一、模块介绍
1、模块定义
用来从逻辑上组织python代码（变量，函数，类，逻辑：实现一个功能），本质上就是.py结尾python文件。
分类：内置模块、开源模块、自定义模块。
2、导入模块
本质：导入模块的本质就是把python文件解释一遍；导入包的本质就是把包文件下面的init.py文件运行一遍。
1. 同目录下的模块导入
1 #同级目录间import 2 3 import module_name #直接导入模块 4 import module_name,module2_name #导入多个模块 使用：模块名.加函数名 5 from module_name import * #导入模块中所有函数和变量等。。不建议使用 6 from module_name import m1,m2,m3 #只导入模块中函数m1,m2,m3 使用：直接使用m1,m2,m3即可 7 from module_name import m1 as m #导入module_name模块中m1函数并且重新赋值给m 使用：直接输入m即可
2.不同目录下的模块导入
1 #不同目录之间import 当前文件main.py 2 3 #目录结构 4 # ├── Credit_card 5 # │ 6 # ├── core # 7 # │ ├── __init__.py 8 # │ └── main.py # 当前文件 9 # ├── conf # 10 # │ ├── __init__.py 11 # │ └── setting.py 12 # │ └── lzl.py 13 14 import sys,os 15 16 creditcard_path=os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))) #当前目录的上上级目录绝对路径，即Creditcard目录 17 sys.path.insert(0,creditcard_path) #把Creditcard目录加入到系统路径列表第0个 18 19 print(sys.path) #打印系统环境路径 20 #['C:\\Users\\L\\PycharmProjects\\s14\\Day5\\Creditcard,.......] 21 22 #import settings.py #无法直接import 23 #ImportError: No module named 'settings' 24 25 from conf import settings #from目录import模块 26 27 settings.set() #执行settings下的函数 28 #in the settings
3.不同目录下模块连坏导入
目录结构 ├── Credit_card │ ├── core # │ ├── __init__.py │ └── main.py # 当前文件 ├── conf # │ ├── __init__.py │ └── setting.py │ └── lzl.py 目录结构
conf目录下的文件：
lzl.py
1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 #-Author-Lian 4 5 #当前文件lzl.py 6 def name(): 7 print("name is lzl") 8 9 lzl.py
setting.py
1 #当前文件settings，调用lzl.py模块 2 import lzl #导入模块lzl 3 4 def set(): 5 print("in the settings") 6 lzl.name() #运行lzl模块下的函数 7 8 set() #执行函数set 9 #in the settings 10 #name is lzl
此时执行settings.py文件没有任何问题，就是同一目录下的模块之间的导入，关键来了，此刻croe目录下的main.py导入模块settings会出现什么状况呢？？！
core目录下的文件：
main.py
1 #不同目录之间连环import 当前文件main.py 2 import sys,os 3 4 creditcard_path=os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))) #当前目录的上上级目录绝对路径，即Creditcard目录 5 sys.path.insert(0,creditcard_path) #把Creditcard目录加入到系统路径 6 7 from conf import settings 8 9 settings.set() #执行settings下的函数 10 # import lzl #导入模块lzl 11 #ImportError: No module named 'lzl'
可以看到直接报错：ImportError: No module named 'lzl'，想想什么会报错类？！
刚才已经说到了，导入模块的本质就是把模块里的内容执行一遍，当main.py导入settings模块时，也会把settings里的内容执行一遍，即执行import lzl；
但是对于main.py来说，不能直接import lzl，所有就出现了刚才的报错，那有什么办法可以解决？!
对conf目录下settings.py文件进行修改
1 #当前文件settings，调用lzl.py模块 2 from . import lzl #通过相对路径导入模块lzl 3 4 def set(): 5 print("in the settings") 6 lzl.name() #运行lzl模块下的函数 7 8 set() #执行函数set 9 #in the settings 10 #name is lzl
此时执行main.py文件
1 #不同目录之间连环import 当前文件main.py 2 import sys,os 3 4 creditcard_path=os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))) #当前目录的上上级目录绝对路径，即Creditcard目录 5 sys.path.insert(0,creditcard_path) #把Creditcard目录加入到系统路径 6 7 from conf import settings 8 9 settings.set() #执行settings下的函数 10 # in the settings 11 # name is lzl
没有任何报错，我们只对settings修改了lzl模块的调用方式，结果就完全不同，此时的from . import lzl 用到的是相对路径，这就是相对路径的优点所在。
4、不同目录多个模块互相导入，用相对路径
目录结构：
Day5 ├── Credit_card ├── README.md ├── core │ ├── __init__.py │ └── main.py ├── conf │ ├── __init__.py │ └── setting.py │ └── lzl.py 目录结构
conf目录下的文件：
lzl.py
1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 #-Author-Lian 4 5 #当前文件lzl.py 相对路径 6 def name(): 7 print("name is lzl")
setting.py
1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 #-Author-Lian 4 5 #当前文件settings，调用lzl.py模块 相对路径 6 from . import lzl #通过相对路径导入模块lzl 7 8 def set(): 9 print("in the settings") 10 lzl.name() #运行lzl模块下的函数 11 12 set() #执行函数set 13 #in the settings 14 #name is lzl 15 16 settings
core目录下的文件：
main.py
1 #不同目录之间连环import 当前文件main.py 相对路径 2 3 from Day5.Credit_card.conf import settings 4 5 6 settings.set() #执行settings下的函数 7 # in the settings 8 # name is lzl
lzl.py以及settings.py文件未变，main.py文件去掉了繁杂的sys.path添加的过程，直接执行from Day5.Credit_card.conf import settings，使用相对路径，更加简洁方便！
二、内置模块
1、time和datatime模块
时间相关的操作，时间有三种表示方式：
-
- 时间戳 1970年1月1日之后的秒，即：time.time()
- 格式化的字符串 2014-11-11 11:11， 即：time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d')
- 结构化时间 元组包含了：年、日、星期等... time.struct_time 即：time.localtime()
1 Python 3.6.2 (v3.6.2:5fd33b5, Jul 8 2017, 04:14:34) [MSC v.1900 32 bit (Intel)] on win32 2 Type "copyright", "credits" or "license()" for more information. 3 >>> 4 >>> import time 5 >>> 6 >>> print("time stamp:", time.time()) #时间戳 7 time stamp: 1525852970.2903516 8 9 >>> print("local time:", time.localtime()) # struct_time类型的本地时间 10 local time: time.struct_time(tm_year=2018, tm_mon=5, tm_mday=9, tm_hour=16, tm_min=3, tm_sec=10, tm_wday=2, tm_yday=129, tm_isdst=0) 11 12 >>> print("utc time:", time.gmtime()) # struct_time类型的utc时间 13 utc time: time.struct_time(tm_year=2018, tm_mon=5, tm_mday=9, tm_hour=8, tm_min=4, tm_sec=4, tm_wday=2, tm_yday=129, tm_isdst=0)
可以看出，当地时间（北京时间）比 UTC时间早8个小时。
各种时间形式的转换。
1 #！/user/bin/env ptyhon 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 # Author: VisonWong 4 5 import time,calendar 6 7 # time模块中，三种时间形式之间的转换 8 time_stamp = time.time() # 时间戳 9 local_time = time.localtime(time_stamp)# 时间戳转struct_time类型的本地时间 10 utc_time = time.gmtime(time_stamp) # 时间戳转struct_time类型的utc时间 11 12 time_stamp_1 = time.mktime(local_time) # struct_time类型的本地时间转时间戳 13 time_stamp_2 = calendar.timegm(utc_time)# struct_time类型的utc时间转时间戳 14 15 print('time_stamp:',time_stamp) 16 print('local_time:',local_time) 17 print('utc_time:',utc_time) 18 print('time_stamp_local:',time_stamp_1) 19 print('time_stamp_utc:',time_stamp_2)
输出结果：
1 E:\Python\PythonLearing\venv\Scripts\python.exe E:/Python/PythonLearing/time.py 2 time_stamp: 1525857093.0751617 3 local_time: time.struct_time(tm_year=2018, tm_mon=5, tm_mday=9, tm_hour=17, tm_min=11, tm_sec=33, tm_wday=2, tm_yday=129, tm_isdst=0) 4 utc_time: time.struct_time(tm_year=2018, tm_mon=5, tm_mday=9, tm_hour=9, tm_min=11, tm_sec=33, tm_wday=2, tm_yday=129, tm_isdst=0) 5 time_stamp_local: 1525857093.0 6 time_stamp_utc: 1525857093 7 8 Process finished with exit code 0
各种时间形式与字符串之间的转换。
1 #！/user/bin/env ptyhon 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 # Author: VisonWong 4 5 import time 6 7 time_stamp = time.time() # 时间戳 8 local_time = time.localtime(time_stamp)# 时间戳转struct_time类型的本地时间 9 utc_time = time.gmtime(time_stamp) # 时间戳转struct_time类型的utc时间 10 11 # time模块中，三种时间形式和字符串之间的转换 12 print(time.ctime(time_stamp)) # 时间戳转字符串(本地时间字符串) 13 14 print(time.asctime(local_time)) # struct_time类型的本地时间转字符串 15 print(time.asctime(utc_time)) # struct_time类型的utc时间转字符串 16 17 print(time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d, %H:%M:%S, %w", local_time)) # struct_time类型的本地时间转字符串：自定义格式 18 print(time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d, %H:%M:%S, %w", utc_time)) # struct_time类型的utc时间转字符串：自定义格式 19 20 struct_time = time.strptime("2016-11-15, 15:32:12, 2", "%Y-%m-%d, %H:%M:%S, %w") # 字符串转struct_time类型 21 22 print(struct_time)
输出结果：
1 E:\Python\PythonLearing\venv\Scripts\python.exe E:/Python/PythonLearing/time.py 2 Wed May 9 17:16:05 2018 3 Wed May 9 17:16:05 2018 4 Wed May 9 09:16:05 2018 5 2018-05-09, 17:16:05, 3 6 2018-05-09, 09:16:05, 3 7 time.struct_time(tm_year=2016, tm_mon=11, tm_mday=15, tm_hour=15, tm_min=32, tm_sec=12, tm_wday=1, tm_yday=320, tm_isdst=-1) 8 9 Process finished with exit code 0
结构化时间：
时间戳、格式化字符串、机构化时间相互转换：
datatime模块：
接下来再看datetime模块。该模块中包含4个主要的类：
-
-
- datetime.time：时间类，只包含时、分、秒、微秒等时间信息。
- datetime.date：日期类，只包含年、月、日、星期等日期信息。
- datetime.datetime：日期时间类，包含以上两者的全部信息。
- datetime.timedelta：时间日期差值类，用来表示两个datetime之间的差值。
-
1 #！/user/bin/env ptyhon 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 # Author: VisonWong 4 5 import datetime 6 7 # datetime模块中datetime类的用法 8 a_datetime_local = datetime.datetime.now() # 获取datetime.datetime类型的本地时间 9 a_datetime_utc = datetime.datetime.utcnow() # 获取datetime.datetime类型的utc时间 10 11 print('local_time:',a_datetime_local) 12 print('utc_time:',a_datetime_utc) 13 print('format_local:',a_datetime_local.strftime("%Y-%m-%d, %H:%M:%S, %w")) # datetime.datetime类型转字符串 14 print('format_utc:',a_datetime_utc.strftime("%Y-%m-%d, %H:%M:%S, %w")) # datetime.datetime类型转字符串 15 16 a_datetime = datetime.datetime.strptime("2016-11-15, 15:32:12, 2", "%Y-%m-%d, %H:%M:%S, %w") # 字符串转datetime.datetime格式 17 18 print('a_datetime:',a_datetime)
输出结果：
1 E:\Python\PythonLearing\venv\Scripts\python.exe E:/Python/PythonLearing/time.py 2 local_time: 2018-05-09 18:58:24.620881 3 utc_time: 2018-05-09 10:58:24.620881 4 format_local: 2018-05-09, 18:58:24, 3 5 format_utc: 2018-05-09, 10:58:24, 3 6 a_datetime: 2016-11-15 15:32:12 7 8 Process finished with exit code 0
datetime.datetime类和时间戳、struct_time类型之间的转换。
1 #！/user/bin/env ptyhon 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 # Author: VisonWong 4 5 import time,datetime 6 7 # datetime模块中datetime类的用法 8 a_datetime_local = datetime.datetime.now() # 获取datetime.datetime类型的本地时间 9 a_datetime_utc = datetime.datetime.utcnow() # 获取datetime.datetime类型的utc时间 10 11 # datetime.datetime类和时间戳、struct_time类型之间的转换 12 time_stamp = a_datetime_local.timestamp() # datetime类型转时间戳 13 print('time_stamp:',time_stamp) 14 15 a_datetime_local = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(time.time()) # 时间戳转datetime.datetime类型的本地时间 16 a_datetime_utc = datetime.datetime.utcfromtimestamp(time.time()) # 时间戳转datetime.datetime类型的utc时间 17 print('a_datetime_local:',a_datetime_local) 18 print('a_datetime_utc:',a_datetime_utc) 19 20 print(a_datetime_local.timetuple()) # datetime类型转struct_time类型 21 print(a_datetime_utc.utctimetuple()) # datetime类型转struct_time类型
