LinuxCBT_EL-5_Edition_Notes(1)

###LinuxCBT EL-5 Edition###
Focuses on: RedHat Enterprise v5x
Successor to LinuxCBT EL-4 Edition, which succeeds LinuxCBT Classic Edition

Features:
 1. 2.6x kernel (2.6.18)
  a. 'uname a' returns OS/Kernel information
Note: 'uname -a' returns the following usefull info:
 1. OS - Linux
 2. Full Qualified Domain Name (FQDN)
 3. Kernel version - 2.6.18...
  a. 2.6 = major version
  b. .18 = minor version
  c. anything else after the minor version indicates that the kernel was patched by the distributor
 4. Date and timie that the kernel was compiled

 2. Supports multiple versions:
  a. Basic - Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server
   a1. supports 2 physical (Socket) CPUs
   a2. Up to 4 virtual guests

  b. Advanced Plateform
   b1. Supports unlimited physical CPUs
   b2. Supports unlimited virtual guests

Note: Virtualization limits pertain to the virtualization technology included with Red Hat Enterprise Linux. NOT third-party software (VMWare)


 3. Supports the following platforms:
  a. Intel 32/64-bits
  b. AMD 32/64-bits
  c. IBM - POWER and z-series, S/390

Note: Memory limitation is based on hardware


Note: Common uses of the various versions of RHEL
 1. RHEL Basic Version
  a. File & Print
  b. Web server
  c. Infrastructure server (DHCP, DNS, Proxy, etc.)

 2. RHEL Advanced Version
  a. Application server (Apache Tomcat, JBOSS, Weblogic, WebSphere, etc.)
  b. Database server (MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, Ingres, etc.)
  c. Clustering



###INSTALL RH5 USING THE NETWORK - HTTP###
Setps:
 1. Download DVD ISO p_w_picpath for RH5
 2. Create a directory beneath your web root: /srv/www/linuxcbt.com/RH5/i386
 3. Mount the DVD ISO p_w_picpath to the web root:
  a. mount -t iso9660 -o loop source_file.iso /srv/www/linuxcbt.com/RH5/i386
 4. Test the accessibility using a web browser
Note: Ensure that web server permits directory browsing (indexes)

 5. Create boot CD-ROM using http://192.168.75.100/RH5/i386/p_w_picpaths/boot.iso OR optionally boot with:
  a. First CD-ROM of five
  b. DVD-ROM

 5. Boot the server with the bootable media and indicate 'linux askmethod'

###Kickstart Configurator###

Features:
 1. Hands-free, automated installation
 2. Scripted installation
 3. Script can be used on multiple systems

Note: 'system-config-kickstart' is NOT installed by default

Steps:
 1. Open previously created 'anaconda-ks.cfg' file and modify
 2. Defune partitions accordingly
 3. Confirm settings
 4. Publish the 'ks.cfg' file to HTTP server
 5. Install server using the following at the main menu:
  'linux ks=http://192.168.75.100/ks.cfg'

Note: The following can be used to boot a kickstart installation:
 1. boot.iso CD-ROM
 2. First CD-ROM of the RH5 installation set
 3. The DVD-ROM of the RH5 isntallation set
 4. USB Pen/Stick - diskboot.img (use dd)


###FTP INSTALLATION###

Steps:
 1. Create FTP user account on FTP server
  a. 'useradd -s /bin/false -d /srv/www/linuxcbt.com linuxinstall'
  b. 'passwd linuxinstall'
 2. Confirm FTP connectivity as the user 'linuxinstall'

 3. Reboot server with 'boot.iso' CD and type 'linux askmethod'



Power On ->  BIOS (RAM, Keyboard, mouse, storage, etc.) -> Bootable Media (MBR 512bytes - bootcode(Stage 1 GRUB)) -> GRUB(Stage 1.5) -> Menu(Stage 2) -> INIT -> /etc/inittab -> sets up the appropriate runlevel


