CISCO IP Telephony
The H.263 codec is more demanding of PC system resources, but it requires less bandwidth
h.263 codec对PC系统资源的要求比较高，但是带宽要求比较少
 
DDI discard digidit instructions
DID直线，即市话
DDD长途直拨，即国内长途
IDD国际长途直拨，即国际长途电话
its geared specifically for call manager这个是专门为CCM设计的
u must have a idea where it goes你一定知道这个东东怎么工作的？
BAT is around since CCM has existed CCM一出来就有BAT这个东东了
they have .e WAN connection going between them他们中间有广域网连接
BAT is handy for CIPC setup  有了BA安装CIPC会非常方便
 
There is no better way to get a firm grasp . the concept of device pools than to put it in action. This scenario shows the perfect example of a centralized Cisco CallManager deployment where the remote site does not have enough phones to justify有理由做什么事情 a multicluster configuration, nor does it have enough bandwidth to support running a cluster split over the IP WAN
You can also find the MAC address in the text and UPC form . the back of the IP Phone, . the middle sticker不干胶贴纸 near the bottom.
The codec delivers extremely high-quality 16-bit audio that gives a clean, crisp sound明亮,清脆的声音 to voice
rack mounting机器上架
The shading in the figure 图中阴影部分
In a 2:1 Cisco CallManager redundancy deployment design, you have a backup server shared between every two primary servers两台主用server共享一台备份server
Via-zones are usually located . the edge of an Enterprise or ITSP network, and are like a VoIP transfer point, or tandem串联 zone, where traffic passes through . the way to the remote zone destination.
Because the possibility exists for the incoming number being sent digit by digit and
not en bloc整块, you need to configure isdn overlap-receiving.
For gatekeeper CAC to function correctly, the network must be laid out部署 in a hub-and-spoke design
Site Readiness准备就绪
is underway
a commonsense configuration section常见配置
CallManager MGCP does not support E1 CAS (E1 R2) trunks.
CallManager MGCP supports .ly E&M wink-start and E&M delay dial signaling types for T1 CAS circuits.
T1 CAS circuits use in-band signaling, "robbing" the least significant bits from channels that carry voice to handle framing and to pass state information. The framing and state information is carried along with the voice information in each channel. This is in contrast to ISDN, which has .e channel dedicated to carrying又一个信道专门用来 signaling for all the other voice channels.
shows an example of two companies that frequently conduct videoconferences经常开视频会议 between them
In a large network, configuring the prefixes of each zone . all of the gatekeepers can be
time consuming非常耗时.
They provide protocol conversion协议转换 between the devices that are running different
types of protocols. Ideally理想情况下, the gateway is transparent对什么透明 to both the H.323 endpoint and
the non-H.323 endpoint.
The in-house staff内部员工 is limited in their expertise . the PBX对于PBX没有多少的经验. Up until now, an outside company外部公司做了大部分的PBX变更 has done most of the PBX changes. This company has been reluctant to help with this migration而这家公司不愿意帮忙进行升级, because it will lose this business流失一些生意 when the migration is complete.
Call preservation is useful when a gateway and the other
endpoint (typically a Cisco Unified IP Phone) are collocated at the same site, and the
call agent is remote and therefore more likely to experience connectivity failures.可能遇到连通性问题
You will also connect an E1 PRI from port 1/1 . the voice gateway to .e of the PBX trunk ports that was freed up释放出来的端口 when the PSTN circuits were removed.
好，我就买这个。有附赠电池跟皮套吗？
Okay, I'll take this .e. Does it come with batteries and a case?
numbering plan:  
 
 编号方案 
 编号计划
A well-designed numbering plan设计良好的编号方案 should .uate both current requirements评估当前需求 and potential growth requirements未来增长需求 to avoid the need to renumber避免重新编号 as more users connect to the voice network.
 