输出结果：
1 E:\Python\PythonLearing\venv\Scripts\python.exe E:/Python/PythonLearing/time.py 2 time_stamp: 1525863948.894291 3 a_datetime_local: 2018-05-09 19:05:48.894292 4 a_datetime_utc: 2018-05-09 11:05:48.894292 5 time.struct_time(tm_year=2018, tm_mon=5, tm_mday=9, tm_hour=19, tm_min=5, tm_sec=48, tm_wday=2, tm_yday=129, tm_isdst=-1) 6 time.struct_time(tm_year=2018, tm_mon=5, tm_mday=9, tm_hour=11, tm_min=5, tm_sec=48, tm_wday=2, tm_yday=129, tm_isdst=0) 7 8 Process finished with exit code 0
2、random模块
生成随机数。
1 #random随机数模块 2 import random 3 4 print(random.random()) #生成0到1的随机数 5 #0.7308387398872364 6 7 print(random.randint(1,3)) #生成1-3随机数 8 #3 9 10 print(random.randrange(1,3)) #生成1-2随机数，不包含3 11 #2 12 13 print(random.choice("hello")) #随机选取字符串 14 #e 15 16 print(random.sample("hello",2)) #随机选取特定的字符 17 #['l', 'h'] 18 19 items = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7] 20 random.shuffle(items) 21 print(items) 22 #[2, 3, 1, 6, 4, 7, 5]
验证码。
1 #！/user/bin/env ptyhon 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 # Author: VisonWong 4 5 import random 6 7 checkcode = '' 8 for i in range(4): 9 current = random.randrange(0, 4) 10 if current != i: 11 temp = chr(random.randint(65, 90)) #生成随机字母 12 else: 13 temp = random.randint(0, 9) 14 checkcode += str(temp) 15 16 print(checkcode)
输出结果：
1 E:\Python\PythonLearing\venv\Scripts\python.exe E:/Python/PythonLearing/time.py 2 GNU1 3 4 Process finished with exit code 0
3、os模块
用于提供系统级别的操作。
1 #os模块 2 import os 3 4 os.getcwd() #获取当前工作目录，即当前python脚本工作的目录路径 5 os.chdir("dirname") #改变当前脚本工作目录；相当于shell下cd 6 os.curdir #返回当前目录: ('.') 7 os.pardir #获取当前目录的父目录字符串名：('..') 8 os.makedirs('dirname1/dirname2') #可生成多层递归目录 9 os.removedirs('dirname1') # 若目录为空，则删除，并递归到上一级目录，如若也为空，则删除，依此类推 10 os.mkdir('dirname') # 生成单级目录；相当于shell中mkdir dirname 11 os.rmdir('dirname') #删除单级空目录，若目录不为空则无法删除，报错；相当于shell中rmdir dirname 12 os.listdir('dirname') #列出指定目录下的所有文件和子目录，包括隐藏文件，并以列表方式打印 13 os.remove() # 删除一个文件 14 os.rename("oldname","newname") # 重命名文件/目录 15 os.stat('path/filename') # 获取文件/目录信息 16 os.sep #输出操作系统特定的路径分隔符，win下为"\\",Linux下为"/" 17 os.linesep #输出当前平台使用的行终止符，win下为"\t\n",Linux下为"\n" 18 os.pathsep #输出用于分割文件路径的字符串 19 os.name #输出字符串指示当前使用平台。win->'nt'; Linux->'posix' 20 os.system("bash command") #运行shell命令，直接显示 commans可以获取返回值 21 os.environ #获取系统环境变量 22 os.path.abspath(path) #返回path规范化的绝对路径 23 os.path.split(path) #将path分割成目录和文件名二元组返回 24 os.path.dirname(path) # 返回path的目录。其实就是os.path.split(path)的第一个元素 25 os.path.basename(path) # 返回path最后的文件名。如何path以／或\结尾，那么就会返回空值。即os.path.split(path)的第二个元素 26 os.path.exists(path) #如果path存在，返回True；如果path不存在，返回False 27 os.path.isabs(path) #如果path是绝对路径，返回True 28 os.path.isfile(path) #如果path是一个存在的文件，返回True。否则返回False 29 os.path.isdir(path) #如果path是一个存在的目录，则返回True。否则返回False 30 os.path.join(path1[, path2[, ...]]) # 将多个路径组合后返回，第一个绝对路径之前的参数将被忽略 31 os.path.getatime(path) #返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后存取时间 32 os.path.getmtime(path) #返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后修改时间
①os.dir、os.popen调用当前系统命令
1 #！/user/bin/env ptyhon 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 # Author: VisonWong 4 5 import os 6 7 res = os.system('dir') #只执行dir命令，不保存结果 8 9 print(res) #res只返会执行命令的成功与否，成功为0 反之为1
执行结果：
1 E:\Python\PythonLearing\venv\Scripts\python.exe 2 ������ E �еľ��� �ĵ� 3 ������к��� 0000-5431 4 5 E:\Python\PythonLearing ��Ŀ¼ 6 7 2018/05/09 20:46 <DIR> . 8 2018/05/09 20:46 <DIR> .. 9 2018/05/09 20:45 <DIR> .idea 10 2018/04/01 01:32 378 changefile.py 11 2018/05/02 02:13 306 copy.py 12 2018/04/10 21:08 204 decorater.py 13 2018/04/01 00:28 722 File.py 14 2018/05/01 19:45 842 file_op.py 15 2018/05/05 22:58 1,253 func.py 16 2018/05/07 22:35 674 generater.py 17 2018/04/12 21:38 209 generator.py 18 2017/12/25 12:02 638 GuessAge.py 19 2018/03/16 00:47 95 HelloWorld.py 20 2017/12/25 02:38 671 Interaction.py 21 2018/05/09 02:51 73 module.py 22 2018/04/01 01:11 162 test.py 23 2018/05/09 20:46 122 time.py 24 2018/04/01 00:56 <DIR> venv 25 2018/05/01 19:42 649 yesterday 26 2018/03/31 23:49 643 yesterday.txt 27 2018/04/01 00:15 26 yesterday1.txt 28 2018/05/01 19:00 649 yesterday2 29 2018/04/01 01:33 639 yesterday_bak.txt 30 2018/05/02 02:13 <DIR> __pycache__ 31 2018/04/01 00:40 181 ������.py 32 20 ���ļ� 9,136 �ֽ� 33 5 ��Ŀ¼ 46,039,920,640 �����ֽ� 34 0
os.popen
1 #！/user/bin/env ptyhon 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 # Author: VisonWong 4 5 import os 6 7 res = os.popen("dir") #不打印输出，保存执行结果 8 print(res) #打印res内存地址信息 9 10 res = os.popen("dir").read() #通过read去读取内存地址记录的信息 11 print(res)
执行结果：
1 E:\Python\PythonLearing\venv\Scripts\python.exe 2 <os._wrap_close object at 0x015DB3F0> 3 驱动器 E 中的卷是 文档 4 卷的序列号是 0000-5431 5 6 E:\Python\PythonLearing 的目录 7 8 2018/05/09 20:54 <DIR> . 9 2018/05/09 20:54 <DIR> .. 10 2018/05/09 20:52 <DIR> .idea 11 2018/04/01 01:32 378 changefile.py 12 2018/05/02 02:13 306 copy.py 13 2018/04/10 21:08 204 decorater.py 14 2018/04/01 00:28 722 File.py 15 2018/05/01 19:45 842 file_op.py 16 2018/05/05 22:58 1,253 func.py 17 2018/05/07 22:35 674 generater.py 18 2018/04/12 21:38 209 generator.py 19 2017/12/25 12:02 638 GuessAge.py 20 2018/03/16 00:47 95 HelloWorld.py 21 2017/12/25 02:38 671 Interaction.py 22 2018/05/09 02:51 73 module.py 23 2018/04/01 01:11 162 test.py 24 2018/05/09 20:54 325 time.py 25 2018/04/01 00:56 <DIR> venv 26 2018/05/01 19:42 649 yesterday 27 2018/03/31 23:49 643 yesterday.txt 28 2018/04/01 00:15 26 yesterday1.txt 29 2018/05/01 19:00 649 yesterday2 30 2018/04/01 01:33 639 yesterday_bak.txt 31 2018/05/02 02:13 <DIR> __pycache__ 32 2018/04/01 00:40 181 进度条.py 33 20 个文件 9,339 字节 34 5 个目录 46,039,887,872 可用字节
两者结合使用：
1 import os,sys 2 3 os.system(''.join(sys.argv[1:])) #把用户的输入的参数当作一条命令交给os.system来执行
4、sys模块
用于提供对解释器相关的操作。
1 #sys模块 2 import sys 3 4 sys.argv #命令行参数List，第一个元素是程序本身路径 5 sys.exit(n) #退出程序，正常退出时exit(0) 6 sys.version # 获取Python解释程序的版本信息 7 sys.maxint #最大的Int值 8 sys.path #返回模块的搜索路径，初始化时使用PYTHONPATH环境变量的值 9 sys.platform #返回操作系统平台名称 10 sys.stdout.write('please:') 11 val = sys.stdin.readline()[:-1]
① 其中的 sys.argv 用来捕获执行执行python脚本时传入的参数：
1 import sys 2 3 strings = sys.argv 4 print(strings) # 所有参数 类型为列表 5 # ['start.py', 'hello', 'world'] 6 print(strings[0]) # 脚本名本身 7 # start.py 8 print(strings[1]) # 第一个参数 9 # hello 10 print(strings[2]) # 第二个参数 11 # world 12 print(strings[-1]) # 倒数第一个参数 13 # world 14 15 $ python test.py helo world 执行脚本
② sys.stdin信息输入：
1 #！/user/bin/env ptyhon 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 # Author: VisonWong 4 5 import sys 6 li = [] 7 file = sys.stdin 8 # <_io.TextIOWrapper name='<stdin>' mode='r' encoding='cp936'> file 9 for line in file: 10 li.append(line) 11 print(li) 12 print(line.strip()) # 这个很重要 strip去除末尾的换行符 本身print跟print直接回产生换行符 13 # 如果不进去去除末尾的换行符的话 会再多打印一行换行符
执行结果：
1 E:\Python\PythonLearing\venv\Scripts\python.exe E:/Python/PythonLearing/time.py 2 我 3 ['我\n'] 4 我 5 爱 6 ['我\n', '爱\n'] 7 爱 8 python 9 ['我\n', '爱\n', 'python\n'] 10 python 11 12 Process finished with exit code 1
③ sys.stdout 重定向输出
1 import sys 2 3 sys.stdout.write("asdgf") # 当我们在 Python 中打印对象调用 print obj 时候，事实上是调用了 sys.stdout.write(obj+'\n') 4 # asdgf
5、shutil模块
高级的 文件、文件夹、压缩包 处理模块。
① shutil.copyfileobj 将文件内容拷贝到另一个文件中，可以部分内容
1 #shutil 文件拷贝 2 import shutil 3 4 f1 = open("fsrc",encoding="utf-8") 5 6 f2 = open("fdst",encoding="utf-8") 7 8 shutil.copyfile(f1,f2) 9 10 #把文件f1里的内容拷贝到f2当中
函数源码
def copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst, length=16*1024): """copy data from file-like object fsrc to file-like object fdst""" while 1: buf = fsrc.read(length) if not buf: break fdst.write(buf) shutil.copyfileobj
② shutil.copyfile 文件拷贝
1 #shutil.copyfile 文件拷贝 2 import shutil 3 4 shutil.copyfile("f1","f2") 5 #把文件f1里的内容拷贝到f2当中
函数源码
def copyfile(src, dst): """Copy data from src to dst""" if _samefile(src, dst): raise Error("`%s` and `%s` are the same file" % (src, dst)) for fn in [src, dst]: try: st = os.stat(fn) except OSError: # File most likely does not exist pass else: # XXX What about other special files? (sockets, devices...) if stat.S_ISFIFO(st.st_mode): raise SpecialFileError("`%s` is a named pipe" % fn) with open(src, 'rb') as fsrc: with open(dst, 'wb') as fdst: copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst) shutil.copyfile
③ shutil.copymode(src, dst) 仅拷贝权限。内容、组、用户均不变
def copymode(src, dst): """Copy mode bits from src to dst""" if hasattr(os, 'chmod'): st = os.stat(src) mode = stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode) os.chmod(dst, mode) shutil.copymode
④ shutil.copystat(src, dst) 拷贝状态的信息，包括：mode bits, atime, mtime, flags
def copystat(src, dst): """Copy all stat info (mode bits, atime, mtime, flags) from src to dst""" st = os.stat(src) mode = stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode) if hasattr(os, 'utime'): os.utime(dst, (st.st_atime, st.st_mtime)) if hasattr(os, 'chmod'): os.chmod(dst, mode) if hasattr(os, 'chflags') and hasattr(st, 'st_flags'): try: os.chflags(dst, st.st_flags) except OSError, why: for err in 'EOPNOTSUPP', 'ENOTSUP': if hasattr(errno, err) and why.errno == getattr(errno, err): break else: raise shutil.copystat
⑤ shutil.copy(src, dst) 拷贝文件和权限
def copy(src, dst): """Copy data and mode bits ("cp src dst"). The destination may be a directory. """ if os.path.isdir(dst): dst = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src)) copyfile(src, dst) copymode(src, dst) shutil.copy
⑥ shutil.copy2(src, dst) 拷贝文件和状态信息
