基本配置如下：
R1：
interface Loopback0
 ip address 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
!        
interface FastEthernet0/0
 no ip address
 shutdown
 duplex half
!        
interface Serial1/0
 ip address 12.1.1.1 255.255.255.224
 serial restart-delay 0
!        
router rip
 network 1.0.0.0
 network 12.0.0.0
R2：interface Loopback0
 ip address 2.2.2.2 255.255.255.0
!        
interface FastEthernet0/0
 no ip address
 shutdown
 duplex half
!        
interface Serial1/0
 ip address 12.1.1.2 255.255.255.224
 serial restart-delay 0
!        
interface Serial1/1
 ip address 23.1.1.2 255.255.255.224
 serial restart-delay 0
!       
 router rip
 network 2.0.0.0
 network 12.0.0.0
 network 23.0.0.0
!       
R3:
 
interface Loopback0
 ip address 3.3.3.3 255.255.255.0
!        
interface FastEthernet0/0
 no ip address
 shutdown
 duplex half
!        
interface Serial1/0
 ip address 23.1.1.3 255.255.255.224
 serial restart-delay 0
!        
router rip
 network 3.0.0.0
 network 23.0.0.0
!       
缺省配置下的计时器的观察实验：
R3#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/2] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:00, Serial1/0
R    2.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:00, Serial1/0
     3.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       3.3.3.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
     23.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       23.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
R    12.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:00, Serial1/0
R3#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/2] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:01, Serial1/0
R    2.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:01, Serial1/0
     3.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       3.3.3.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
     23.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       23.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
R    12.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:01, Serial1/0
R3#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/2] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:02, Serial1/0
R    2.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:02, Serial1/0
     3.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       3.3.3.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
     23.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       23.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
R    12.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:02, Serial1/0
R3#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/2] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:03, Serial1/0
R    2.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:03, Serial1/0
     3.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       3.3.3.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
     23.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       23.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
R    12.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:03, Serial1/0
R3#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/2] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:04, Serial1/0
R    2.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:04, Serial1/0
     3.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       3.3.3.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
     23.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       23.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
R    12.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:04, Serial1/0
R3#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/2] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:05, Serial1/0
R    2.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:05, Serial1/0
     3.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       3.3.3.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
     23.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       23.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
R    12.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:05, Serial1/0
R3#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/2] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:06, Serial1/0
R    2.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:06, Serial1/0
     3.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       3.3.3.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
     23.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       23.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
R    12.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:06, Serial1/0
R3#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/2] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:07, Serial1/0
R    2.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:07, Serial1/0
     3.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       3.3.3.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
     23.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       23.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
R    12.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:07, Serial1/0
R3#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/2] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:08, Serial1/0
R    2.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:08, Serial1/0
     3.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       3.3.3.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
     23.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       23.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
R    12.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:08, Serial1/0
R3#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/2] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:09, Serial1/0
R    2.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:09, Serial1/0
     3.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       3.3.3.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
     23.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       23.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
R    12.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:09, Serial1/0
R3#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/2] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:10, Serial1/0
R    2.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:10, Serial1/0
     3.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       3.3.3.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
     23.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       23.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
R    12.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:10, Serial1/0
R3#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/2] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:11, Serial1/0
R    2.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:11, Serial1/0
     3.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       3.3.3.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
     23.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       23.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
R    12.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:11, Serial1/0
R3#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/2] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:12, Serial1/0
R    2.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:12, Serial1/0
     3.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       3.3.3.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
     23.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       23.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
R    12.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:12, Serial1/0
R3#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/2] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:13, Serial1/0
R    2.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:13, Serial1/0
     3.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       3.3.3.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
     23.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       23.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
R    12.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:13, Serial1/0
R3#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/2] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:13, Serial1/0
R    2.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:13, Serial1/0
     3.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       3.3.3.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
     23.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       23.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
R    12.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:13, Serial1/0
R3#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/2] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:14, Serial1/0
R    2.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:14, Serial1/0
     3.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       3.3.3.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
     23.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       23.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
R    12.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:14, Serial1/0
R3#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/2] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:15, Serial1/0
R    2.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:15, Serial1/0
     3.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       3.3.3.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
     23.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       23.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
R    12.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:15, Serial1/0
R3#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/2] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:16, Serial1/0
R    2.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:16, Serial1/0
     3.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       3.3.3.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
     23.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       23.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
R    12.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:16, Serial1/0
R3#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/2] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:17, Serial1/0
R    2.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:17, Serial1/0
     3.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       3.3.3.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
     23.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       23.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
R    12.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:17, Serial1/0
R3#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/2] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:18, Serial1/0
R    2.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:18, Serial1/0
     3.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       3.3.3.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
     23.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       23.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
R    12.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:18, Serial1/0
R3#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/2] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:19, Serial1/0
R    2.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:19, Serial1/0
     3.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       3.3.3.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
     23.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       23.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
R    12.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:19, Serial1/0
R3#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/2] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:19, Serial1/0
R    2.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:19, Serial1/0
     3.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       3.3.3.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
     23.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       23.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
R    12.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:19, Serial1/0
R3#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/2] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:20, Serial1/0
R    2.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:20, Serial1/0
     3.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       3.3.3.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
     23.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       23.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
R    12.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:20, Serial1/0
R3#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/2] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:21, Serial1/0
R    2.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:21, Serial1/0
     3.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       3.3.3.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
     23.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       23.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
R    12.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:21, Serial1/0
R3#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/2] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:21, Serial1/0
R    2.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:21, Serial1/0
