C#当中的多线程_线程池

3.1 简介

线程池主要用在需要大量短暂的开销大的资源的情形。我们预先分配一些资源在线程池当中,当我们需要使用的时候,直接从池中取出,代替了重新创建,不用时候就送回到池当中。

.NET当中的线程池是受CLR来管理的。

.NET线程池有一个QueueUserWorkItem()的静态方法,这个方法接收一个委托,每当该方法被调用后,委托进入内部的队列中,如果线程池当中没有任何线程,此时创建一个新的工作线程,并将队列的第一个委托放入到工作线程当中。

    

 

注意点:

①线程池内的操作,尽量放入短时间运行的工作

ASP.NET应用程序使用线程池不要把工作线程全部使用掉,否则web服务器将不能处理新的请求。

ASP.NET只推荐使用输入/输出密集型异步操作,因为其使用了一个不同的方式,叫做I/O线程。

③线程池当中的线程全部是后台线程,因此要注意前台线程执行完成后,后台线程也将结束工作。

 

3.2线程池中调用委托

首先要了解一个什么是【异步编程模型(Asynchronous Programming Model简称APM)】

.NET 1.0 异步编程模型(APM),

.NET 2.0 基于事件的异步编程模型(EAP),

.NET 4.0 基于任务的异步编程模型(TAP)。

本章主要了解什么是APMEAP

下面这篇文章介绍了异步编程模型,感觉挺好的,这里mark一下。

http://blog.csdn.net/xinke453/article/details/37810823

结合我这本书上的Demo,感觉理解起来无鸭梨,哈哈~

1     class Program

2     {

3         static void Main(string[] args)

4         {

5             int threadId = 0;

6

7             RunOnThreadPool poolDelegate = Test;

8                         //用创建线程的方法先创建了一个线程

9             var t = new Thread(() => Test(out threadId));

10             t.Start();

11             t.Join();

12

13             Console.WriteLine("Thread id: {0}", threadId);

14

15             /*

16              使用BeginInvoke来运行委托,Callback是一个回调函数,

17               "a delegate asynchronous call" 代表你希望转发给回调方法的一个对象的引用,

18              在回调方法中,可以查询IAsyncResult接口的AsyncState属性来访问该对象

19              */

20             IAsyncResult r = poolDelegate.BeginInvoke(out threadId, Callback, "a delegate asynchronous call");

21              //这个例子当中使用AsyncWaitHandle属性来等待直到操作完成★

22             r.AsyncWaitHandle.WaitOne();

23             //操作完成后,会得到一个结果,可以通过委托调用EndInvoke方法,将IAsyncResult对象传递给委托参数。

24             string result = poolDelegate.EndInvoke(out threadId, r);

25             

26             Console.WriteLine("Thread pool worker thread id: {0}", threadId);

27             Console.WriteLine(result);

28

29             Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2));

30         }

31

32         private delegate string RunOnThreadPool(out int threadId);

33

34         private static void Callback(IAsyncResult ar)

35         {

36             Console.WriteLine("Starting a callback...");

37             Console.WriteLine("State passed to a callbak: {0}", ar.AsyncState);

38             Console.WriteLine("Is thread pool thread: {0}", Thread.CurrentThread.IsThreadPoolThread);

39             Console.WriteLine("Thread pool worker thread id: {0}", Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);

40         }

41

42

43         private static string Test(out int threadId)

44         {

45             Console.WriteLine("Starting...");

46             Console.WriteLine("Is thread pool thread: {0}", Thread.CurrentThread.IsThreadPoolThread);

47             Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2));

48             threadId = Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId;

49             return string.Format("Thread pool worker thread id was: {0}", threadId);

 

注意:在这个例子当中,主线程调用Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2));如果没这句话,回调函数就不会被执行了,

以为线程池是后台线程,此时主线程结束,那么后台线程也跟着结束了,所以可能不会执行。

对于访问异步操作的结果,APM提供了四种方式供开发人员选择:

①在调用BeginXxx方法的线程上调用EndXxx方法来得到异步操作的结果,但是这种方式会阻塞调用线程,知道操作完成之后调用线程才继续运行。

②查询IAsyncResultAsyncWaitHandle属性,从而得到WaitHandle,然后再调用它的WaitOne方法来使一个线程阻塞并等待操作完成再调用EndXxx方法来获得操作的结果。