■ Availability and fault tolerance: Consider overall network availability全网可靠性 and the call success rate通话成功率 when you design a dial plan. Fault tolerance故障容差 and redundancy are some
advantages of a VoIP network. Calls might be automatically routed over redundant IP paths or through the PSTN通话会自动路由到冗余IP链路或者PSTN链路. Redundant gateways might be provided for missioncritical
sites.Cisco SRST is a
Signaling Backhauling: 信令回程
    信令回程（Signaling Backhauling），也叫做信号隧道（signal tunneling），是电话信令从一个网关到媒体网关控制器越过一个分组交换网络可靠地传输的方案。
The information specified with this command这个命令中配置的信息 shows up as the caller ID of
the device connected to the FXS port.
Because an FXO trunk does not support DID, two-stage dialing二次拨号 is required for all
inbound calls.
off-premises extension (OPX)备用电话分机
A standard RJ-11 modular telephone cable connects the FXO voice interface card to
the PSTN or PBX through a telephone wall outlet.
设备无关信令（NFAS）允许单一的D信道控制多路PRI，这样就可以极大的节省ISDN的服务成本。
T1s have been around since early voice networks.自打语音网络早期开始，就开始是用T1了
When a backup D channel is configured,
any hard system failure causes a switchover to the backup D channel任何硬件故障切换到备用信道，而当前应经连接的通话不会中断, and currently
connected calls remain connected.
When an ISDN problem occurs in the network如果在网络中ISDN发生问题, the cause
value, shown in octet 4 in Figure 4-9, represents useful debug information in the ISDN
protocol log.
Tail-End Hop–Off (TEHO)
外线呼出(Hop Off )
在传统电信中，外线呼出（Hop off）是指在一个信号或呼叫中的点离开一个网络到达另一网络。例如，一个电话中的呼叫设置能够外线呼出本地电话网络到远方网络。反过来，一个即将到来的呼叫通过一个主网络能够外线呼出到一个更小的本地网络或私有区域内交换机(PBX)。在通过IP的语音中，外线呼出是一个点或网关，在那里一个呼叫从一个 H.323网络离开到达一个使用其它协议的网络，典型地在一个网关上。
The PSTN breakout落地 should be as close as possible to
the final PSTN destination to decrease phone charges.
a call can be transparently rerouted over the PSTN during an IP WAN outage.当发生IP网络中断时透明路由到PSTN
When planning a resilient call-routing strategy, it might be necessary to reroute calls through a secondary path should the primary path fail. 在规划弹性呼叫路由方案的时候，如果主用路径出现问题，我们有必要将呼叫重新路由到第二条路径上去
screenshot截图
snapshot快照
 Acting as the fax modem, the DSP is downshifteddownshift(汽车等)调低速档 in speed to 9.6 kbps to save bandwidth over the IP path
A user calls the Service Desk complaining that it is often impossible to print documents
from a certain application, while this is not the case with other applications跟其他应用没关系.
Which process is responsible for identifying the cause定位故障点?
In order to resolve a service failure为了解决一个软件故障, a change must be made to a software package.
Which process must grant approval for implementing this change?
 
: The goal of the Security Management is split up分成两部分 in two parts
Migration is a process that involves gradually phasing out逐步淘汰 old components and replacing them with new .es
Current voice telephony components have not yet fully depreciated折旧.
 