     3.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       3.3.3.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
     23.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       23.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
R    12.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:21, Serial1/0
R3#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/2] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:22, Serial1/0
R    2.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:22, Serial1/0
     3.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       3.3.3.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
     23.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       23.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
R    12.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:22, Serial1/0
R3#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/2] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:22, Serial1/0
R    2.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:22, Serial1/0
     3.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       3.3.3.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
     23.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       23.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
R    12.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:22, Serial1/0
R3#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/2] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:23, Serial1/0
R    2.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:23, Serial1/0
     3.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       3.3.3.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
     23.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       23.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
R    12.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:23, Serial1/0
R3#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/2] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:23, Serial1/0
R    2.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:23, Serial1/0
     3.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       3.3.3.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
     23.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       23.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
R    12.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:23, Serial1/0
R3#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/2] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:24, Serial1/0
R    2.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:24, Serial1/0
     3.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       3.3.3.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
     23.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       23.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
R    12.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:24, Serial1/0
R3#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/2] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:25, Serial1/0
R    2.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:25, Serial1/0
     3.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       3.3.3.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
     23.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       23.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
R    12.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:25, Serial1/0
R3#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/2] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:26, Serial1/0
R    2.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:26, Serial1/0
     3.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       3.3.3.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
     23.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       23.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
R    12.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:26, Serial1/0
R3#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/2] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:27, Serial1/0
R    2.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:27, Serial1/0
     3.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       3.3.3.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
     23.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       23.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
R    12.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:27, Serial1/0
R3#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/2] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:00, Serial1/0
R    2.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:00, Serial1/0
     3.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       3.3.3.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
     23.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       23.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
R    12.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:00, Serial1/0
R3#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/2] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:01, Serial1/0
R    2.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:01, Serial1/0
     3.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       3.3.3.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
     23.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       23.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
R    12.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.2, 00:00:01, Serial1/0
180s的invalid　time计时器观察：
在Ｒ３上passive s1/0
R3(config)#router rip
R3(config-router)#passive-interface s1/0  
R2#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 12.1.1.1, 00:00:08, Serial1/0
     2.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       2.2.2.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
R    3.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.3, 00:00:27, Serial1/1
     23.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       23.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/1
     12.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       12.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
R2#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 12.1.1.1, 00:00:08, Serial1/0
     2.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       2.2.2.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
R    3.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.3, 00:00:28, Serial1/1
     23.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       23.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/1
     12.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       12.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
R2#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 12.1.1.1, 00:00:09, Serial1/0
     2.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       2.2.2.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
R    3.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.3, 00:00:29, Serial1/1
     23.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       23.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/1
     12.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       12.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
R2#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 12.1.1.1, 00:00:11, Serial1/0
     2.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       2.2.2.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
R    3.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.3, 00:00:30, Serial1/1
     23.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       23.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/1
     12.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       12.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
R2#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 12.1.1.1, 00:00:11, Serial1/0
     2.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       2.2.2.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
R    3.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.3, 00:00:31, Serial1/1
     23.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       23.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/1
     12.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       12.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
R2#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 12.1.1.1, 00:00:13, Serial1/0
     2.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       2.2.2.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
R    3.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.3, 00:00:32, Serial1/1
     23.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       23.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/1
     12.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       12.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
R2#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 12.1.1.1, 00:00:13, Serial1/0
     2.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       2.2.2.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
R    3.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.3, 00:00:33, Serial1/1
     23.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       23.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/1
     12.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       12.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
R2#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 12.1.1.1, 00:00:26, Serial1/0
     2.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       2.2.2.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
R    3.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.3, 00:02:58, Serial1/1
     23.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       23.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/1
     12.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       12.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
R2#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 12.1.1.1, 00:00:26, Serial1/0
     2.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       2.2.2.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
R    3.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.3, 00:02:59, Serial1/1
     23.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       23.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/1
     12.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       12.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
R2#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 12.1.1.1, 00:00:27, Serial1/0
     2.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       2.2.2.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
R    3.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.3, 00:03:00, Serial1/1
     23.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       23.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/1
     12.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       12.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
R2#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 12.1.1.1, 00:00:28, Serial1/0
     2.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       2.2.2.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
R    3.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.3, 00:03:01, Serial1/1
     23.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       23.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/1
     12.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       12.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
R2#
R2#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 12.1.1.1, 00:00:01, Serial1/0
     2.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       2.2.2.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
R    3.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.3, 00:03:03, Serial1/1
     23.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       23.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/1
     12.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       12.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
R2#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 12.1.1.1, 00:00:03, Serial1/0
     2.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       2.2.2.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
R    3.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 23.1.1.3, 00:03:05, Serial1/1
     23.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       23.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/1
     12.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       12.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
R2#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R    1.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 12.1.1.1, 00:00:03, Serial1/0
     2.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       2.2.2.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
R    3.0.0.0/8 is possibly down, routing via 23.1.1.3, Serial1/1
     23.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       23.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/1
     12.0.0.0/27 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       12.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/0
无效计时器走完180s后，会通知它的邻居把该此条目删掉，而它自己则进入holddown time;60s过后刷新计时器走完，它会删掉此条目，在此60s中，路由器不会接受任何该条目的更新信息，这是holddown的作用造成的，但是很多参考书上在描述holddown时候是说在收到一个大于路由表现在条目的更新后即进入holddown，其实就实验现象来看进入holddown准确时刻是在invalid计时器超时之后，但在默认设置下flush timer总是在holddown timer之前超时，造成的现象就是该路由条目被删除后再次接到更新的时候路由器又将其添加到路由表，所以如果不细心的话这个计时器很可能会被忽视掉。
 
各个计时器的修改命令在以前发布的“RIP计时器”文章中已有介绍，这里就不再赘述。
 
今天就写这么多，谢谢大家关注！