(本例子当中使用了这个方法)

③循环查询IAsyncResultIsComplete属性,操作完成后再调用EndXxx方法来获得操作返回的结果。

④使用 AsyncCallback委托来指定操作完成时要调用的方法,在操作完成后调用的方法中调用EndXxx操作来获得异步操作的结果。

★★★推荐使用第④种方法,因为此时不会阻塞执行BeginXxx方法的线程,然而其他三种都会阻塞调用线程,相当于效果和使用同步方法是一样,个人感觉根本失去了异步编程的特点,所以其他三种方式可以简单了解下,在实际异步编程中都是使用委托的方式。

3.3向线程池中加入异步操作

QueueUserWorkItem方法的定义!
1     [SecuritySafeCritical] 2     public static bool QueueUserWorkItem(WaitCallback callBack);
1 [SecuritySafeCritical] 2     public static bool QueueUserWorkItem(WaitCallback callBack, object state);
实例:
1     class Program
2     {
3         static void Main(string[] args)
4         {
5             const int x = 1;
6             const int y = 2;
7             const string lambdaState = "lambda state 2";
8            //方法一,直接调用QueueUserWorkItem传入单个参数,作为回调函数
9            ThreadPool.QueueUserWorkItem(AsyncOperation);
10           Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1));
11 
12           //方法二,传入回调函数以及状态参数
13           ThreadPool.QueueUserWorkItem(AsyncOperation, "async state");
14           Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1));
15 
16           //方法三,使用labmbda表达式
17           ThreadPool.QueueUserWorkItem( state => {
18                     Console.WriteLine("Operation state: {0}", state);
19                     Console.WriteLine("Worker thread id: {0}", Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);
20                     Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2));
21                 }, "lambda state");
22 
23           //方法四,使用闭包机制
24           ThreadPool.QueueUserWorkItem( _ =>
25             {
26                 Console.WriteLine("Operation state: {0}, {1}", x+y, lambdaState);
27                 Console.WriteLine("Worker thread id: {0}", Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);
28                 Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2));
29             }, "lambda state");
30 
31             Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2));
32         }
33 
34         private static void AsyncOperation(object state)
35         {
36             Console.WriteLine("Operation state: {0}", state ?? "(null)");
37             Console.WriteLine("Worker thread id: {0}", Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);
38             Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2));
39         }

扩展:C#闭包(Closure)机制是什么?

 

3.4线程池与并行度

下面这个实例展示线程池如何工作于大量异步操作,以及他和创建的大量单独线程方式的区别。

1     class Program
2     {
3         static void Main(string[] args)
4         {
5             const int numberOfOperations = 500;
6             var sw = new Stopwatch();
7             sw.Start();
8             UseThreads(numberOfOperations);
9             sw.Stop();
10             Console.WriteLine("Execution time using threads: {0}", sw.ElapsedMilliseconds);
11 
12             sw.Reset();
13             sw.Start();
14             UseThreadPool(numberOfOperations);
15             sw.Stop();
16             Console.WriteLine("Execution time using threads: {0}", sw.ElapsedMilliseconds);
17         }
18 
19         static void UseThreads(int numberOfOperations)
20         {
21             using (var countdown = new CountdownEvent(numberOfOperations))
22             {
23                 Console.WriteLine("Scheduling work by creating threads");
24                 for (int i = 0; i < numberOfOperations; i++)
25                 {
26                     var thread = new Thread(() => {
27                         Console.Write("{0},", Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);
28                         Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(0.1));
29                         countdown.Signal();
30                     });
31                     thread.Start();
32                 }
33                 countdown.Wait();
34                 Console.WriteLine();
35             }
36         }
37 
38         static void UseThreadPool(int numberOfOperations)
39         {
40             using (var countdown = new CountdownEvent(numberOfOperations))
41             {
42                 Console.WriteLine("Starting work on a threadpool");
43                 for (int i = 0; i < numberOfOperations; i++)
44                 {
45                     ThreadPool.QueueUserWorkItem( _ => {
46                         Console.Write("{0},", Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);
47                         Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(0.1));
48                         countdown.Signal();
49                     });
50                 }
51                 countdown.Wait();
52                 Console.WriteLine();
53             }
54         }
55     }

分别用创建大量线程的方式和线程池的方式执行500个Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(0.1))操作,