###BASIC LINUX COMMANDS###

 1. tty -reveals the current terminal
 2. whoami - reveals the currently logged-in user
 3. which - reveals where in the search path a program is located
 4. echo - prints to the screen
  a. echo $PATH - dumps the current path to STDOUT
  b. echo $PWD - dumps te contents of the $PWD variable
  c. echo $OLDPWD - dumps the most recently visited directory
 5. set - prints and optionally sets shell variables
 6. clear - clears the screen or terminal
 7. reset - resets the screen buffer
 8. history - reveals your command history
  a. !690 - executes the 690th command in our history
  b. command history is maintained on a per-user basis via:
   ~/.bash_history
   ~ = user's $HOME directory in the BASH shell
 9. pwd - prints the working directory
10. cd - changes directory to desired directory
  a. 'cd ' with no options changes to the  $HOME directory
  b. 'cd ~' changes to the $HOME directory
  c. 'cd /' changes to the root of the file system
  d. 'cd Desktop/' changes us to the relative directory 'Desktop'
  e. 'cd ..' changes us one-level up in the directory tree
  f. 'cd ../..' change us two-levels up in the directorytree
11. Arrow keys (up and down) navigates through your command history
12. BASH supports tab completion:
  a. type unique characters in the command and press 'Tab' key
13. You can copy and paste in GNOME terminal windows using:
  a. left button to block
  b. right button to paste OR Ctrl-Shift-v to paste
14. ls - lists files and directories
  a. 'ls /' - lists the contents of the '/' mount point
  b. 'ls -l' - lists the contents of a direcoty in the long format:
   Includes: permissions, links, ownership, size, date, name
  c. 'ls -ld /etc' - list properties of the directory '/etc', NOT the contents of the '/etc'
  d. 'ls -ltr' - sorts chronologically from older to newer (bottom)
  e. 'ls --help' - returns possible usage information
  f. 'ls -a' - reveals hidden files. e.g. '.bash_history'
Note: files/directories prefixed with '.' are hidden. e.g. '.bash_history'

15. cat - catenates files
  a. 'cat 123.txt' - dumps the contents of '123.txt' to STDOUT
  b. 'cat 123.txt 456.txt' - dumps both files to STDOUT
  c. 'cat 123.txt 456.txt > 123456.txt' - creates new catenated file

16. mkdir - creates a new directory
  a. 'mkdir testRH5' - creates a 'testRH5' directory

17. cp - copies files
  a. 'cp 123.txt testRH5/'
Note: By default, 'cp' does NOT preserve the original modification time

  b. 'cp -v 456.txt testRH5/'

18. mv - moves files
  a. 'mv 123456.txt testRH5/' - moves the file, preserving timestamp

19. rm - removes files/directories
  a. 'rm 123.txt'
  b. 'rm -rf 456.txt' - removes recursively and enforces

20. touch - creates blank file/updates timestamp
  a. 'touch test.txt' - will create a zero-byte file, if it doesn't exist
  b. 'touch 123456.txt' - will update the timestamp
  c. 'touch -t 200301091530 123456.txt' - changes timestamp

21. stat - reveals statistics of files
  a. 'stat 123456.txt' - reveals full attributes of file

22. find - finds files using search patterns
  a. 'find / -name 'fstab''

Note: 'find' can search for fields returned by the 'stat' command

23. alias - returns/sets aliases for commands
  a. 'alias' - dumps current aliases
  b. 'alias copy='cp -v''


###Linux Redirection & Pipes###
Features:
 1. Ability to control input and output

Input redirection '<':
 1. 'cat < 123.txt'
Note: Use input redirection when program does NOT default to file as input

Output redirection '>':
 1. 'cat 123.txt > onetwothree.txt'
Note: Default nature is to:
 1. Clobber the target file
 2. Populate with information from input stream

Append redirection '>>':
 1. 'cat 123.txt >> numbers.txt' - creates 'numbers.txt' if it doesn't exist, or appends if it does
 2. 'cat 456.txt >> numbers.txt'


Pipes '|':
Features: Connects the output stream of one command to the input stream of a subsequent command

 1. 'cat 123.txt | sort
 2. 'cat 456.txt 123.txt | sort
 3. 'cat 456.txt 123.txt | sort | grep 3


###Command Chaining###
Features:
 1. Permits the execution of multiple commands in sequence
 2. Also permits execution based on the seccess or failure of a previous command

 1. 'cat 123.txt; ls -l' - this runs first command, then second commmand without regards for exit status of the first command

 2. 'cat 123.txt && ls -l' - this runs second command, if first command successful
 3. 'cat 1234.txt && ls -l'

 4. 'cat 123.txt || ls -l' - this runs second command, if first command fails

24. more|less - paginators, which display text one-page & a time
  a. 'more /etc/fstab'
  b. 'less 1thousand.txt'

25. seq - echoes a sequence of numbers
  a. 'seq 1000 > 1thousand.txt' - creates a file with numbers 1-1000

26. su - switches users
  a. 'su' - with no options attempts to log in as 'root'

27. head - displays opening lines of text files
  a. 'head /var/log/messages'

28. tail - displays the closing lines of text files
  a. 'tail /var/log/messages'

29. wc - counts words and optionally lines of text files
  a. 'wc -l /var/log/messages'
  b. 'wc -l 123.txt'