def copy2(src, dst): """Copy data and all stat info ("cp -p src dst"). The destination may be a directory. """ if os.path.isdir(dst): dst = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src)) copyfile(src, dst) copystat(src, dst) shutil.copy2
⑦ shutil.copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None) 递归的去拷贝文件 拷贝多层目录
def ignore_patterns(*patterns): """Function that can be used as copytree() ignore parameter. Patterns is a sequence of glob-style patterns that are used to exclude files""" def _ignore_patterns(path, names): ignored_names = [] for pattern in patterns: ignored_names.extend(fnmatch.filter(names, pattern)) return set(ignored_names) return _ignore_patterns def copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None): """Recursively copy a directory tree using copy2(). The destination directory must not already exist. If exception(s) occur, an Error is raised with a list of reasons. If the optional symlinks flag is true, symbolic links in the source tree result in symbolic links in the destination tree; if it is false, the contents of the files pointed to by symbolic links are copied. The optional ignore argument is a callable. If given, it is called with the `src` parameter, which is the directory being visited by copytree(), and `names` which is the list of `src` contents, as returned by os.listdir(): callable(src, names) -> ignored_names Since copytree() is called recursively, the callable will be called once for each directory that is copied. It returns a list of names relative to the `src` directory that should not be copied. XXX Consider this example code rather than the ultimate tool. """ names = os.listdir(src) if ignore is not None: ignored_names = ignore(src, names) else: ignored_names = set() os.makedirs(dst) errors = [] for name in names: if name in ignored_names: continue srcname = os.path.join(src, name) dstname = os.path.join(dst, name) try: if symlinks and os.path.islink(srcname): linkto = os.readlink(srcname) os.symlink(linkto, dstname) elif os.path.isdir(srcname): copytree(srcname, dstname, symlinks, ignore) else: # Will raise a SpecialFileError for unsupported file types copy2(srcname, dstname) # catch the Error from the recursive copytree so that we can # continue with other files except Error, err: errors.extend(err.args[0]) except EnvironmentError, why: errors.append((srcname, dstname, str(why))) try: copystat(src, dst) except OSError, why: if WindowsError is not None and isinstance(why, WindowsError): # Copying file access times may fail on Windows pass else: errors.append((src, dst, str(why))) if errors: raise Error, errors shutil.copytree
⑧ shutil.rmtree(path[, ignore_errors[, onerror]]) 递归的去删除文件
def rmtree(path, ignore_errors=False, οnerrοr=None): """Recursively delete a directory tree. If ignore_errors is set, errors are ignored; otherwise, if onerror is set, it is called to handle the error with arguments (func, path, exc_info) where func is os.listdir, os.remove, or os.rmdir; path is the argument to that function that caused it to fail; and exc_info is a tuple returned by sys.exc_info(). If ignore_errors is false and onerror is None, an exception is raised. """ if ignore_errors: def onerror(*args): pass elif onerror is None: def onerror(*args): raise try: if os.path.islink(path): # symlinks to directories are forbidden, see bug #1669 raise OSError("Cannot call rmtree on a symbolic link") except OSError: onerror(os.path.islink, path, sys.exc_info()) # can't continue even if onerror hook returns return names = [] try: names = os.listdir(path) except os.error, err: onerror(os.listdir, path, sys.exc_info()) for name in names: fullname = os.path.join(path, name) try: mode = os.lstat(fullname).st_mode except os.error: mode = 0 if stat.S_ISDIR(mode): rmtree(fullname, ignore_errors, onerror) else: try: os.remove(fullname) except os.error, err: onerror(os.remove, fullname, sys.exc_info()) try: os.rmdir(path) except os.error: onerror(os.rmdir, path, sys.exc_info()) shutil.rmtree
⑨ shutil.move(src, dst) 递归的去移动文件
def move(src, dst): """Recursively move a file or directory to another location. This is similar to the Unix "mv" command. If the destination is a directory or a symlink to a directory, the source is moved inside the directory. The destination path must not already exist. If the destination already exists but is not a directory, it may be overwritten depending on os.rename() semantics. If the destination is on our current filesystem, then rename() is used. Otherwise, src is copied to the destination and then removed. A lot more could be done here... A look at a mv.c shows a lot of the issues this implementation glosses over. """ real_dst = dst if os.path.isdir(dst): if _samefile(src, dst): # We might be on a case insensitive filesystem, # perform the rename anyway. os.rename(src, dst) return real_dst = os.path.join(dst, _basename(src)) if os.path.exists(real_dst): raise Error, "Destination path '%s' already exists" % real_dst try: os.rename(src, real_dst) except OSError: if os.path.isdir(src): if _destinsrc(src, dst): raise Error, "Cannot move a directory '%s' into itself '%s'." % (src, dst) copytree(src, real_dst, symlinks=True) rmtree(src) else: copy2(src, real_dst) os.unlink(src) shutil.move
⑩ shutil.make_archive(base_name, format,...) 创建压缩包并返回文件路径，例如：zip、tar
-
- base_name： 压缩包的文件名，也可以是压缩包的路径。只是文件名时，则保存至当前目录，否则保存至指定路径，
如：www =>保存至当前路径
如：/Users/wupeiqi/www =>保存至/Users/wupeiqi/
-
- format： 压缩包种类，“zip”, “tar”, “bztar”，“gztar”
- root_dir： 要压缩的文件夹路径（默认当前目录）
- owner： 用户，默认当前用户
- group： 组，默认当前组
- logger： 用于记录日志，通常是logging.Logger对象
def make_archive(base_name, format, root_dir=None, base_dir=None, verbose=0, dry_run=0, owner=None, group=None, logger=None): """Create an archive file (eg. zip or tar). 'base_name' is the name of the file to create, minus any format-specific extension; 'format' is the archive format: one of "zip", "tar", "bztar" or "gztar". 'root_dir' is a directory that will be the root directory of the archive; ie. we typically chdir into 'root_dir' before creating the archive. 'base_dir' is the directory where we start archiving from; ie. 'base_dir' will be the common prefix of all files and directories in the archive. 'root_dir' and 'base_dir' both default to the current directory. Returns the name of the archive file. 'owner' and 'group' are used when creating a tar archive. By default, uses the current owner and group. """ save_cwd = os.getcwd() if root_dir is not None: if logger is not None: logger.debug("changing into '%s'", root_dir) base_name = os.path.abspath(base_name) if not dry_run: os.chdir(root_dir) if base_dir is None: base_dir = os.curdir kwargs = {'dry_run': dry_run, 'logger': logger} try: format_info = _ARCHIVE_FORMATS[format] except KeyError: raise ValueError, "unknown archive format '%s'" % format func = format_info[0] for arg, val in format_info[1]: kwargs[arg] = val if format != 'zip': kwargs['owner'] = owner kwargs['group'] = group try: filename = func(base_name, base_dir, **kwargs) finally: if root_dir is not None: if logger is not None: logger.debug("changing back to '%s'", save_cwd) os.chdir(save_cwd) return filename 源码
shutil 对压缩包的处理是调用 ZipFile 和 TarFile 两个模块来进行的，详细：
import zipfile # 压缩 z = zipfile.ZipFile('laxi.zip', 'w') z.write('a.log') z.write('data.data') z.close() # 解压 z = zipfile.ZipFile('laxi.zip', 'r') z.extractall() z.close() zipfile 压缩解压 zipfile 压缩解压
import tarfile # 压缩 tar = tarfile.open('your.tar','w') tar.add('/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/bbs2.zip', arcname='bbs2.zip') tar.add('/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/cmdb.zip', arcname='cmdb.zip') tar.close() # 解压 tar = tarfile.open('your.tar','r') tar.extractall() # 可设置解压地址 tar.close() tarfile 压缩解压
class ZipFile(object): """ Class with methods to open, read, write, close, list zip files. z = ZipFile(file, mode="r", compression=ZIP_STORED, allowZip64=False) file: Either the path to the file, or a file-like object. If it is a path, the file will be opened and closed by ZipFile. mode: The mode can be either read "r", write "w" or append "a". compression: ZIP_STORED (no compression) or ZIP_DEFLATED (requires zlib). allowZip64: if True ZipFile will create files with ZIP64 extensions when needed, otherwise it will raise an exception when this would be necessary. """ fp = None # Set here since __del__ checks it def __init__(self, file, mode="r", compression=ZIP_STORED, allowZip64=False): """Open the ZIP file with mode read "r", write "w" or append "a".""" if mode not in ("r", "w", "a"): raise RuntimeError('ZipFile() requires mode "r", "w", or "a"') if compression == ZIP_STORED: pass elif compression == ZIP_DEFLATED: if not zlib: raise RuntimeError,\ "Compression requires the (missing) zlib module" else: raise RuntimeError, "That compression method is not supported" self._allowZip64 = allowZip64 self._didModify = False self.debug = 0 # Level of printing: 0 through 3 self.NameToInfo = {} # Find file info given name self.filelist = [] # List of ZipInfo instances for archive self.compression = compression # Method of compression self.mode = key = mode.replace('b', '')[0] self.pwd = None self._comment = '' # Check if we were passed a file-like object if isinstance(file, basestring): self._filePassed = 0 self.filename = file modeDict = {'r' : 'rb', 'w': 'wb', 'a' : 'r+b'} try: self.fp = open(file, modeDict[mode]) except IOError: if mode == 