cordless telephones无绳电话
residential telephones住宅电话
In a corporate environment在企业网环境, where large numbers of staff need access to each other and the outside, individual telephone lines are not economically viable每人一路电话线不太经济
Large offices with more than 50 telephones or handsets choose a PBX to connect users, both in-house内部 and to the PSTN.
Telephones (instruments接电话 or handsets) Telephones allow the user to choose a free line免提 and dial out, usually by pressing a button . the telephone.
 when a subscriber calls someone by dialing a digit . the rotary dial转盘拨号器, a spring winds弹簧旋紧. When the dial is released, the spring rotates the dial back to its original position
When you select the channel you want to watch, your set-top机顶盒（Set-Top Box） cable tuner频道选择器, 高频头(俗称) determines which channel is sent to your television.
household appliances家用电器
At lower shaping rates (less than 320 kbps), CB Shaping assumes a Bc of 8000 bits, and calculates Tc based . the formula Tc = Bc/CIR, with some rounding as necessary. At 320 kbps, the calculated Tc would be 25 ms, or .025 seconds. Note that in this first example, Tc = 125 ms, because 8000/64,000 = 1/8 of a second.
For speeds higher than 320 kbps, CB Shaping instead uses a default Tc of .025 seconds, and calculates Bc based . the same formula, which with a little easy algebra translates to Bc = Tc * CIR. For instance, at 640 kbps, Bc = .025 * 640 kbps = 16,000 bits.
小于320kbps,Bc=8000bits
大于等于320kbps,TC=0.025seconds=25ms
对于VOICE,TC=10ms
you can have AutoQoS do the hard work, and then come behind it and tweak the configuration.
你可以让AUTOQOS做些体力活,然后你再出来调整配置
With end-to-end RSVP, each intermediate router中转路由器 reserves the needed bandwidth when receiving a reservation request and confirms the request with RSVP reserve messages. If a router in the path does not speak RSVP, it just transparently passes透传 the flow.
Imagine a PC, connected to an IP phone via an Ethernet cable, with the IP phone connected to a 2950 switch. The switch is cabled to an access router通过电缆连接到, which in turn has Frame Relay connectivity to the central site. Assuming trunking issued between the IP phone and the switch假设在IP电话和交换机之间设置了TRUNK, where is the recommended trust boundary for data coming from the PC towards the central site?
If you continue reading the chapters, and practice a little . real lab gear试验台子, you should be prepared for answering QoS exam questions.
To keep the configurations less cluttered为了不让配置看起来更加混乱
Shapers queue excess packets讲过量报文列队, and policers discard excess packets. However, policers allow a sort of compromise允许一些折中, where the packets are not discarded, but they are marked so that if congestion occurs later, this particular packet is more likely to be discarded.
If no congestion occurs, both packets get through the network.假如没有发生拥塞,两种报文都可以穿过网络
If some congestion occurs, however, Packet2 has a higher chance of being discarded,假如发生拥塞,报文2丢弃的几率更高
 because it has a DSCP that implies a higher preference to be dropped than does Packet1.
Policing by marking down the packet provides a compromise option.限速可以通过减记提供一种折中的选项 The ISP can protect the network from being overrun by aggressively discarding marked-down packets at the .set of congestion.在拥塞发作时
the Bucket is replenished with a prorated成比例的 number of tokens based . how long ago it was last replenished
 And just as with shape average, the token bucket will be size Bc + Be, or 16,000 bits. However, instead of replenishing the token bucket with Bc bits each Tc, shape peak tells CB Shaping to replenish Bc + Be tokens per Tc. Translated, that means that the shaper gets the right to send the committed burst, and the excess burst, every time period.
To keep the process simple, shaping and policing use similar mechanisms现同的机制 to account for the numbers of bits and bytes sent over time. First, however, we start with the motivations for using shaping and policing.
  Today, they account for a quarter.
时至今日，已增至全球总产量的四分一。
The CIR in each case is 64 kbps. Therefore, the service provider is not policing aggressively主动
 Shaping just slows the rate of sending packets so that the traffic contract is not exceeded. Policing discards some packets so that the traffic contract is not exceeded.
 Interestingly, although WRED can be enabled . a physicalinterface, it cannot be concurrently enabled along with any other queuing tool却不能和其他任何队列工具同时启用
As congestion increases随着拥塞的增多, RED discards a higher percentage of packets. Eventually, the congestion can increase to the point that RED discards all packets.
Cisco has ported QoS logic from Cisco IOS Software to hardware ASICs to provision QoS policies at line rates within campus environments.思科已经将QOS从IOS软件移植到硬件ASIC芯片,从而在校园网环境中以线速提供QOS策略
during periods of light utilization链路利用率低的时候, you should allow the FTP server to use as much bandwidth as is available. You can use a policer to accomplish this task.
Encountering QoS for the first time can be a daunting让人望而生畏 experience
instantaneous
adj.
即刻的, 瞬间的; 立刻做成的, 立即发生的
simultaneous
adj.
同时的, 同时发生的
at times有时
if you follow the Cisco exam topic "guidelines," you should have a good understanding of the breadth and depth of topics . the exam.在广度和深度方面对考试有更好的理解
people working toward CCIE考CCIE的人 can still have the materials available
Used in conjunction with跟....配合使用 mls qos trust device cisco-phone,
Use the mlq qos cos override command . interface Fast Ethernet 0/10 to overwrite重写 the CoS value of 1 with the configured CoS value of 2. This command overrides覆盖 any trust state of the interface, CoS or DSCP, and places the configured default CoS value of 2 in every frame.
 
