InnoDB Lock Modes

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 InnoDB Lock Modes

http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/innodb-lock-modes.html

InnoDB implements standard row-level locking where there are two types of locks, shared (S) locks and exclusive (X) locks. 

For information about record, gap, and next-key lock types, see Section 14.2.2.4, “InnoDB Record, Gap, and Next-Key Locks”.

A shared (S) lock permits the transaction that holds the lock to read a row.

An exclusive (X) lock permits the transaction that holds the lock to update or delete a row.

If transaction T1 holds a shared (S) lock on row r, then requests from some distinct transaction T2 for a lock on row r are handled as follows:

• A request by T2 for an S lock can be granted（准许同意） immediately. As a result, both T1 and T2 hold an S lock on r.

• A request by T2 for an X lock cannot be granted immediately.

If a transaction T1 holds an exclusive (X) lock on row r, a request from some distinct transaction T2 for a lock of either type on r cannot be granted immediately. Instead, transaction T2 has to wait for transaction T1 to release its lock on row r.

Intention Locks

Additionally, InnoDB supports multiple granularity（间隔尺寸，粒度） locking which permits coexistence（共存，并立） of record locks and locks on entire tables. To make locking at multiple granularity levels practical, additional types of locks called intention locks are used. Intention locks are table locks in InnoDB that indicate which type of lock (shared or exclusive) a transaction will require later for a row in that table. There are two types of intention locks used in InnoDB (assume that transaction T has requested a lock of the indicated type on table t):

Intention shared (IS): Transaction T intends to set S locks on individual rows in table t.

Intention exclusive (IX): Transaction T intends to set X locks on those rows.

For example, SELECT ... LOCK IN SHARE MODE sets an IS lock and SELECT ... FOR UPDATE sets an IX lock.

The intention locking protocol is as follows:

Before a transaction can acquire an S lock on a row in table t, it must first acquire an IS or stronger lock on t.

Before a transaction can acquire an X lock on a row, it must first acquire an IX lock on t.

These rules can be conveniently summarized by means of the following lock type compatibility matrix（相容性矩阵）.

	X	IX	S	IS
X	Conflict	Conflict	Conflict	Conflict
IX	Conflict	Compatible	Conflict	Compatible
S	Conflict	Conflict	Compatible	Compatible
IS	Conflict	Compatible	Compatible	Compatible

A lock is granted to a requesting transaction if it is compatible（兼容的，相容的） with existing locks, but not if it conflicts with existing locks. A transaction waits until the conflicting existing lock is released. If a lock request conflicts with an existing lock and cannot be granted because it would cause deadlock, an error occurs.

Thus, intention locks do not block anything except full table requests (for example, LOCK TABLES ... WRITE). The main purpose of IX and IS locks is to show that someone is locking a row, or going to lock a row in the table.

Deadlock Example

The following example illustrates how an error can occur when a lock request would cause a deadlock. The example involves two clients, A and B.

First, client A creates a table containing one row, and then begins a transaction. Within the transaction, A obtains an S lock on the row by selecting it in share mode:

CREATE TABLE t (i INT) ENGINE = InnoDB;
INSERT INTO t (i) VALUES(1);

client A，

mysql> START TRANSACTION;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT * FROM t WHERE i = 1 LOCK IN SHARE MODE;
+------+
| i    |
+------+
|    1 |
+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

Next, client B begins a transaction and attempts to delete the row from the table:

mysql> START TRANSACTION;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> DELETE FROM t WHERE i = 1;

The delete operation requires an X lock. ‍‍The lock cannot be granted because it is incompatible with the S lock that client A holds, so the request goes on the queue of lock requests for the row and client B blocks.

Finally, client A also attempts to delete the row from the table:

mysql> DELETE FROM t WHERE i = 1;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

while client B,

mysql> DELETE FROM t WHERE i = 1;
ERROR 1213 (40001): Deadlock found when trying to get lock; try restarting transaction

Deadlock occurs here because client A needs an X lock to delete the row. However, that lock request cannot be granted because client B already has a request for an X lock and is waiting for client A to release its S lock. Nor can the S lock held by A be upgraded（升级的，提升的） to an X lock because of the prior（优先的; 占先的; 在…之前） request by B for an X lock. As a result, InnoDB generates an error for one of the clients and releases its locks. The client returns this error:

ERROR 1213 (40001): Deadlock found when trying to get lock;try restarting transaction

At that point, the lock request for the other client can be granted and it deletes the row from the table.

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