我们发现线程池花费了更多的时间,但是占用的资源数目很少(通过ThreadId来看)。

 

3.5实现一个取消选项

使用CancellationTokenSource和CancellationToken两个类来实现工作线程工作的取消操作。

实例:
1     class Program
2     {
3         static void Main(string[] args)
4         {
5              using (var cts = new CancellationTokenSource())
6              {
7                   CancellationToken token = cts.Token;
8                   ThreadPool.QueueUserWorkItem(_ => AsyncOperation1(token));
9                   Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2));
10                  cts.Cancel();
11             }
12 
13             using (var cts = new CancellationTokenSource())
14             {
15                  CancellationToken token = cts.Token;
16                  ThreadPool.QueueUserWorkItem(_ => AsyncOperation2(token));
17                  Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2));
18                  cts.Cancel();
19              }
20 
21              using (var cts = new CancellationTokenSource())
22              {
23                   CancellationToken token = cts.Token;
24                   ThreadPool.QueueUserWorkItem(_ => AsyncOperation3(token));
25                   Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2));
26                   cts.Cancel();
27              }
28 
29             Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2));
30         }
31 
32        /// <summary>
33        /// 第一种采用轮询IsCancellationRequested属性的方式,如果为true,那么操作被取消
34        /// </summary>
35        /// <param name="token"></param>
36         static void AsyncOperation1(CancellationToken token)
37         {
38             Console.WriteLine("Starting the first task");
39             for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
40             {
41                 if (token.IsCancellationRequested)
42                 {
43                     Console.WriteLine("The first task has been canceled.");
44                     return;
45                 }
46                 Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1));
47             }
48             Console.WriteLine("The first task has completed succesfully");
49         }
50        /// <summary>
51        /// 抛出一个OperationCancelledException异常
52        /// 这个允许操作之外控制取消过程,即需要取消操作的时候,通过操作之外的代码来处理
53        /// </summary>
54        /// <param name="token"></param>
55         static void AsyncOperation2(CancellationToken token)
56         {
57             try
58             {
59                 Console.WriteLine("Starting the second task");
60 
61                 for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
62                 {
63                     token.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
64                     Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1));
65                 }
66                 Console.WriteLine("The second task has completed succesfully");
67             }
68             catch (OperationCanceledException)
69             {
70                 Console.WriteLine("The second task has been canceled.");
71             }
72         }
73        /// <summary>
74        /// 第三种注册一个回调函数,当操作被取消时候,调用回调函数
75        /// </summary>
76        /// <param name="token"></param>
77         private static void AsyncOperation3(CancellationToken token)
78         {
79             bool cancellationFlag = false;
80             token.Register(() => cancellationFlag = true);
81             Console.WriteLine("Starting the third task");
82             for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
83             {
84                 if (cancellationFlag)
85                 {
86                     Console.WriteLine("The third task has been canceled.");
87                     return;
88                 }
89                 Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1));
90             }
91             Console.WriteLine("The third task has completed succesfully");
92       

CancellationTokenSourceCancellationToken两个类是.net4.0一会引入的,目前是实现异步操作取消事实标准。

 

3.6在线程池中使用等待事件处理器和超时

使用线程池当中的Threadpool.RegisterWaitSingleObject类来进行事件案处理。

RegisterWaitSingleObject的原型如下:

1  public static RegisteredWaitHandle RegisterWaitForSingleObject(
2           WaitHandle waitObject,
3           WaitOrTimerCallback callBack,
4           Object state,
5           int millisecondsTimeOutInterval,
6           bool executeOnlyOnce
7           )

参数

waitObject

要注册的 WaitHandle。使用 WaitHandle 而非 Mutex

callBack

waitObject 参数终止时调用的 WaitOrTimerCallback 委托。

state

传递给委托的对象。

timeout

TimeSpan 表示的超时时间。如果 timeout 为零,则函数测试对象的状态并立即返回。如果 timeout  -1,则函数的超时间隔永远不过期。

executeOnlyOnce

如果为 true,表示在调用了委托后,线程将不再在 waitObject 参数上等待;如果为 false,表示每次完成等待操作后都重置计时器,直到注销等待。

 