'a': mode = key = 'w' self.fp = open(file, modeDict[mode]) else: raise else: self._filePassed = 1 self.fp = file self.filename = getattr(file, 'name', None) try: if key == 'r': self._RealGetContents() elif key == 'w': # set the modified flag so central directory gets written # even if no files are added to the archive self._didModify = True elif key == 'a': try: # See if file is a zip file self._RealGetContents() # seek to start of directory and overwrite self.fp.seek(self.start_dir, 0) except BadZipfile: # file is not a zip file, just append self.fp.seek(0, 2) # set the modified flag so central directory gets written # even if no files are added to the archive self._didModify = True else: raise RuntimeError('Mode must be "r", "w" or "a"') except: fp = self.fp self.fp = None if not self._filePassed: fp.close() raise def __enter__(self): return self def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback): self.close() def _RealGetContents(self): """Read in the table of contents for the ZIP file.""" fp = self.fp try: endrec = _EndRecData(fp) except IOError: raise BadZipfile("File is not a zip file") if not endrec: raise BadZipfile, "File is not a zip file" if self.debug > 1: print endrec size_cd = endrec[_ECD_SIZE] # bytes in central directory offset_cd = endrec[_ECD_OFFSET] # offset of central directory self._comment = endrec[_ECD_COMMENT] # archive comment # "concat" is zero, unless zip was concatenated to another file concat = endrec[_ECD_LOCATION] - size_cd - offset_cd if endrec[_ECD_SIGNATURE] == stringEndArchive64: # If Zip64 extension structures are present, account for them concat -= (sizeEndCentDir64 + sizeEndCentDir64Locator) if self.debug > 2: inferred = concat + offset_cd print "given, inferred, offset", offset_cd, inferred, concat # self.start_dir: Position of start of central directory self.start_dir = offset_cd + concat fp.seek(self.start_dir, 0) data = fp.read(size_cd) fp = cStringIO.StringIO(data) total = 0 while total < size_cd: centdir = fp.read(sizeCentralDir) if len(centdir) != sizeCentralDir: raise BadZipfile("Truncated central directory") centdir = struct.unpack(structCentralDir, centdir) if centdir[_CD_SIGNATURE] != stringCentralDir: raise BadZipfile("Bad magic number for central directory") if self.debug > 2: print centdir filename = fp.read(centdir[_CD_FILENAME_LENGTH]) # Create ZipInfo instance to store file information x = ZipInfo(filename) x.extra = fp.read(centdir[_CD_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH]) x.comment = fp.read(centdir[_CD_COMMENT_LENGTH]) x.header_offset = centdir[_CD_LOCAL_HEADER_OFFSET] (x.create_version, x.create_system, x.extract_version, x.reserved, x.flag_bits, x.compress_type, t, d, x.CRC, x.compress_size, x.file_size) = centdir[1:12] x.volume, x.internal_attr, x.external_attr = centdir[15:18] # Convert date/time code to (year, month, day, hour, min, sec) x._raw_time = t x.date_time = ( (d>>9)+1980, (d>>5)&0xF, d&0x1F, t>>11, (t>>5)&0x3F, (t&0x1F) * 2 ) x._decodeExtra() x.header_offset = x.header_offset + concat x.filename = x._decodeFilename() self.filelist.append(x) self.NameToInfo[x.filename] = x # update total bytes read from central directory total = (total + sizeCentralDir + centdir[_CD_FILENAME_LENGTH] + centdir[_CD_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH] + centdir[_CD_COMMENT_LENGTH]) if self.debug > 2: print "total", total def namelist(self): """Return a list of file names in the archive.""" l = [] for data in self.filelist: l.append(data.filename) return l def infolist(self): """Return a list of class ZipInfo instances for files in the archive.""" return self.filelist def printdir(self): """Print a table of contents for the zip file.""" print "%-46s %19s %12s" % ("File Name", "Modified ", "Size") for zinfo in self.filelist: date = "%d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d" % zinfo.date_time[:6] print "%-46s %s %12d" % (zinfo.filename, date, zinfo.file_size) def testzip(self): """Read all the files and check the CRC.""" chunk_size = 2 ** 20 for zinfo in self.filelist: try: # Read by chunks, to avoid an OverflowError or a # MemoryError with very large embedded files. with self.open(zinfo.filename, "r") as f: while f.read(chunk_size): # Check CRC-32 pass except BadZipfile: return zinfo.filename def getinfo(self, name): """Return the instance of ZipInfo given 'name'.""" info = self.NameToInfo.get(name) if info is None: raise KeyError( 'There is no item named %r in the archive' % name) return info def setpassword(self, pwd): """Set default password for encrypted files.""" self.pwd = pwd @property def comment(self): """The comment text associated with the ZIP file.""" return self._comment @comment.setter def comment(self, comment): # check for valid comment length if len(comment) > ZIP_MAX_COMMENT: import warnings warnings.warn('Archive comment is too long; truncating to %d bytes' % ZIP_MAX_COMMENT, stacklevel=2) comment = comment[:ZIP_MAX_COMMENT] self._comment = comment self._didModify = True def read(self, name, pwd=None): """Return file bytes (as a string) for name.""" return self.open(name, "r", pwd).read() def open(self, name, mode="r", pwd=None): """Return file-like object for 'name'.""" if mode not in ("r", "U", "rU"): raise RuntimeError, 'open() requires mode "r", "U", or "rU"' if not self.fp: raise RuntimeError, \ "Attempt to read ZIP archive that was already closed" # Only open a new file for instances where we were not # given a file object in the constructor if self._filePassed: zef_file = self.fp should_close = False else: zef_file = open(self.filename, 'rb') should_close = True try: # Make sure we have an info object if isinstance(name, ZipInfo): # 'name' is already an info object zinfo = name else: # Get info object for name zinfo = self.getinfo(name) zef_file.seek(zinfo.header_offset, 0) # Skip the file header: fheader = zef_file.read(sizeFileHeader) if len(fheader) != sizeFileHeader: raise BadZipfile("Truncated file header") fheader = struct.unpack(structFileHeader, fheader) if fheader[_FH_SIGNATURE] != stringFileHeader: raise BadZipfile("Bad magic number for file header") fname = zef_file.read(fheader[_FH_FILENAME_LENGTH]) if fheader[_FH_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH]: zef_file.read(fheader[_FH_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH]) if fname != zinfo.orig_filename: raise BadZipfile, \ 'File name in directory "%s" and header "%s" differ.' % ( zinfo.orig_filename, fname) # check for encrypted flag & handle password is_encrypted = zinfo.flag_bits & 0x1 zd = None if is_encrypted: if not pwd: pwd = self.pwd if not pwd: raise RuntimeError, "File %s is encrypted, " \ "password required for extraction" % name zd = _ZipDecrypter(pwd) # The first 12 bytes in the cypher stream is an encryption header # used to strengthen the algorithm. The first 11 bytes are # completely random, while the 12th contains the MSB of the CRC, # or the MSB of the file time depending on the header type # and is used to check the correctness of the password. bytes = zef_file.read(12) h = map(zd, bytes[0:12]) if zinfo.flag_bits & 0x8: # compare against the file type from extended local headers check_byte = (zinfo._raw_time >> 8) & 0xff else: # compare against the CRC otherwise check_byte = (zinfo.CRC >> 24) & 0xff if ord(h[11]) != check_byte: raise RuntimeError("Bad password for file", name) return ZipExtFile(zef_file, mode, zinfo, zd, close_fileobj=should_close) except: if should_close: zef_file.close() raise def extract(self, member, path=None, pwd=None): """Extract a member from the archive to the current working directory, using its full name. Its file information is extracted as accurately as possible. `member' may be a filename or a ZipInfo object. You can specify a different directory using `path'. """ if not isinstance(member, ZipInfo): member = self.getinfo(member) if path is None: path = os.getcwd() return self._extract_member(member, path, pwd) def extractall(self, path=None, members=None, pwd=None): """Extract all members from the archive to the current working directory. `path' specifies a different directory to extract to. `members' is optional and must be a subset of the list returned by namelist(). """ if members is None: members = self.namelist() for zipinfo in members: self.extract(zipinfo, path, pwd) def _extract_member(self, member, targetpath, pwd): """Extract the ZipInfo object 'member' to a physical file on the path targetpath. """ # build the destination pathname, replacing # forward slashes to platform specific separators. arcname = member.filename.replace('/', os.path.sep) if os.path.altsep: arcname = arcname.replace(os.path.altsep, os.path.sep) # interpret absolute pathname as relative, remove drive letter or # UNC path, redundant separators, "." and ".." components. arcname = os.path.splitdrive(arcname)[1] arcname = os.path.sep.join(x for x in arcname.split(os.path.sep) if x not in ('', os.path.curdir, os.path.pardir)) if os.path.sep == '\\': # filter illegal characters on Windows illegal = ':<>|"?