It is important to understand the capabilities of the Ethernet modules in your Catalyst to properly provision your network for the addition of real-time applications在增加适时程序的情况正确规划网络
This up-front在前面 planning can result in the perceived success or failure of your project in the eyes of the end users.
So how much delay should a packet experience in the cloud? Well, it will vary. The carrier might commit to a maximum delay value as well. However, with a little insight, you can get a solid understanding of the minimum delay a packet should experience through a Frame Relay cloud.
This example uses contrived numbers to make the relevant points这个例子拥一些人为的数字来说明作者的观点
If the offered load . the network consistently exceeds the bandwidth假如网络负载持续超过物理带宽 or clock rate of the link the traffic must flow across, unpredictable behavior can result.
Whether WFQ uses the ToS byte or not when classifying packets, practically speaking, does not matter much说老实话,在对报文进行分类的时候,WFQ是否采用TOS无关紧要
Most delay components in LAN switches are small enough not to matter在LAN交换机上的延迟组件小得可以忽略不计
With each flow receiving its fair share of the link bandwidth, the lower-volume flows prosper小流量的数据流就很爽,而大流量的就很受憋, and the higher-volume flows suffer.
 If there is no congestion . the router or switch for that period in time, congestion management does not come into play.如果交换机在那个时间参考点没有发生拥塞,拥塞管理就不起作用
If too many packets exist in the LLQ, the benefits of QoS are negated,如果LLQ上报文太多,QOS的好处就会打折扣
Notice that the SLA agreement is instrumental有帮助的 in each QoS component required. This is because the SLA provides the roadmap路标 that will be used for all traffic that traverses the service provider's network. From this roadmap, QoS configuration for the CE router can be developed. 应运而生
With the SLA and network topology in place, you can begin to build the required QoS configurations.一旦SLA和网络拓扑到位,你就可以开始创建所需的QOS配置了
An SLA is a contractual agreement合同 that stipulates规定 how each defined class of traffic will be treated and any penalties involved if this agreement is not met假如没有达到合同要求如何罚款.
As a rule of thumb, WRED performs more effectively when applied to a CBWFQ that services TCP applications,根据经验,WRED用在服务于TCP应用程序的CBWFQ队列时表现更佳 because these applications have the capability to retransmit lost packets. Some classes of traffic, such as best-effort and bulk transfer traffic, are good candidates for WRED也是良好的应用对象. Real-time applications, which reside in the low latency queue, should never be eligible for WRED根本不符合WRED的应用场景.
Unlike classification, congestion management, and to some extent congestion avoidance, there are no steadfast rules for policing that cover most situations. 没有固定的规则可以涵盖方方面面
note: the next output lines describes the police command, which
! wraps around to折行 a second line.
Portions omitted for Brevity为了简洁一些,部分内容省略了
Whether WFQ uses the ToS byte or not when classifying packets, practically speaking, does not matter much
CQ approximates the bandwidth percentages分出大致的百分比, as opposed to meeting an exact percentage分配精确的百分比, due to the simple operation of the CQ scheduler
To appreciate理解 most queuing concepts, you need to consider a queuing system with at least two queues.
This is a subtle but critical细微但是很关键的 difference.
if legitimate traffic合法流量 temporarily exceeds these values, no dropping or reordering of packets will occur. However, if this server becomes infected and begins sending sustained traffic in excess of these normal rates, the excess would be subject to aggressive dropping in the event of link congestion
As previously mentioned, trusting end users and their PCs is generally a bad idea because newer operating systems such as Windows XP and Linux make it relatively easy to set CoS or DSCP markings . PC NICs. Such markings can be set deliberately or even inadvertently有意或者无意. In either case, improperly set QoS markings设置不正确 could affect the service levels of multiple users within the enterprise and make troubleshooting a nightmare排障变成一场恶梦.
This device is working properly.
If you are having problems with this device, click Troubleshoot to start the troubleshoot
er.Infected servers not .ly might spew喷涌 profuse极其丰富的 amounts of traffic .to the network, but, in such cases, they might do so with trusted markings. There's no hard-and-fast不可违逆的 rule that will apply to evexry situation
If too many packets exist in the LLQ, the benefits of QoS are negated打折扣, because each packet must wait in the LLQ for scheduling. This guideline prevents LLQ from becoming overprovisioned滥用.
Traffic shaping
Artificially increases delay手工增加延迟 to reduce drops从而降低丢包率 inside a Frame Relay or ATM network.
 