30. file - determines file type
  a. 'file /var/log/messages'


###Tar, Gzip, Bzip2, Zip###
Features:
 1. Compression utilities (gzip, bzip2, zip)
 2. File rollers (the ability to represent many files as one)


Gzip:
Includes:
 1. gzip - compresses/decompresses files
 2. gunzip - decompresses gzip files

Tasks:
 1. compress '1million.txt' file using gzip
  a. 'gzip -c 1million.txt > 1million.txt.gz

Note: gzip aoto-dumps to STDOUT, by default

  b. 'gzip -l 1million.txt.gz' - returns status information
  c. 'gunzip 1million.txt.gz' - dumps to file, and removes compressed version
  d. 'gzip -d 1million.txt.gz' - dumps to file, and removes compressed version
  e. 'zcat 1million.txt.gz' - dumps the contents to STDOUT
  f. 'less 1million.txt.gz' - dumps the contents of gzip files to STDOUT


Bzip2:

 1. 'bzip2 -c 1million.txt > 1million.txt.bz2'

Note: Bzip2 tends to outperform gzip on large files
 2. 'bunzip2 1million.txt.bz2'
 3. 'bzip2 -d 1million.txt.bz2'
 4. 'bzcat 1million.txt.bz2' - dumps contents to STDOUT
 5. 'less 1million.txt.bz2' - also dumps the contents to STDOUT


Zip & unzip:
 1. 'zip filename.zip path/' - general usage
 2. 'zip 1million.txt.zip 1million.txt'
Note: zip differs slight from gzip and bzip2 in that the destination file (resultant zip file) is specified before the source
 3. 'unzip 1million.txt.zip'


Tar & Gzip/Bzip2
 1. 'tar -cvf filename.tar path/' - creates a non-compressed archive
 2. 'tar -cvf 1million.txt.tar 1million.txt'
Note: tar, requires a small overhead for itself in each file

 3. 'tar -czvf 1million.txt.tar.gz 1million.txt' - creates, tar/gzip document
 4. 'tar -cjvf 1million.txt.tar.bz2 1million.txt' - creates, tar/bzip2 document
 5. 'tar -tzvf

 6. 'tar -cjvf 1million.txt.tar.bz2 1million.txt testRH5' - creates, tar/bzip2 document for the text and 'testRH5' directory tree


###GREP###

Features:
 1. The ability to parse lines based on text and/or RegExes
 2. Post-processor
 3. Searches case-sensitively, be default
 4. Searches for the text anywhere on the line

Usage:
 1. 'grep 'linux' grep1.txt'
 2. 'grep -i 'linux' grep1.txt' - case-insensitive search
 3. 'grep '^linux' grep1.txt' - uses '^' anchor to anchor searches at the beginning of lines
 4. 'grep -i '^linux' grep1.txt
 5. 'grep -i 'linux$' grep1.txt' - uses '$' anchor to anchor searches at the end of line
Note: Anchors are RegEx characters (meta-characters). They're used to match at the beginning and end of lines
 6. 'grep '[0-9]' grep1.txt' - returns lines containing at least 1 number
 7. 'grep '[a-z]' grep1.txt'
 8. 'rpm -qa | grep 'grep'' - searches the package database for programs named 'grep'
 9. 'rpm -qa | grep -i 'xorg' | wc -l' - returns the number of packages with 'xorg' in their names
10. 'grep 'sshd' messages'
11. 'grep -v 'sshd' messages' - performs and inverted search (all but 'sshd' entries will be returned)
12. 'grep -v 'sshd' messages | grep -v 'gconfd''
13. 'grep -C 2 'sshd' messages' - returns 2 lines, above and below matching line
Note: Most, if not all, Linue programs log linearly, which means one line after another, from the earliest to the current
Note: Use single or double quotes to spqcify RegExes, Also, execute 'grep' using 'egrep' when Regexes are being used



###Awk###

Features:
 1. Field/Column processor
 2. Supports egrep-compatible (POSIX) RegExes
 3. Can return full lines like grep
 4. Awk runs 3 steps:
  a. BEGIN - optional
  b. Body, where the main action(s) take place
  c. END - optional
 5. Multiple body actions can be executed y separating them using semicolons. e.g. '{ print $1; print $2 }'
 6. Awk, auto-loops through input stream, regardless of the source of the stream. e.g. STDIN, Pipe, File