返回值

封装本机句柄的 RegisteredWaitHandle

相信看了这些之后大家还是一头雾水,这个方法的做用是向线程池添加一个可以定时执行的方法,第四个参数millisecondsTimeOutInterval 就是用来设置间隔执行的时间,但是这里第五个参数executeOnlyOnce 会对第四个参数起作用,当它为true时,表示任务仅会执行一次,就是说它不会,像Timer一样,每隔一定时间执行一次,这个功能的话用Timer控件也可以实现

该方法还在此基础上提供了基于信号量来触发执行任务。

信号量也叫开关量,故名思议,它只有两种状态,不是true就是false,

WaitHandle就是这类开关量的基础类,继承它的类有Mutex,ManualResetEvent,AutoResetEvent,一般我们使用后两个

写法: 

        static ManualResetEvent wait2=new ManualResetEvent(false);

        static AutoResetEvent wait=new AutoResetEvent(false); 

我们可以在将其实例化时指定开关量的初始值。(true为有信号,false为没信号)

ManualResetEvent和AutoResetEvent的区别在于:

前者调用Set方法后将自动将开关量值将一直保持为true,后者调用Set方法将变为true随后立即变为false,可以将它理解为一个脉冲。

例子
1     class Program
2     {
3         static void Main(string[] args)
4         {
5             //执行两次RunOperations操作,第一次会超时,第二次不会超时
6             RunOperations(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5));
7             RunOperations(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(7));
8         }
9 
10         static void RunOperations(TimeSpan workerOperationTimeout)
11         {
12             //定义一个ManualResetEvent信号量,初始为false
13             using (var evt = new ManualResetEvent(false))
14             //实例化一个CancellationTokenSource实例,用于取消操作
15             using (var cts = new CancellationTokenSource())
16             {
17                 Console.WriteLine("Registering timeout operations...");
18                 //注册超时的被调用的回调函数。
19                 var worker = ThreadPool.RegisterWaitForSingleObject(
20                                         evt,
21                     (state, isTimedOut) => WorkerOperationWait(cts, isTimedOut), 
22                                         null, 
23                                         workerOperationTimeout, 
24                                         true );
25 
26                 Console.WriteLine("Starting long running operation...");
27                 //线程池执行WorkerOperation操作
28                 ThreadPool.QueueUserWorkItem(_ => WorkerOperation(cts.Token, evt));
29 
30                 Thread.Sleep(workerOperationTimeout.Add(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2)));
31                 worker.Unregister(evt);
32             }
33         }
34 
35        /// <summary>
36        /// 线程池内需要被调用的操作
37        /// </summary>
38        /// <param name="token"></param>
39        /// <param name="evt"></param>
40         static void WorkerOperation(CancellationToken token, ManualResetEvent evt)
41         {
42             for(int i = 0; i < 6; i++)
43             {
44                 if (token.IsCancellationRequested)
45                 {
46                     return;
47                 }
48                 Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1));
49             }
50             //设置信号量,此时evt为true。
51             evt.Set();
52         }
53 
54         /// <summary>
55         /// 超时时候执行的回调函数
56         /// </summary>
57         /// <param name="cts"></param>
58         /// <param name="isTimedOut"></param>
59         static void WorkerOperationWait(CancellationTokenSource cts, bool isTimedOut)
60         {
61             if (isTimedOut)
62             {
63                 cts.Cancel();
64                 Console.WriteLine("Worker operation timed out and was canceled.");
65             }
66             else
67             {
68                 Console.WriteLine("Worker operation succeded.");
69             }
70      

 

3.7在线程池中使用计时器

使用system.Threading.Timer对象来在线程池中创建周期性调用的异步操作。

1     class Program
2     {
3         static void Main(string[] args)
4         {
5             Console.WriteLine("Press 'Enter' to stop the timer...");
6             DateTime start = DateTime.Now;
7             //实例化这个timer类
8             //一秒后执行TimerOperation这个操作,然后每隔2秒执行一次
9             _timer = new Timer(
10                                 _ => TimerOperation(start), 
11                                 null, 
12                                 TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1), 
13                                 TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2));
14 
15             Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(6));
16 
17             //改变计时器的运行时间,一秒后执行TimerOperation,然后每隔4秒执行一次
18             _timer.Change(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1), TimeSpan.FromSeconds(4));
19 
20             Console.ReadLine();
21 
22             _timer.Dispose();
23         }
24 
25         static Timer _timer;
26 
27         static void TimerOperation(DateTime start)
28         {
29             TimeSpan elapsed = DateTime.Now - start;
30             Console.WriteLine("{0} seconds from {1}. Timer thread pool thread id: {2}", elapsed.Seconds, start,
31             Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);
32         }
33 