*' if isinstance(arcname, unicode): table = {ord(c): ord('_') for c in illegal} else: table = string.maketrans(illegal, '_' * len(illegal)) arcname = arcname.translate(table) # remove trailing dots arcname = (x.rstrip('.') for x in arcname.split(os.path.sep)) arcname = os.path.sep.join(x for x in arcname if x) targetpath = os.path.join(targetpath, arcname) targetpath = os.path.normpath(targetpath) # Create all upper directories if necessary. upperdirs = os.path.dirname(targetpath) if upperdirs and not os.path.exists(upperdirs): os.makedirs(upperdirs) if member.filename[-1] == '/': if not os.path.isdir(targetpath): os.mkdir(targetpath) return targetpath with self.open(member, pwd=pwd) as source, \ file(targetpath, "wb") as target: shutil.copyfileobj(source, target) return targetpath def _writecheck(self, zinfo): """Check for errors before writing a file to the archive.""" if zinfo.filename in self.NameToInfo: import warnings warnings.warn('Duplicate name: %r' % zinfo.filename, stacklevel=3) if self.mode not in ("w", "a"): raise RuntimeError, 'write() requires mode "w" or "a"' if not self.fp: raise RuntimeError, \ "Attempt to write ZIP archive that was already closed" if zinfo.compress_type == ZIP_DEFLATED and not zlib: raise RuntimeError, \ "Compression requires the (missing) zlib module" if zinfo.compress_type not in (ZIP_STORED, ZIP_DEFLATED): raise RuntimeError, \ "That compression method is not supported" if not self._allowZip64: requires_zip64 = None if len(self.filelist) >= ZIP_FILECOUNT_LIMIT: requires_zip64 = "Files count" elif zinfo.file_size > ZIP64_LIMIT: requires_zip64 = "Filesize" elif zinfo.header_offset > ZIP64_LIMIT: requires_zip64 = "Zipfile size" if requires_zip64: raise LargeZipFile(requires_zip64 + " would require ZIP64 extensions") def write(self, filename, arcname=None, compress_type=None): """Put the bytes from filename into the archive under the name arcname.""" if not self.fp: raise RuntimeError( "Attempt to write to ZIP archive that was already closed") st = os.stat(filename) isdir = stat.S_ISDIR(st.st_mode) mtime = time.localtime(st.st_mtime) date_time = mtime[0:6] # Create ZipInfo instance to store file information if arcname is None: arcname = filename arcname = os.path.normpath(os.path.splitdrive(arcname)[1]) while arcname[0] in (os.sep, os.altsep): arcname = arcname[1:] if isdir: arcname += '/' zinfo = ZipInfo(arcname, date_time) zinfo.external_attr = (st[0] & 0xFFFF) << 16L # Unix attributes if compress_type is None: zinfo.compress_type = self.compression else: zinfo.compress_type = compress_type zinfo.file_size = st.st_size zinfo.flag_bits = 0x00 zinfo.header_offset = self.fp.tell() # Start of header bytes self._writecheck(zinfo) self._didModify = True if isdir: zinfo.file_size = 0 zinfo.compress_size = 0 zinfo.CRC = 0 zinfo.external_attr |= 0x10 # MS-DOS directory flag self.filelist.append(zinfo) self.NameToInfo[zinfo.filename] = zinfo self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(False)) return with open(filename, "rb") as fp: # Must overwrite CRC and sizes with correct data later zinfo.CRC = CRC = 0 zinfo.compress_size = compress_size = 0 # Compressed size can be larger than uncompressed size zip64 = self._allowZip64 and \ zinfo.file_size * 1.05 > ZIP64_LIMIT self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(zip64)) if zinfo.compress_type == ZIP_DEFLATED: cmpr = zlib.compressobj(zlib.Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION, zlib.DEFLATED, -15) else: cmpr = None file_size = 0 while 1: buf = fp.read(1024 * 8) if not buf: break file_size = file_size + len(buf) CRC = crc32(buf, CRC) & 0xffffffff if cmpr: buf = cmpr.compress(buf) compress_size = compress_size + len(buf) self.fp.write(buf) if cmpr: buf = cmpr.flush() compress_size = compress_size + len(buf) self.fp.write(buf) zinfo.compress_size = compress_size else: zinfo.compress_size = file_size zinfo.CRC = CRC zinfo.file_size = file_size if not zip64 and self._allowZip64: if file_size > ZIP64_LIMIT: raise RuntimeError('File size has increased during compressing') if compress_size > ZIP64_LIMIT: raise RuntimeError('Compressed size larger than uncompressed size') # Seek backwards and write file header (which will now include # correct CRC and file sizes) position = self.fp.tell() # Preserve current position in file self.fp.seek(zinfo.header_offset, 0) self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(zip64)) self.fp.seek(position, 0) self.filelist.append(zinfo) self.NameToInfo[zinfo.filename] = zinfo def writestr(self, zinfo_or_arcname, bytes, compress_type=None): """Write a file into the archive. The contents is the string 'bytes'. 'zinfo_or_arcname' is either a ZipInfo instance or the name of the file in the archive.""" if not isinstance(zinfo_or_arcname, ZipInfo): zinfo = ZipInfo(filename=zinfo_or_arcname, date_time=time.localtime(time.time())[:6]) zinfo.compress_type = self.compression if zinfo.filename[-1] == '/': zinfo.external_attr = 0o40775 << 16 # drwxrwxr-x zinfo.external_attr |= 0x10 # MS-DOS directory flag else: zinfo.external_attr = 0o600 << 16 # ?rw------- else: zinfo = zinfo_or_arcname if not self.fp: raise RuntimeError( "Attempt to write to ZIP archive that was already closed") if compress_type is not None: zinfo.compress_type = compress_type zinfo.file_size = len(bytes) # Uncompressed size zinfo.header_offset = self.fp.tell() # Start of header bytes self._writecheck(zinfo) self._didModify = True zinfo.CRC = crc32(bytes) & 0xffffffff # CRC-32 checksum if zinfo.compress_type == ZIP_DEFLATED: co = zlib.compressobj(zlib.Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION, zlib.DEFLATED, -15) bytes = co.compress(bytes) + co.flush() zinfo.compress_size = len(bytes) # Compressed size else: zinfo.compress_size = zinfo.file_size zip64 = zinfo.file_size > ZIP64_LIMIT or \ zinfo.compress_size > ZIP64_LIMIT if zip64 and not self._allowZip64: raise LargeZipFile("Filesize would require ZIP64 extensions") self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(zip64)) self.fp.write(bytes) if zinfo.flag_bits & 0x08: # Write CRC and file sizes after the file data fmt = '<LQQ' if zip64 else '<LLL' self.fp.write(struct.pack(fmt, zinfo.CRC, zinfo.compress_size, zinfo.file_size)) self.fp.flush() self.filelist.append(zinfo) self.NameToInfo[zinfo.filename] = zinfo def __del__(self): """Call the "close()" method in case the user forgot.""" self.close() def close(self): """Close the file, and for mode "w" and "a" write the ending records.""" if self.fp is None: return try: if self.mode in ("w", "a") and self._didModify: # write ending records pos1 = self.fp.tell() for zinfo in self.filelist: # write central directory dt = zinfo.date_time dosdate = (dt[0] - 1980) << 9 | dt[1] << 5 | dt[2] dostime = dt[3] << 11 | dt[4] << 5 | (dt[5] // 2) extra = [] if zinfo.file_size > ZIP64_LIMIT \ or zinfo.compress_size > ZIP64_LIMIT: extra.append(zinfo.file_size) extra.append(zinfo.compress_size) file_size = 0xffffffff compress_size = 0xffffffff else: file_size = zinfo.file_size compress_size = zinfo.compress_size if zinfo.header_offset > ZIP64_LIMIT: extra.append(zinfo.header_offset) header_offset = 0xffffffffL else: header_offset = zinfo.header_offset extra_data = zinfo.extra if extra: # Append a ZIP64 field to the extra's extra_data = struct.pack( '<HH' + 'Q'*len(extra), 1, 8*len(extra), *extra) + extra_data extract_version = max(45, zinfo.extract_version) create_version = max(45, zinfo.create_version) else: extract_version = zinfo.extract_version create_version = zinfo.create_version try: filename, flag_bits = zinfo._encodeFilenameFlags() centdir = struct.pack(structCentralDir, stringCentralDir, create_version, zinfo.create_system, extract_version, zinfo.reserved, flag_bits, zinfo.compress_type, dostime, dosdate, zinfo.CRC, compress_size, file_size, len(filename), len(extra_data), len(zinfo.comment), 0, zinfo.internal_attr, zinfo.external_attr, header_offset) except DeprecationWarning: print >>sys.stderr, (structCentralDir, stringCentralDir, create_version, zinfo.create_system, extract_version, zinfo.reserved, zinfo.flag_bits, zinfo.compress_type, dostime, dosdate, zinfo.CRC, compress_size, file_size, len(zinfo.filename), len(extra_data), len(zinfo.comment), 0, zinfo.internal_attr, zinfo.external_attr, header_offset) raise self.fp.write(centdir) self.fp.write(filename) self.fp.write(extra_data) self.fp.write(zinfo.comment) pos2 = self.fp.tell() # Write end-of-zip-archive record centDirCount = len(self.filelist) centDirSize = pos2 - pos1 centDirOffset = pos1 requires_zip64 = None if centDirCount > ZIP_FILECOUNT_LIMIT: requires_zip64 = "Files count" elif centDirOffset > ZIP64_LIMIT: requires_zip64 = "Central directory offset" elif centDirSize > ZIP64_LIMIT: requires_zip64 = "Central directory size" if requires_zip64: # Need to write the ZIP64 end-of-archive records if not self._allowZip64: raise LargeZipFile(requires_zip64 + " would require ZIP64 extensions") zip64endrec = struct.pack( structEndArchive64, stringEndArchive64, 44, 45, 45, 0, 0, centDirCount, centDirCount, centDirSize, centDirOffset) self.fp.write(zip64endrec) zip64locrec = struct.pack( structEndArchive64Locator, stringEndArchive64Locator, 0, pos2, 1) self.fp.write(zip64locrec) centDirCount = min(centDirCount, 0xFFFF) centDirSize = min(centDirSize, 0xFFFFFFFF) centDirOffset = min(centDirOffset, 0xFFFFFFFF) endrec = struct.pack(structEndArchive, stringEndArchive, 0, 0, centDirCount, centDirCount, centDirSize, centDirOffset, len(self._comment)) self.fp.write(endrec) self.fp.write(self._comment) self.fp.flush() finally: fp = self.fp self.fp = None if not self._filePassed: fp.close() ZipFile ZipFile 源码