Usage:
 1. 'awk 'optional_match { action }' file_name | Pipe'
 2. 'awk '{ print $1 }' grep1.txt'
Note: Use single quotes with awk, to avoid shell interpolation of awk's variables
 3. 'awk '{ print $1, $2 }' grep1.txt'
Note: Default input and output field separators is whitespace
 4. 'awk ' /linux/ { print }' grep1.txt' - this will print ALL lines containing 'linux'
 5. 'awk ' { if ($2 ~ /Linux/) print }' grep1.txt'
 6. 'awk ' { if ($2 ~ /8/) print }' /var/log/messages' - this will print the entire line for log items for the 8th
 7. 'awk ' { print $3 }' /var/log/messages | awk -f: '{ print $1}''


###Sed - Stream Editor###

Features:
 1. Faciliates automated text editing
 2. Supports RegExes (POSIX)
 3. Like, Awk, supports scripting using '-F' option
 4. Supports input via: STDIN, pipe, file

Usage:
 1. 'sed [options] 'instruction[s]' file[s]'
 2. 'sed -n '1p' grep1.txt' - prints the first line of the file
 3. 'sed -n '1,5p' grep1.txt' - prints the first 5 lines of the file
 4. 'sed -n '$p' grep1.txt' - prints the last line of the file
 5. 'sed -n '1,3!p' grep1.txt' - prints ALL but lines 1-3
 6. 'sed -n '/linux/p' grep1.txt' - prints lines with 'linux'
 7. 'sed -e '/^$/d' grep1.txt' - delete blank lines from the document
 8. 'sed -e '/^$/d' grep1.txt > sed1.txt' - deletes blank lines from the document 'grep1.txt' and creates 'sed1.txt'

 9. 'sed -ne 's/search/replace/p' sed1.txt'
10. 'sed -ne 's/linux/unix/p' sed1.txt'
11. 'sed -i.bak -e 's/3/4' sed1.txt' - this backs up the original file and creates a new 'sed1.txt' with the modifications indicated in the command
Note: Generally, to creates new files, use output redirection, instead of allowing sed to write to STDOUT
Note: Sed applies each instruction to each line


###Perl###

Features:
 1. Parses text
 2. Executes programs
 3. CGI - Web forms, etc.
 4. Supports RegExes (Perl and POSIX)
 5. etc.


Tasks:
 1. Print 'Hello World' to STDOUT
  a. 'perl -c helloworld.pl' - checks the syntax of the script
  b. 'perl helloworld.pl' - executes the script
  c. 'chmod +x helloworld.pl && ./helloworld.pl'

 2. Parse RegExes from the command line


###System Utilities###

Features:
 1. Process listing
 2. Free/available memory
 3. Disk utilization


Utilities:
 1. ps - process status/listing
  a. 'ps -ef' or 'ps aux'
 2. top - combines, ps, uptime, free and updates regulary
 3. uptime - returns useful system utilization information:
  a. current time
  b. uptime - days, hours and minutes
  c. connected users
  d. load avaraged - 1, 5, 15 minute values
 4. free - returns memory utilization
  a. RAM
  b. SWAP
  c. 'free -m' - for human readable format
 5. df - returns disk partition/mount point information
  a. 'df' - returns info. using kilobytes
  b. 'df -h' - returns info. using megabytes/human readable (gigs/teray/etc.)
 6. vmstat - reports on: processes, memory, paging, block I/O, traps, CPU activity
  a. 'vmstat'
  b. 'vmstat -p /dev/sda1' - returns partitions stats for /dev/sda1 (/)
 7. gnome-system-monitor - GUI, combining most system utilities
 8. ls -ltr /proc
  a. 'cat /proc/cpuinfo'
 9. kill PID - kills the process with a given PID
10. runlevel - returns runlevel information using 2 fields:
  a. represents previous runlevel
  b. represents current runlevel


###User/Group Management###

Features:
 1. The ability to control users and groups

Primary tools:
 1. useradd - used to add users and modify group membership
 2. system-config-users

Tasks:
 1. Create a user named 'student1' using 'useradd'
Note: Default user stttings derive from: /etc/login.defs
  a. 'useradd student1'
  b. 'passwd student1' - set password for user 'student1'

Default User Accounts DB: /etc/passwd
william:x:1000:1000:WilliamHerry,,,:/home/william:/bin/bash

student1:shadow_reference:uid:gid:Description(GECOS):$HOME:$SHELL

Note: /etc/passwd is a world-readable file
Note: /etc/shadow now stores passwords in encrypted form
Note: /etc/shadow is NOT world-readable

Fields in /etc/shadow:
student1:$1$Ku5s0Hv7$hyZXb3PcHEWLy5fM/6vxF1:14935:0:99999:7:::
 1. username:
 2. encrypted_password:
 3. Days_since_Unix_epoch_password_was_changed (01/01/1970)
 4. Days before password may be changed
 5. Days after which the password MUST be changed
 6. Days before password is to expire that user is warned
 7. Days after password expires, that account is disabled
 8. Days since Unix epoch, that account is disabled
 9. Reserved field (currently unused)

