摘要:
of tens of thousands of genes in tissue samples simultaneously in a high-throughput and costeffective manner. Since its introduction over a decade ago [1], it has found widespread use in the fields of molecular genetics and functional genomics. It has been applied in order to understand underlying biological mechanisms [2], to discover novel subgroups of diseases [3–5], to examine drug response [6,7], to classify patients into disease groups [3], and to predict disease outcomes [8–10]. Some molecular signatures discovered with microarray technology are now being evaluated in prospective randomized clinical trials [11,12]. Despite their great promise, microarray-based studies may report findings that are not reproducible [13] or not robust to the mildest of data perturbations [14,15]. Common causes include improper analysis or validation, insufficient control of
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