 6.5 (Final)
[root@goodluck etc]#cat /etc/centos-release------------------à查看版本号
CentOS release 6.5 (Final)
[root@goodluck etc]# rpm -q centos-release------------------à查看版本号
centos-release-6-5.el6.centos.11.1.x86_64
[root@goodluck ~]# runlevel--------à运行级别
N 3
[root@goodluck ~]# logout-------à登出
Last login: Thu Mar 3 20:22:04 2016
[root@goodluck ~]# df –h---------à查看硬盘使用情况，以人类可读方式，-h 就是human
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda3 20G 2.2G 16G 12% /
tmpfs 491M 0 491M 0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1 194M 34M 151M 19% /boot
.host:/ 432G 407G 26G 95% /mnt/hgfs
[root@goodluck /]# cd /mnt
[root@goodluck mnt]# ls
cdrom hgfs------------------------àcdrom是光盘挂载点，hgfs是VMware的共享文件夹
[root@goodluck /]# cd /mnt/hgfs/liuyong
[root@goodluck liuyong]# ls
goodluck_160120_1619.nmon nmon analyserv46.xlsm Screenshot-root@localhost:-mnt-hgfs-liuyong.png
MySQL-5.7.4-m14-1.linux_glibc2.5.x86_64.rpm-bundle.tar nmon_linux_14i.tar.gz Screenshot-System Monitor.png
在CentOS 6.5里添加一块硬盘，分区并格式化后，挂载到/data下
在VMware里添加一块硬盘：
[root@goodluck ~]# fdisk -l--------------------------------->查看磁盘分区信息，以下信息显示有两块硬盘，都是21.5GB，这里的21.5GB是不准确的，是按1000MB=1GB计算，不是1024MB=1GB，所以有出入。/dev/sdb没有分区信息。
Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes /512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512bytes
Disk identifier: 0x0000721e
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 26 204800 83 Linux
Partition 1 does not end on cylinderboundary.
/dev/sda2 26 91 524288 82 Linux swap / Solaris
Partition 2 does not end on cylinderboundary.
/dev/sda3 91 2611 20241408 83 Linux
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes /512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
分区：
[root@goodluck ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb ------------------------------------à对新加的/dev/sdb进行分区，步骤：fdisk /dev/sdbàmànàpà1àenteràwà完成
Device contains neither a valid DOSpartition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
Building a new DOS disklabel with diskidentifier 0x9eace345.
Changes will remain in memory only, untilyou decide to write them.
After that, of course, the previous contentwon't be recoverable.
Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partitiontable 4 will be corrected by w(rite)
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated.It's strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
sectors (command 'u').
Command (m for help): m--------à注：查看更多信息
Command action
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit bsd disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibilityflag
d delete a partition
l list known partition types
m print this menu
n add a new partition-----à注：增加新分区
o create a new empty DOSpartition table
p print the partition table
q quit without saving changes
s create a new empty Sundisklabel
t change a partition's system id
u change display/entry units
v verify the partition table
w write table to disk and exit--------à注：写入分区表后退出
x extra functionality (expertsonly)
Command (m for help): n-------------à增加新分区
Command action
e extended----------à扩展分区
p primary partition (1-4)-----------à主分区数量
p
Partition number (1-4): 1--------------à一个主分区
First cylinder (1-2610, default 1):
Using default value 1
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G}(1-2610, default 2610): ------à输入主分区容易大小，直接回车是将所有容量一次分完成
Using default value 2610
Command (m for help): w----------------------à写入分区表并退出
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@goodluck ~]# fdisk -l---------------à可以看到/dev/sdb已有分区信息，多了一个/dev/sdb1注意sdb后面有个1。
Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes /512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512bytes
Disk identifier: 0x0000721e
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 26 204800 83 Linux
Partition 1 does not end on cylinderboundary.
/dev/sda2 26 91 524288 82 Linux swap / Solaris
Partition 2 does not end on cylinderboundary.
/dev/sda3 91 2611 20241408 83 Linux
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes /512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512bytes
Disk identifier: 0x9eace345
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 2610 20964793+ 83 Linux
格式化：
[root@goodluck ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1-----------------à对/dev/sdb1格式化，格式化成ext4格式
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
1310720 inodes, 5241198 blocks
262059 blocks (5.00%) reserved for thesuper user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=4294967296
160 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments pergroup
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912,819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,
4096000
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystemaccounting information: done
This filesystem will be automaticallychecked every 20 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
[root@goodluck ~]# df –h---------------à格式化完成后，用df –h并不能看到/dev/sdb1，需要挂载，就是mount一下。
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda3 20G 2.2G 16G 12% /
tmpfs 491M 0 491M 0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1 194M 34M 151M 19% /boot
.host:/ 432G 407G 26G 95% /mnt/hgfs
挂载：
[root@goodluck ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /data/-----------------à将/dev/sdb1挂载到/data/目录下
mount: mount point /data/ does not exist--------------à提示没有/data/目录
[root@goodluck /]# mkdir /data-------------à创建/data目录
[root@goodluck /]# mount /dev/sdb1 /data/-----------------à将/dev/sdb1挂载到/data/目录下成功
[root@goodluck /]# df –h-----------------à挂载成功后，有/dev/sdb1显示
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda3 20G 2.2G 16G 12% /
tmpfs 491M 0 491M 0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1 194M 34M 151M 19% /boot
.host:/ 432G 407G 26G 95% /mnt/hgfs
/dev/sdb1 20G 172M 19G 1% /data
[root@goodluck /]# df –T--------------------à显示文件格式，/dev/sdb1为ext4，跟分区时设定的一致
Filesystem Type 1K-blocks Used Available Use%Mounted on
/dev/sda3 ext4 19923216 2264172 16646976 12% /
tmpfs tmpfs 502204 0 502204 0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1 ext4 198337 34236 153861 19% /boot
.host:/ vmhgfs 452471804 425990248 26481556 95% /mnt/hgfs
/dev/sdb1 ext4 20635700 176064 19411400 1% /data
增加硬盘（20GB），分区（一个主分区）、格式化（ext4格式）、挂载到/data目录下完成。
解挂：
[root@goodluck /]# umount /data/-----------à将/data/解挂
[root@goodluck /]# df –hT---------------à再查看，/dev/sdb1没有了。
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda3 ext4 20G 2.2G 16G 12% /
tmpfs tmpfs 491M 0 491M 0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1 ext4 194M 34M 151M 19% /boot
.host:/ vmhgfs 432G 407G 26G 95% /mnt/hgfs
想用，再[root@goodluck /]# mount /dev/sdb1 /data/
有一个问题：系统重启后，mount的挂载点就会消失，两种解决办法：
第一种、[root@goodluck /]# vi /etc/rc.local，增加一行mount /dev/sdb1/data/，保存退出。
第二种、写到fstab里
#vi /etc/fstab
/dev/sdb1 /data ext4 defaults 0 0
转载于:https://blog.51cto.com/liuxiaolin/1749315
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