 2. Modify user 'student1' to have password expire after 45 days
  a. 'usermod'

Groups:
 1. groupadd - adds new group
 2. groups - lists groups on the system: /etc/group
Note: /etc/group - maintains group membership information

Task: Create a 'sales' group and add 'linuxcbt' and 'student1' as members
 1. 'groupadd sales'
 2. 'usermod -G sales linuxcbt'
 3. 'usermod -G sales student1'
Note: 2 types of groups exist:
 1. Primary - used by default for a user's permissions
 2. Supplemental - used to determine effective permissions
Note: use 'id' to determine the group information of user
Note: Create a new shell session to realize new group membership information

userdel/groupdel are used to delete users and groups, respectively



###File Types - Permissions - Symlinks###

Features:
 1. The ability to restrict/control access to files

Note: 10 bits represent permissions for files (including directories)
Note: use 'ls -l' to examine permissions or GUI application like 'Nautilus'

-rw-r--r-- 1 william william    178322 2008-08-25 23:25 71 - regextest.pl

 1st bit = file type. '-' = file, 'd' = directory
 2nd - 4th bits = owner's permissions
  r = read = 4
  w = write = 2
  x = execute = 1
  - = none = 0
 5th - 7th bits = group owner's permissions
  r = read = 4
  w = write = 2
  x = execute = 1
  - = none = 0
 8th - 10th bits = everyone (world)
  r = read = 4
  w = write = 2
  x = execute = 1
  - = none = 0

Task:
 1. Manipulate file permissions using 'chmod'
  a. 'chmod -x regextest.pl'

-rw-rw-r-- 1 william william    178322 2008-08-25 23:25 71 - regextest.pl
rw = 6 or 4+2 for owner
rw = 6 or 4+2 for group owner
r  = 4 for everyone else (world)

Octal notation: 644 for file 'regextest.pl'

chmod 644 regextest.pl - removes execution for ALL users
chmod 755 regextest.pl - enables execution for ALL users

 2. Ensure that 'regextest.pl' is 'rw' by owner and noone else
  a. 'chmod 600 regextest.pl'

Note: File will now be 'rw' by owner (linuxcbt) and 'root'

 3. Ensure that 'regextest.pl' is 'r' by owner and noone else
  a. 'chmod 400 regextest.pl && ls -l regextest.pl'

Note: chmod supports string values, which represent octal values
chmod +/-r file
chmod +/-w file
chmod +/-x file

chmod u+x file - update owner's execute permissions on the file
chmod o+x file - update other's execute permissions on the file
chmod g+x file - update group's execute permissions on the file

chmod a+rwx = chmod 777

chown - permits changing of ownership of files
 a. 'chown root regextest.pl' - changes ownership to 'root'
 b. 'chown linuxcbt:sales regextest.pl' - changes owner and group to 'linuxcbt:sales'

Task:
 Update 'regextest.pl' so that owner and group owner may modify the file
  a. 'chmod 660 regextest.pl'


SETUID:
Features:
 1. ability to execute file as owner

'chmod 4760 regextest.pl' - this will ensure that the perl script always execute as the user 'linuxcbt'
-rwsrw-r-- 1 william william    178322 2008-08-25 23:25 71 - regextest.pl

's' in the execute position means that the program will execute as that user

SETGID
Features:
 1. Ability to enforce permissions to a directory structure

mkdir /sales
chmod 2755 /sales

Create a file in the '/sales' directory as 'linuxcbt'
seq 1000000 > linuxcbt.1million.txt


chgrp:
 Permits updating of group permissions


Sticky Bit:
Features:
 1. Ability to ensure that users cannot delete others' files in a directory

drwxrwxrwt 15 root root 4096 2010-11-28 11:47 /tmp/

/tmp - users cannot delete other user's file in '/tmp

chmod 3777 /sales - ensures that /sales will not lose files from incorrect users


Task:
 1. Set '/sales' using sticky bit and test
  a. 'chmod 3777 /sales && ls -ld /sales' OR 'chmod 777 /sales && chmod +t /sales'



###Symlinks###
Features:
 1. Provides shortcuts to files (including directories)
 2. Provides hard links to inode (file system) locations

Soft links:
 1. ln -s source_file target
  a. 'ln -s ./regextest.pl lastscript.pl'

Note: Soft links may span multiple file systems/hard drives
Note: Symlink count is NOT increased when using soft links