class TarFile(object): """The TarFile Class provides an interface to tar archives. """ debug = 0 # May be set from 0 (no msgs) to 3 (all msgs) dereference = False # If true, add content of linked file to the # tar file, else the link. ignore_zeros = False # If true, skips empty or invalid blocks and # continues processing. errorlevel = 1 # If 0, fatal errors only appear in debug # messages (if debug >= 0). If > 0, errors # are passed to the caller as exceptions. format = DEFAULT_FORMAT # The format to use when creating an archive. encoding = ENCODING # Encoding for 8-bit character strings. errors = None # Error handler for unicode conversion. tarinfo = TarInfo # The default TarInfo class to use. fileobject = ExFileObject # The default ExFileObject class to use. def __init__(self, name=None, mode="r", fileobj=None, format=None, tarinfo=None, dereference=None, ignore_zeros=None, encoding=None, errors=None, pax_headers=None, debug=None, errorlevel=None): """Open an (uncompressed) tar archive `name'. `mode' is either 'r' to read from an existing archive, 'a' to append data to an existing file or 'w' to create a new file overwriting an existing one. `mode' defaults to 'r'. If `fileobj' is given, it is used for reading or writing data. If it can be determined, `mode' is overridden by `fileobj's mode. `fileobj' is not closed, when TarFile is closed. """ modes = {"r": "rb", "a": "r+b", "w": "wb"} if mode not in modes: raise ValueError("mode must be 'r', 'a' or 'w'") self.mode = mode self._mode = modes[mode] if not fileobj: if self.mode == "a" and not os.path.exists(name): # Create nonexistent files in append mode. self.mode = "w" self._mode = "wb" fileobj = bltn_open(name, self._mode) self._extfileobj = False else: if name is None and hasattr(fileobj, "name"): name = fileobj.name if hasattr(fileobj, "mode"): self._mode = fileobj.mode self._extfileobj = True self.name = os.path.abspath(name) if name else None self.fileobj = fileobj # Init attributes. if format is not None: self.format = format if tarinfo is not None: self.tarinfo = tarinfo if dereference is not None: self.dereference = dereference if ignore_zeros is not None: self.ignore_zeros = ignore_zeros if encoding is not None: self.encoding = encoding if errors is not None: self.errors = errors elif mode == "r": self.errors = "utf-8" else: self.errors = "strict" if pax_headers is not None and self.format == PAX_FORMAT: self.pax_headers = pax_headers else: self.pax_headers = {} if debug is not None: self.debug = debug if errorlevel is not None: self.errorlevel = errorlevel # Init datastructures. self.closed = False self.members = [] # list of members as TarInfo objects self._loaded = False # flag if all members have been read self.offset = self.fileobj.tell() # current position in the archive file self.inodes = {} # dictionary caching the inodes of # archive members already added try: if self.mode == "r": self.firstmember = None self.firstmember = self.next() if self.mode == "a": # Move to the end of the archive, # before the first empty block. while True: self.fileobj.seek(self.offset) try: tarinfo = self.tarinfo.fromtarfile(self) self.members.append(tarinfo) except EOFHeaderError: self.fileobj.seek(self.offset) break except HeaderError, e: raise ReadError(str(e)) if self.mode in "aw": self._loaded = True if self.pax_headers: buf = self.tarinfo.create_pax_global_header(self.pax_headers.copy()) self.fileobj.write(buf) self.offset += len(buf) except: if not self._extfileobj: self.fileobj.close() self.closed = True raise def _getposix(self): return self.format == USTAR_FORMAT def _setposix(self, value): import warnings warnings.warn("use the format attribute instead", DeprecationWarning, 2) if value: self.format = USTAR_FORMAT else: self.format = GNU_FORMAT posix = property(_getposix, _setposix) #-------------------------------------------------------------------------- # Below are the classmethods which act as alternate constructors to the # TarFile class. The open() method is the only one that is needed for # public use; it is the "super"-constructor and is able to select an # adequate "sub"-constructor for a particular compression using the mapping # from OPEN_METH. # # This concept allows one to subclass TarFile without losing the comfort of # the super-constructor. A sub-constructor is registered and made available # by adding it to the mapping in OPEN_METH. @classmethod def open(cls, name=None, mode="r", fileobj=None, bufsize=RECORDSIZE, **kwargs): """Open a tar archive for reading, writing or appending. Return an appropriate TarFile class. mode: 'r' or 'r:*' open for reading with transparent compression 'r:' open for reading exclusively uncompressed 'r:gz' open for reading with gzip compression 'r:bz2' open for reading with bzip2 compression 'a' or 'a:' open for appending, creating the file if necessary 'w' or 'w:' open for writing without compression 'w:gz' open for writing with gzip compression 'w:bz2' open for writing with bzip2 compression 'r|*' open a stream of tar blocks with transparent compression 'r|' open an uncompressed stream of tar blocks for reading 'r|gz' open a gzip compressed stream of tar blocks 'r|bz2' open a bzip2 compressed stream of tar blocks 'w|' open an uncompressed stream for writing 'w|gz' open a gzip compressed stream for writing 'w|bz2' open a bzip2 compressed stream for writing """ if not name and not fileobj: raise ValueError("nothing to open") if mode in ("r", "r:*"): # Find out which *open() is appropriate for opening the file. for comptype in cls.OPEN_METH: func = getattr(cls, cls.OPEN_METH[comptype]) if fileobj is not None: saved_pos = fileobj.tell() try: return func(name, "r", fileobj, **kwargs) except (ReadError, CompressionError), e: if fileobj is not None: fileobj.seek(saved_pos) continue raise ReadError("file could not be opened successfully") elif ":" in mode: filemode, comptype = mode.split(":", 1) filemode = filemode or "r" comptype = comptype or "tar" # Select the *open() function according to # given compression. if comptype in cls.OPEN_METH: func = getattr(cls, cls.OPEN_METH[comptype]) else: raise CompressionError("unknown compression type %r" % comptype) return func(name, filemode, fileobj, **kwargs) elif "|" in mode: filemode, comptype = mode.split("|", 1) filemode = filemode or "r" comptype = comptype or "tar" if filemode not in ("r", "w"): raise ValueError("mode must be 'r' or 'w'") stream = _Stream(name, filemode, comptype, fileobj, bufsize) try: t = cls(name, filemode, stream, **kwargs) except: stream.close() raise t._extfileobj = False return t elif mode in ("a", "w"): return cls.taropen(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs) raise ValueError("undiscernible mode") @classmethod def taropen(cls, name, mode="r", fileobj=None, **kwargs): """Open uncompressed tar archive name for reading or writing. """ if mode not in ("r", "a", "w"): raise ValueError("mode must be 'r', 'a' or 'w'") return cls(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs) @classmethod def gzopen(cls, name, mode="r", fileobj=None, compresslevel=9, **kwargs): """Open gzip compressed tar archive name for reading or writing. Appending is not allowed. """ if mode not in ("r", "w"): raise ValueError("mode must be 'r' or 'w'") try: import gzip gzip.GzipFile except (ImportError, AttributeError): raise CompressionError("gzip module is not available") try: fileobj = gzip.GzipFile(name, mode, compresslevel, fileobj) except OSError: if fileobj is not None and mode == 'r': raise ReadError("not a gzip file") raise try: t = cls.taropen(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs) except IOError: fileobj.close() if mode == 'r': raise ReadError("not a gzip file") raise except: fileobj.close() raise t._extfileobj = False return t @classmethod def bz2open(cls, name, mode="r", fileobj=None, compresslevel=9, **kwargs): """Open bzip2 compressed tar archive name for reading or writing. Appending is not allowed. """ if mode not in ("r", "w"): raise ValueError("mode must be 'r' or 'w'.") try: import bz2 except ImportError: raise CompressionError("bz2 module is not available") if fileobj is not None: fileobj = _BZ2Proxy(fileobj, mode) else: fileobj = bz2.BZ2File(name, mode, compresslevel=compresslevel) try: t = cls.taropen(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs) except (IOError, EOFError): fileobj.close() if mode == 'r': raise ReadError("not a bzip2 file") raise except: fileobj.close() raise t._extfileobj = False return t # All *open() methods are registered here. OPEN_METH = { "tar": "taropen", # uncompressed tar "gz": "gzopen", # gzip compressed tar "bz2": "bz2open" # bzip2 compressed tar } #-------------------------------------------------------------------------- # The public methods which TarFile provides: def close(self): """Close the TarFile. In write-mode, two finishing zero blocks are appended to the archive. """ if self.closed: return if self.mode in "aw": self.fileobj.write(NUL * (BLOCKSIZE * 2)) self.offset += (BLOCKSIZE * 2) # fill up the end with zero-blocks # (like option -b20 for tar does) blocks, remainder = divmod(self.offset, RECORDSIZE) if remainder > 0: self.fileobj.write(NUL * (RECORDSIZE - remainder)) if not self._extfileobj: self.fileobj.close() self.closed = True def getmember(self, name): """Return a TarInfo object for member `name'. If `name' can not be found in the archive, KeyError is raised. If a member occurs more than once in the archive, its last occurrence is assumed to be the most up-to-date version. """ tarinfo = self._getmember(name) if tarinfo is None: raise KeyError("filename %r not found" % name) return tarinfo def getmembers(self): """Return the members of the archive as a list of TarInfo objects. The list has the same order as the members in the archive. """ self._check() if not self._loaded: # if we want to obtain a list of self._load() # all members, we first have to # scan the whole archive. return self.members def getnames(self): """Return the members of the archive as a list of their names. It has the same order as the list returned by getmembers(). """ return [tarinfo.name for tarinfo in self.getmembers()] def gettarinfo(self, name=None, arcname=None, fileobj=None): """Create a TarInfo object for either the file `name' or the file object `fileobj' (using os.fstat on its file descriptor). You can modify some of the TarInfo's attributes before you add it using addfile(). If given, `arcname' specifies an alternative name for the file in the archive. """ self._check("aw") # When fileobj is given, replace name by # fileobj's real name. if fileobj is not None: name = fileobj.name # Building the name of the member in the archive. # Backward slashes are converted to forward slashes, # Absolute paths are turned to relative paths. if arcname is None: arcname = name drv, arcname = os.path.splitdrive(arcname) arcname = arcname.replace(os.sep, "/") arcname = arcname.lstrip("/") # Now, fill the TarInfo object with # information specific for the file. tarinfo = self.tarinfo() tarinfo.tarfile = self # Use os.stat or os.lstat, depending on platform # and if symlinks shall be resolved. if fileobj is None: if hasattr(os, "lstat") and not self.dereference: statres = os.lstat(name) else: statres = os.stat(name) else: statres = os.fstat(fileobj.fileno()) linkname = "" stmd = statres.st_mode if stat.S_ISREG(stmd): inode = (statres.st_ino, statres.st_dev) if not self.dereference and statres.st_nlink > 1 and \ inode in self.inodes and arcname != self.inodes[inode]: # Is it a hardlink to an already # archived file? type = LNKTYPE linkname = self.inodes[inode] else: # The inode is added only if its valid. # For win32 it is always 0. type = REGTYPE if inode[0]: self.inodes[inode] = arcname elif stat.S_ISDIR(stmd): type = DIRTYPE elif stat.S_ISFIFO(stmd): type = FIFOTYPE elif stat.S_ISLNK(stmd): type = SYMTYPE linkname = os.readlink(name) elif stat.S_ISCHR(stmd): type = CHRTYPE elif stat.S_ISBLK(stmd): type = BLKTYPE else: return None # Fill the TarInfo object with all # information we can get. tarinfo.name = arcname tarinfo.mode = stmd tarinfo.uid = statres.st_uid tarinfo.gid = statres.st_gid if type == REGTYPE: tarinfo.size = statres.st_size else: tarinfo.size = 0L tarinfo.mtime = statres.st_mtime tarinfo.type = type tarinfo.linkname = linkname if pwd: try: tarinfo.uname = pwd.getpwuid(tarinfo.uid)[0] except KeyError: pass if grp: try: tarinfo.gname = grp.getgrgid(tarinfo.gid)[0] except KeyError: pass if type in (CHRTYPE, BLKTYPE): if hasattr(os, "major") and hasattr(os, "minor"): tarinfo.devmajor = os.major(statres.st_rdev) tarinfo.devminor = os.minor(statres.st_rdev) return tarinfo def list(self, verbose=True): """Print a table of contents to sys.stdout. If `verbose' is False, only the names of the members are printed. If it is True, an `ls -l'-like output is produced. """ self._check() for tarinfo in self: if verbose: print filemode(tarinfo.mode), print "%s/%s" % (tarinfo.uname or tarinfo.uid, tarinfo.gname or tarinfo.gid), if tarinfo.ischr() or tarinfo.isblk(): print "%10s" % ("%d,%d" \ % (tarinfo.devmajor, tarinfo.devminor)), else: print "%10d" % tarinfo.size, print "%d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d" \ % time.localtime(tarinfo.mtime)[:6], print tarinfo.name + ("/" if tarinfo.isdir() else ""), if verbose: if tarinfo.issym(): print "->", tarinfo.linkname, if tarinfo.islnk(): print "link to", tarinfo.linkname, print def add(self, name, arcname=None, recursive=True, exclude=None, filter=None): """Add the file `name' to the archive. `name' may be any type of file (directory, fifo, symbolic link, etc.). If given, `arcname' specifies an alternative name for the file in the archive. Directories are added recursively by default. This can be avoided by setting `recursive' to False. `exclude' is a function that should return True for each filename to be excluded. `filter' is a function that expects a TarInfo object argument and returns the changed TarInfo object, if it returns None the TarInfo object will be excluded from the archive. """ self._check("aw") if arcname is None: arcname = name # Exclude pathnames. if exclude is not None: import warnings warnings.warn("use the filter argument instead", DeprecationWarning, 2) if exclude(name): self._dbg(2, "tarfile: Excluded %r" % name) return # Skip if somebody tries to archive the archive... if self.name is not None and os.path.abspath(name) == self.name: self._dbg(2, "tarfile: Skipped %r" % name) return self._dbg(1, name) # Create a TarInfo object from the file. tarinfo = self.gettarinfo(name, arcname) if tarinfo is None: self._dbg(1, "tarfile: Unsupported type %r" % name) return # Change or exclude the TarInfo object. if filter is not None: tarinfo = filter(tarinfo) if tarinfo is None: self._dbg(2, "tarfile: Excluded %r" % name) return # Append the tar header and data to the archive. if tarinfo.isreg(): with bltn_open(name, "rb") as f: self.addfile(tarinfo, f) elif tarinfo.isdir(): self.addfile(tarinfo) if recursive: for f in os.listdir(name): self.add(os.path.join(name, f), os.path.join(arcname, f), recursive, exclude, filter) else: self.addfile(tarinfo) def addfile(self, tarinfo, fileobj=None): """Add the TarInfo object `tarinfo' to the archive. If `fileobj' is given, tarinfo.size bytes are read from it and added to the archive. You can create TarInfo objects using gettarinfo(). On Windows platforms, `fileobj' should always be opened with mode 'rb' to avoid irritation about the file size. """ self._check("aw") tarinfo = copy.copy(tarinfo) buf = tarinfo.tobuf(self.format, self.encoding, self.errors) self.fileobj.write(buf) self.offset += len(buf) # If there's data to follow, append it. if fileobj is not None: copyfileobj(fileobj, self.fileobj, tarinfo.size) blocks, remainder = divmod(tarinfo.size, BLOCKSIZE) if remainder > 0: self.fileobj.write(NUL * (BLOCKSIZE - remainder)) blocks += 1 self.offset += blocks * BLOCKSIZE self.members.append(tarinfo) def extractall(self, path=".", members=None): """Extract all members from the archive to the current working directory and set owner, modification time and permissions on directories afterwards. `path' specifies a different directory to extract to. `members' is optional and must be a subset of the list returned by getmembers(). """ directories = [] if members is None: members = self for tarinfo in members: if tarinfo.isdir(): # Extract directories with a safe mode. directories.append(tarinfo) tarinfo = copy.copy(tarinfo) tarinfo.mode = 0700 self.extract(tarinfo, path) # Reverse sort directories. directories.sort(key=operator.attrgetter('name')) directories.reverse() # Set correct owner, mtime and filemode on directories. for tarinfo in directories: dirpath = os.path.join(path, tarinfo.name) try: self.chown(tarinfo, dirpath) self.utime(tarinfo, dirpath) self.chmod(tarinfo, dirpath) except ExtractError, e: if self.errorlevel > 1: raise else: self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s" % e) def extract(self, member, path=""): """Extract a member from the archive to the current working directory, using its full name. Its file information is extracted as accurately as possible. `member' may be a filename or a TarInfo object. You can specify a different directory using `path'. """ self._check("r") if isinstance(member, basestring): tarinfo = self.getmember(member) else: tarinfo = member # Prepare the link target for makelink(). if tarinfo.islnk(): tarinfo._link_target = os.path.join(path, tarinfo.linkname) try: self._extract_member(tarinfo, os.path.join(path, tarinfo.name)) except EnvironmentError, e: if self.errorlevel > 0: raise else: if e.filename is None: self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s" % e.strerror) else: self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s %r" % (e.strerror, e.filename)) except ExtractError, e: if self.errorlevel > 1: raise else: self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s" % e) def extractfile(self, member): """Extract a member from the archive as a file object. `member' may be a filename or a TarInfo object. If `member' is a regular file, a file-like object is returned. If `member' is a link, a file-like object is constructed from the link's target. If `member' is none of the above, None is returned. The file-like object is read-only and provides the following methods: read(), readline(), readlines(), seek() and tell() """ self._check("r") if isinstance(member, basestring): tarinfo = self.getmember(member) else: tarinfo = member if tarinfo.isreg(): return self.fileobject(self, tarinfo) elif tarinfo.type not in SUPPORTED_TYPES: # If a member's type is unknown, it is treated as a # regular file. return self.fileobject(self, tarinfo) elif tarinfo.islnk() or tarinfo.issym(): if isinstance(self.fileobj, _Stream): # A small but ugly workaround for the case that someone tries # to extract a (sym)link as a file-object from a non-seekable # stream of