 

3.8使用BackgroudWorker组件

本小节将介绍一个异步编程模式的另一种方式,叫基于事件的异步模式(EAP

先看一个例子吧:

1     class Program
2     {
3         static void Main(string[] args)
4         {
5               //实例化一个BackgroundWorker类
6               var bw = new BackgroundWorker();
7               //获取或设置一个值,该值指示 BackgroundWorker 能否报告进度更新。
8               bw.WorkerReportsProgress = true;
9               //设置后台工作线程是否支持取消操作
10             bw.WorkerSupportsCancellation = true;
11 
12             //给DoWork、ProgressChanged、RunWorkerCompleted事件绑定处理函数
13             bw.DoWork += Worker_DoWork;
14             bw.ProgressChanged += Worker_ProgressChanged;
15             bw.RunWorkerCompleted += Worker_Completed;
16 
17             //启动异步操作
18             bw.RunWorkerAsync();
19 
20             Console.WriteLine("Press C to cancel work");
21             do
22             {
23                 if (Console.ReadKey(true).KeyChar == 'C')
24                 {
25                     //取消操作
26                     bw.CancelAsync();
27                 }
28                 
29             }
30             while(bw.IsBusy);
31         }
32 
33         static void Worker_DoWork(object sender, DoWorkEventArgs e)
34         {
35             Console.WriteLine("DoWork thread pool thread id: {0}", Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);
36             var bw = (BackgroundWorker) sender;
37             for (int i = 1; i <= 100; i++)
38             {
39 
40                 if (bw.CancellationPending)
41                 {
42                     e.Cancel = true;
43                     return;
44                 }
45 
46                 if (i%10 == 0)
47                 {
48                     bw.ReportProgress(i);
49                 }
50 
51                 Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(0.1));
52             }
53             e.Result = 42;
54         }
55 
56         static void Worker_ProgressChanged(object sender, ProgressChangedEventArgs e)
57         {
58             Console.WriteLine("{0}% completed. Progress thread pool thread id: {1}", e.ProgressPercentage,
59                 Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);
60         }
61 
62         static void Worker_Completed(object sender, RunWorkerCompletedEventArgs e)
63         {
64             Console.WriteLine("Completed threadpool thread id:{0}",Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);
65             if (e.Error != null)
66             {
67                 Console.WriteLine("Exception {0} has occured.", e.Error.Message);
68             }
69             else if (e.Cancelled)
70             {
71                 Console.WriteLine("Operation has been canceled.");
72             }
73             else
74             {
75                 Console.WriteLine("The answer is: {0}", e.Result);
76             }
77         }

事件

 

名称

说明

 

Disposed

当通过调用 Dispose 方法释放组件时发生。(从 Component 继承。)

 

DoWork

调用 RunWorkerAsync 时发生。

RunWorkerAsync 方法提交一个启动以异步方式运行的操作的请求。发出该请求后,将引发 DoWork 事件,该事件随后开始执行后台操作。

如果后台操作已在运行,则再次调用 RunWorkerAsync 将引发 InvalidOperationException

 

ProgressChanged

调用 ReportProgress 时发生。

public void ReportProgress

(
    int percentProgress
)

percentProgress

已完成的后台操作所占的百分比,范围从 0% 100%

如果您需要后台操作报告其进度,则可以调用 ReportProgress 方法来引发 ProgressChanged 事件。 WorkerReportsProgress 属性值必须是 true,否则 ReportProgress 将引发 InvalidOperationException

您需要实现一个有意义的方法,以便按照占已完成的总任务的百分比来度量后台操作的进度。

ReportProgress 方法的调用为异步且立即返回。The ProgressChanged 事件处理程序在创建 BackgroundWorker 的线程上执行。

 

RunWorkerCompleted

当后台操作已完成、被取消或引发异常时发生。

 

 

在该方法中可以知道操作是成功完成还是发生错误,亦或被取消。

貼り付け元  <https://msdn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/system.componentmodel.backgroundworker.aspx

成功完成的时候

任务取消的时候

 

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/dcz2015/p/5047920.html

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