 2. 'ln -s /home/linuxcbt/testRH5/regextest.pl .' - this will symlink (soft) to the /boot file system

Note: With soft links, if you change the name or location of the source file, you will break ALL of the symlinks (soft)


Hard Links:
Features:
 1. The ability to reference the same inode/hard drive location from multiple places within the same file system
  a. ln source target
  b. 'ln regextest.pl ./testhardregextest.pl


###Quotas###

Features:
 1. Limits disk usages
 2. Tied to file systems (set on a per file systems basis)
 3. Can be configured for users and groups

Steps to enable quota support:
 1. Enable quota support per file system in: /etc/fstab
  a. defaults, usrquota, grpquota
 2. Remount the file system(s)
  a. mount -o remount /
  b. use 'mount' to confirm that 'usrquota,grpquota' support are enabled
 3. Create quota database files and generate disk usage table
  a. quotacheck -mcug / - this creates /aquota.user and /aquota.goup
  b. quotacheck -mavug /
 4. Assign quota policies
  a. edquota username - set blocks/inodes soft_limits hard_limits
     edquota student1 - sets quotas for user 'student1'
     export EDITOR=nano - to have edquota default to 'nano' editor
 5. Check quotas
  a. quota username
     quota student1
Note: place 'quotacheck -avug' in /etc/cron.*(hourly,daily)

6. Report on usage
  a. repquota -a - this reports on usage

Note: The blocks are measured in 1K increments. i.e. 20000 blocks is roughly 20MB


###Basic Provisioning of Partitions and File Systems###

Features:
 1. Ability to provision extra storage on-the-fly

Steps:
 1. Identify available storage
  a. 'fdisk -l' - returns connected storage

 2. Create partitions on desired hard drive:
  a. 'fdisk /dev/sdb' - interacts with /dev/sdb drive
  b. 'n' - to add a new partition
  c. 'p' - primary
  d. '1' - start cylinder
  e. '+4096M' - to indicate 4 Gigabytes
  f. 'w' - to write the changes to the disk

Note: use 'partprobe partition (/dev/sdb1)' to force a write to a hard drive's partition table on a running system

Note: 'fdisk' creates raw partitions

 3. Overlay (format) the raw partition with a file system
  a. 'mke2fs -j /dev/sdb1' - this will write inodes to partition

 4. Mount the file system in the Linux file system hierarchy:
  a. mkdir /home1 && mount /dev/sdb1 /home1
  b. 'mount' OR 'df -h' - either will reveal that /dev/sdb1 is mounted

Note: 'lost+found' directory is created for each distinct file system

 5. Configure '/home1' to auto-mount when the system boots
  a. nano /etc/fstab and copy and modify the '/home


###Swap Partitions & Files###

Features:
 1. Extra, virtual RAM for the OS


Steps:
 1. Identify current swap space
  a. 'swapon -s' - enumerates partitions and/or files, which constitute swap storage
  b. 'free -m'

 2. Select target drive and provision swap partition
  a. 'fdisk /dev/sdb'
  b. 'n'
  c. '2'
  d. '500'
  e. '+512M' (cylinder 562) - 63 cylinders are required for 512MB
  f. 't' - Change Type
  g. '82' - Linux Swap/Solaris
  h. 'w' - committ changes to disk

 3. Create the swap file system on the raw partition: /dev/sdb2
  a. 'mkswap /dev/sdb2'

 4. Enable swapping - publish the swap space to the kernel
  a. 'swapon /dev/sdb2' - this enables swapping on /dev/sdb2

 5. update /etc/fstab
  a. '/dev/sdb2 swap swap defaults 0 0

swapoff /dev/sdb2 - disables swapping on /dev/sdb2

Task:
 1. Improve system performance by distributing swapping to /dev/sdb2
  a. swapon /dev/sdb2
  b. swapoff /dev/sda6
  c. disable /dev/sda6 via /etc/fstab


###Create Swap based on File###

Features:
 1. The ability to provision swap space based on a file, similar to pagefile.sys in Windows NT, etc. if you have no available disk space to partition
 2. Doesn't waste partitions


Task:
 1. Create 512MB swap file
  a. 'dd if=/dev/zero of=/home1/swapfile1 bs=1024 count=524288'
  b. 'mkswap /home1/swapfile1' - overlays swap file system
  c. 'swapon /home1/swapfile1' - makes swap space available to the kernel

 2. Ensure that when the system reboots, the swapfile is made available to the kernel
  a. 'nano /etc/fstab' - /home1/swapfile1 swap swap default 0 0