tar blocks. raise StreamError("cannot extract (sym)link as file object") else: # A (sym)link's file object is its target's file object. return self.extractfile(self._find_link_target(tarinfo)) else: # If there's no data associated with the member (directory, chrdev, # blkdev, etc.), return None instead of a file object. return None def _extract_member(self, tarinfo, targetpath): """Extract the TarInfo object tarinfo to a physical file called targetpath. """ # Fetch the TarInfo object for the given name # and build the destination pathname, replacing # forward slashes to platform specific separators. targetpath = targetpath.rstrip("/") targetpath = targetpath.replace("/", os.sep) # Create all upper directories. upperdirs = os.path.dirname(targetpath) if upperdirs and not os.path.exists(upperdirs): # Create directories that are not part of the archive with # default permissions. os.makedirs(upperdirs) if tarinfo.islnk() or tarinfo.issym(): self._dbg(1, "%s -> %s" % (tarinfo.name, tarinfo.linkname)) else: self._dbg(1, tarinfo.name) if tarinfo.isreg(): self.makefile(tarinfo, targetpath) elif tarinfo.isdir(): self.makedir(tarinfo, targetpath) elif tarinfo.isfifo(): self.makefifo(tarinfo, targetpath) elif tarinfo.ischr() or tarinfo.isblk(): self.makedev(tarinfo, targetpath) elif tarinfo.islnk() or tarinfo.issym(): self.makelink(tarinfo, targetpath) elif tarinfo.type not in SUPPORTED_TYPES: self.makeunknown(tarinfo, targetpath) else: self.makefile(tarinfo, targetpath) self.chown(tarinfo, targetpath) if not tarinfo.issym(): self.chmod(tarinfo, targetpath) self.utime(tarinfo, targetpath) #-------------------------------------------------------------------------- # Below are the different file methods. They are called via # _extract_member() when extract() is called. They can be replaced in a # subclass to implement other functionality. def makedir(self, tarinfo, targetpath): """Make a directory called targetpath. """ try: # Use a safe mode for the directory, the real mode is set # later in _extract_member(). os.mkdir(targetpath, 0700) except EnvironmentError, e: if e.errno != errno.EEXIST: raise def makefile(self, tarinfo, targetpath): """Make a file called targetpath. """ source = self.extractfile(tarinfo) try: with bltn_open(targetpath, "wb") as target: copyfileobj(source, target) finally: source.close() def makeunknown(self, tarinfo, targetpath): """Make a file from a TarInfo object with an unknown type at targetpath. """ self.makefile(tarinfo, targetpath) self._dbg(1, "tarfile: Unknown file type %r, " \ "extracted as regular file." % tarinfo.type) def makefifo(self, tarinfo, targetpath): """Make a fifo called targetpath. """ if hasattr(os, "mkfifo"): os.mkfifo(targetpath) else: raise ExtractError("fifo not supported by system") def makedev(self, tarinfo, targetpath): """Make a character or block device called targetpath. """ if not hasattr(os, "mknod") or not hasattr(os, "makedev"): raise ExtractError("special devices not supported by system") mode = tarinfo.mode if tarinfo.isblk(): mode |= stat.S_IFBLK else: mode |= stat.S_IFCHR os.mknod(targetpath, mode, os.makedev(tarinfo.devmajor, tarinfo.devminor)) def makelink(self, tarinfo, targetpath): """Make a (symbolic) link called targetpath. If it cannot be created (platform limitation), we try to make a copy of the referenced file instead of a link. """ if hasattr(os, "symlink") and hasattr(os, "link"): # For systems that support symbolic and hard links. if tarinfo.issym(): if os.path.lexists(targetpath): os.unlink(targetpath) os.symlink(tarinfo.linkname, targetpath) else: # See extract(). if os.path.exists(tarinfo._link_target): if os.path.lexists(targetpath): os.unlink(targetpath) os.link(tarinfo._link_target, targetpath) else: self._extract_member(self._find_link_target(tarinfo), targetpath) else: try: self._extract_member(self._find_link_target(tarinfo), targetpath) except KeyError: raise ExtractError("unable to resolve link inside archive") def chown(self, tarinfo, targetpath): """Set owner of targetpath according to tarinfo. """ if pwd and hasattr(os, "geteuid") and os.geteuid() == 0: # We have to be root to do so. try: g = grp.getgrnam(tarinfo.gname)[2] except KeyError: g = tarinfo.gid try: u = pwd.getpwnam(tarinfo.uname)[2] except KeyError: u = tarinfo.uid try: if tarinfo.issym() and hasattr(os, "lchown"): os.lchown(targetpath, u, g) else: if sys.platform != "os2emx": os.chown(targetpath, u, g) except EnvironmentError, e: raise ExtractError("could not change owner") def chmod(self, tarinfo, targetpath): """Set file permissions of targetpath according to tarinfo. """ if hasattr(os, 'chmod'): try: os.chmod(targetpath, tarinfo.mode) except EnvironmentError, e: raise ExtractError("could not change mode") def utime(self, tarinfo, targetpath): """Set modification time of targetpath according to tarinfo. """ if not hasattr(os, 'utime'): return try: os.utime(targetpath, (tarinfo.mtime, tarinfo.mtime)) except EnvironmentError, e: raise ExtractError("could not change modification time") #-------------------------------------------------------------------------- def next(self): """Return the next member of the archive as a TarInfo object, when TarFile is opened for reading. Return None if there is no more available. """ self._check("ra") if self.firstmember is not None: m = self.firstmember self.firstmember = None return m # Read the next block. self.fileobj.seek(self.offset) tarinfo = None while True: try: tarinfo = self.tarinfo.fromtarfile(self) except EOFHeaderError, e: if self.ignore_zeros: self._dbg(2, "0x%X: %s" % (self.offset, e)) self.offset += BLOCKSIZE continue except InvalidHeaderError, e: if self.ignore_zeros: self._dbg(2, "0x%X: %s" % (self.offset, e)) self.offset += BLOCKSIZE continue elif self.offset == 0: raise ReadError(str(e)) except EmptyHeaderError: if self.offset == 0: raise ReadError("empty file") except TruncatedHeaderError, e: if self.offset == 0: raise ReadError(str(e)) except SubsequentHeaderError, e: raise ReadError(str(e)) break if tarinfo is not None: self.members.append(tarinfo) else: self._loaded = True return tarinfo #-------------------------------------------------------------------------- # Little helper methods: def _getmember(self, name, tarinfo=None, normalize=False): """Find an archive member by name from bottom to top. If tarinfo is given, it is used as the starting point. """ # Ensure that all members have been loaded. members = self.getmembers() # Limit the member search list up to tarinfo. if tarinfo is not None: members = members[:members.index(tarinfo)] if normalize: name = os.path.normpath(name) for member in reversed(members): if normalize: member_name = os.path.normpath(member.name) else: member_name = member.name if name == member_name: return member def _load(self): """Read through the entire archive file and look for readable members. """ while True: tarinfo = self.next() if tarinfo is None: break self._loaded = True def _check(self, mode=None): """Check if TarFile is still open, and if the operation's mode corresponds to TarFile's mode. """ if self.closed: raise IOError("%s is closed" % self.__class__.__name__) if mode is not None and self.mode not in mode: raise IOError("bad operation for mode %r" % self.mode) def _find_link_target(self, tarinfo): """Find the target member of a symlink or hardlink member in the archive. """ if tarinfo.issym(): # Always search the entire archive. linkname = "/".join(filter(None, (os.path.dirname(tarinfo.name), tarinfo.linkname))) limit = None else: # Search the archive before the link, because a hard link is # just a reference to an already archived file. linkname = tarinfo.linkname limit = tarinfo member = self._getmember(linkname, tarinfo=limit, normalize=True) if member is None: raise KeyError("linkname %r not found" % linkname) return member def __iter__(self): """Provide an iterator object. """ if self._loaded: return iter(self.members) else: return TarIter(self) def _dbg(self, level, msg): """Write debugging output to sys.stderr. """ if level <= self.debug: print >> sys.stderr, msg def __enter__(self): self._check() return self def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback): if type is None: self.close() else: # An exception occurred. We must not call close() because # it would try to write end-of-archive blocks and padding. if not self._extfileobj: self.fileobj.close() self.closed = True # class TarFile TarFile TarFile 源码
6、json 和 pickle模块
文件只能存二进制或字符串，不能存其他类型，所以用到了用于序列化的两个模块：
json，用于字符串和python数据类型间进行转换，将数据通过特殊的形式转换为所有语言都认识的字符串（字典，变量，列表）。
pickle，用于python特有的类型和python的数据类型间进行转换，将数据通过特殊的形式转换为只有python认识的字符串（函数，类）。
① json模块：
1 #json 序列化和反序列化 2 import json 3 4 info ={ #字典 5 "name":"lzl", 6 "age":"18" 7 } 8 9 with open("test","w") as f: 10 f.write(json.dumps(info)) #用json把info写入到文件test中 11 12 with open("test","r") as f: 13 info = json.loads(f.read()) 14 print(info["name"]) 15 16 #lzl
② pickle模块：
1 #pickle 序列化和反序列化 2 import pickle #pickle支持python特有的所有类型 3 4 def func(): #函数 5 info ={ 6 "name":"lzl", 7 "age":"18" 8 } 9 print(info,type(info)) 10 11 func() 12 #{'age': '18', 'name': 'lzl'} <class 'dict'> 13 14 with open("test","wb") as f: 15 f.write(pickle.dumps(func)) #用pickle把func写入到文件test中 如果用json此时会报错 16 17 with open("test","rb") as f: 18 func_new = pickle.loads(f.read()) 19 func_new() 20 #{'age': '18', 'name': 'lzl'} <class 'dict'>
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