 3. Create 2GB swap file
  a. 'dd if=/dev/zero of=/home1/swapfile2 count=2G'


###Logical Volume Management (LVM)###

Features:
 1. Ability to create Volume sets and stripe sets
 2. LVM masks the underlying physical technology (ATA, ATAPI, IDE, SCSI, SATA, PATA, etc.)
 3. LVM represents storage using a hierarchy:
  a. Volume Groups (VG)
   a1. Physical Volumes (PV) (/dev/sda2, /dev/sdb2, etc.)
  b. Logical Volumes (LV)
   b1. File system
 4. LVM physical volumes can be of various sizes
 5. Ability to resize volumes on the fly

Note: Volume groups join: Physical Volumes (PVs) and Logical Volumes (LVs)

Steps to setup LVM:
 1. Create LVM partitions via fdisk or parted
  a. 'fdisk /dev/sda, /dev/sdb, /dev/sdc
  b. n
  c. p
  d. +10G
  e. t - change to type '8e' (LVM)
  f. w
  g. partprobe /dev/sda

 2. Create Physical Volumes using 'pvcreate'
  a. pvcreate /dev/sda3 /dev/sdb3 /dev/sdc3

 3. Create Volume Groups using 'vgcreate'
  a. vgcreate volgroup001 /dev/sda3 /dev/sdb3 /dev/sdc3
Note: Volume Groups can be segmented into multiple Logical Volumes

 4. Create one or more Logical Volumes
  a. lvcreate -L 10GB -n logvolvar1 volgroup001
  b. lvcreate -L 10GB -n logvolusr1 volgroup001
 5. Create File system on Logical Volume(s)
  a. 'mke2fs -j /dev/volgroup001/logvolvar1'
  b. 'mke2fs -j /dev/volgroup001/logvolusr1'
 6. Mount Logical Volume
  a. mkdir /var1
  b. 'mount /dev/volgroup001/logvolvar1 /var1
  c. mkdir /usr1
  d. 'mount /dev/volgroup001/logvolusr1 /usr1

Note: Be certain to update: /etc/fstab so that volumes are mounted when the system reboots

3-tiers of LVM display commands include:
  a. pvdisplay - physical volumes - represent raw LVM partitions
  b. vgdisplay - volume groups - aggregate physical volumes
  c. lvdisplay - logical volumes - file systems - mount here


Rename of Logical Volumes
 1. lvrename - used to rename volumes
  a. lvrename volume_group_name old new

Task: Rename 'logvolvar1' to 'logvolopt1'
  a. lvrename volgroup001 logvolvar1 logvolopt1
Note: LVM is updated immediately, even while volume is mounted
Note: However, you must remount the logical volume to see the changes
  b. umount /var1 && mount /dev/mapper/volgroup001-logvolopt1 /opt1
  c. Update /etc/fstab

Note: /dev/volgroup001/* is symlinks to /dev/mapper/

Remove Logical Volumes

Task: remove 'logvolusr1' from the logical volume pool
 a. umount /usr1
 b. lvremove /dev/mapper/volgroup001-logvolusr1
 c. use 'lvdisplay' to confirm removal


Resize Logical Volume:

Task: Grow (resize) 'logvolopt1' to 20GB
 a. lvresize -L 20GB /dev/volgroup001/logvolopt1
 b. lvdisplay - to confirm new size of logical volume
 c. df -h - will still reveal the current size
 d. Resize the file system to update the INODE table on the logical volume to account for the new storage in 'logvolopt1'
  d1. 'resize2fs -f -p /dev/volgroup001/logvolopt1'

Note: You may resize file systems online if the following are met:
 1. 2.6x kernel series
 2. MUST be formatted with ext3

Task: Shrink (resize) 'logvolopt1' to 15GB
 a. lvresize -L 15GB /dev/volgroup001/logvolopt1
 b. lvdisplay
 c. df -h
 d. resize2fs -f -p /dev/volgroup001/logvolopt1
Note: online shrinking is not supported   
 e. df -h

Note: Check disk utilization prior to shrinking to reduce the risk of losing data


LVM GUI Utility
system-config-lvm



###RAID###

Features:
 1. The ability to increase availability and reliability of data

Tasks:
 1. Create a RAID-1 Device (/dev/md0..n)
  a. fdisk /dev/sdb - to create usable raw partitions
  b. mdadm --create /dev/md0 --level=1 --raid-devices=2 /dev/sdb? /dev/sdb?
  c. cat /proc/mdstat - lists active RAID (md) information
  d. mke2fs -j /dev/md0 - overlays a file system on the RAID device
  e. mount /dev/md0 /raid1
  f. update: /etc/fstab

Note: use 'mdadm --query /dev/md0' to get information about a RAID device


Note: You may create RAID volumes/devices on a single or on multiple disks Ideally, your RAID volumes should span multiple physical disks to improve:
 a. reliability
 b. performance
 c. availability

 2. Remove the RAID-1 device
  a. umount /dev/md0
  b. mdadm --manage --stop /dev/md0

 3. Create a RAID-5 Volume
  a. fdisk /dev/sdb - to create a partition number 7
  b. partprob /dev/sdb - to update the kernel's view of the partition table
  c. mdadm --create /dev/md0 --level=5 --raid-devices=3 /dev/sdb5 /dev/sdb6 /dev/sdb7
  d. watch cat /proc/mdstat - refreshes every 2 seconds
  e. Overlay a file system: mke2fs -j /dev/md0
  f. mount /dev/md0 /raid5
  g. Test I/O to RAID-5 device
  h. Update: /etc/fstab



###RPM###

Features:
 1. Provides package management
  a. Query
  b. Install
  c. Uninstall
  d. Upgrade
  e. Verify
 2. Auto-verifies packages using PGP, MD5, SHA1SUMs
 3. Automatically reports on unresolved dependencies

'rpm'

Query:
 1. 'rpm -qa' - dumps all installed packages
 2. 'rpm -qa | wc -l' - this dumps all packages and provides a count
 3. 'rpm -qa | grep -i nano' - check if 'nano' is installed
 4. 'rpm -qi nano' - dumps info. about the 'nano' package as it's recorded in the local RPM database
 5. 'rpm -qf /usr/bin/nano' - dumps package membership info. for the 'nano' file
 6. 'rpm -qpi /media/RHEL_5.5\ i386\ DVD/Server/dhcp-3.0.5-23.el5.i386.rpm' - dumps info. about the 'dhcp' package, which resides on the repository
 7. 'rpm -ql dhcp' - returns all included files

Verify:
 1. rpm -Va - verifies ALL packages on the system, returnsing info. only if there are discrepancies from the original installation

 2. 'rpm -Vf /usr/bin/nano'

Task: Change '/usr/bin/nano' then verify

SM5....T  /usr/bin/nano

S(file size), M(mode or permissions), 5(MD5), T(mod time)

 3. rpm -Vp nano


Install (Does NOT overwrite previous package):
Note: Use this method to install a new version of the kernel
 1. rpm -ivh *.rpm
 2. 'rpm -ivh /media/RHEL_5.5\ i386\ DVD/Server/dhcp-3.0.5-23.el5.i386.rpm'


Upgrade (Installs or overwrites existing package):
 1. rpm -Uvh *.rpm
 2. 'rpm -Uvh /media/RHEL_5.5\ i386\ DVD/Server/dhcp-3.0.5-23.el5.i386.rpm'


Freshen (Updates an existing package):
Note: Will NOT install the package, if it doesn't exist locally
 1. 'rpm -Fvh *.rpm' - freshes the current versiion of a package


Removal:
 1. 'rpm -ev *.rpm' - removes a package
Note: removal process considers dependencies and will complain if the removal will break 1 or more packages. To get around this, use '--nodeps' option with 'rpm -evh --nodeps *.rpm

 2. 'rpm -ev gftp'


Package Management GUI:
 1. Add/Remove Software
 2. system-config-packages



###YUM Configuration###

Features:
 1. the ability to centralize packages (updates)

Installation & Setup:
 1. Install 'createrepo*rpm*
 2. Setup directory sructure
 3. Run 'createrepo /media/RHEL_5.5 i386 DVD/Server
 4. Publish the yum repository using HTTP
 5. Configure yum client to use HTTP to fetch the RPMs
  a. /etc/yum.conf
###Included as our first repository on the SUSE box###
[001]
enabled=1
name=linuxcbtsuse1
baseurl=http://192.168.75.100/RH5/yum
gpgcheck=0

Note: Ensure that about 3GBs are available for the yum respository

tar -cjvf yum_metadata.bz2 repodata

Yum Usage:
 1. Search for the package
  a. 'yum search gftp'

 2. Install packages - Requires RedHat GPG Key for RPMS
  a. 'rpm --import http://192.168.75.100/RH5/i396/RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-release'
  b. 'yum -y install gftp'
  c. 'yum -y install dhcp gftp' installs 2 packages

 3. Remove Package
  a. 'yum -y remove gftp'


###Cron - Scheduler###

Features:
 1. Scheduler
 2. Rules Cron entries) are based on times:
  a. minute (0-59)
  b. hour (0-23)
  c. day of the month (1-31)
  d. month (1-12)

转载于:https://blog.51cto.com/williamherry/630855