Most of the questions you should see . an exam will be related to VoIP, and not VoFR or VoATM, because of the three options, VoIP is the most pervasive应用最广的.
  这种具有始终如一的优良品质奠定了加州的红酒业，并成为世界上具有深度、广度、平衡度的高度水平红酒生产领跑者。
This consistency has established the California Wine industry as the global leader in producing quality wines that offer the highest level of depth, complexity, and balance.
Avg Line Utilization above 90% for 15 minutes out of 60 minutes在60分钟内线路使用率超过90%,并且持续15左右
With seamless access to eHealth reports,team members can leverage robust historical and real-time analysis利用强大的历史数据和适时数据 to quickly identify and correct performance problems
With Live Status,color-coded icons indicate element status,allowing you to quickly determine where trouble spots故障点 are
Live Exceptions:is eHealth's real-time engine that uses intelligent algorithms to detect brown-outs出大错 and service dealys.it can detect application slowdown程序运行缓慢 as well as performance problems with network elements and systems
Is there outgoing call barring during the period?
这段时间内往外打电话受限制吗？
loop-start—(default)：循环开始（loop start），用在家庭电话或者落地处。
ground-start—使用接地和当前的检测器，用在连接PBX和中继。
MGCP gateways preserve active calls using analog these voice ports and T1 CAS ports during failover to a backup CallManager and during transition to SRST.
interdigit timeout: 拨号间隔超时/数位间超时
外线呼出(Hop Off )
(重定向自外线呼出)
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在传统电信中，外线呼出（Hop off）是指在一个信号或呼叫中的点离开一个网络到达另一网络。例如，一个电话中的呼叫设置能够外线呼出本地电话网络到远方网络。反过来，一个即将到来的呼叫通过一个主网络能够外线呼出到一个更小的本地网络或私有区域内交换机(PBX)。在通过IP的语音中，外线呼出是一个点或网关，在那里一个呼叫从一个H.323网络离开到达一个使用其它协议的网络，典型地在一个网关上。
CAC is needed over an IP WAN because IP does not possess the ability of the time-division multiplexing (TDM) world to meter calls.
 
you want to measure估计 the duration of link overload?the link without resilience弹性值 should keep below 85% ..
The IP Phones require no further communication with Cisco CallManager until either Party A
or Party B invokes引入，加入 a feature, such as call transfer, call conferencing, or call termination.
Configuration Data Worksheet配置工作表
If you are installing Cisco CallManager for the first time初次安装, all services that are required to run Cisco CallManager运行CCM所需的服务 automatically install自动安装 . the system; however, none of the services are activated at the completion of the installation安装结束时
Each service performs specific functions实现特定的功能 for the IP telephony network.
Cisco CallManager hardware requirements include Cisco MCSs, which have been designed specifically专门为设计 for Cisco voice applications by HP and IBM.
References参考资料
For additional information, refer to these resources:欲知更多信息，参考如下资源
Cost-efficient划算的 redundancy
Configuring 100 different Cisco IP Phones to use the Arizona time zone, the English language,
and the classical-style music . hold (MOH) option is tedious烦闷，麻烦.
You can rename the Default region to a more logical name把....改成一个更直观的名字 to
avoid confusion避免混淆, or you can ignore it不管它 and use .ly regions that you have created只用你自己创建的.....
Cisco CallManager ties all IP Phone configuration settings to the IP Phone MAC address将MAC和配置绑定在一起.
Before you can perform any configuration . a Cisco IP Phone through Cisco CallManager在CCM上做些配置
you may prefer H.323 to MGCP because of the interface robustness健壮性
of H.323 or the ability to use it with call admission control or SRST.
Cisco CallManager automatically populates the Device Protocol field with H.225.
Click Next. For the device name, enter the IP address of the Cisco router that will be
Prioritizing为...设定优先级 these device gateways
allows you to send external calls out of a preferred gateway优选网管 (possibly across the IP WAN for
toll savings节省长途电话费) and keep a backup path for external calls (usually the Public Switched Telephone
Network [PSTN]) if the primary gateway is down or unable to route the call.
You may encounter a scenario遇到一种情况 that requires multiple route groups,
In the voice over IP (VoIP) world, route patterns are the equivalent of相当于 static routes.
This book details the inner workings内部工作机制 of CallManager so that those responsible for designing and maintaining a Voice over IP (VoIP) solution from Cisco Systems? can understand the role each component plays and how they interrelate交互.
the post-processing system 二次处理系统(二次开发系统)
This is a really thorny issue棘手的问题 when trying to generate accurate billing information, because it is difficult to determine whether the call stayed completely . the IP network or was terminated . the public network. .e clue you can use is to check the device type . both ends of the call. If both are phones that are defined in the database, you can assume that it stayed .Net. If the call terminated . a gateway, it is more difficult.
reorder tone反复的蜂音信号
tenacious坚韧的
astute机敏的
firm
forthright坦诚的;豪爽的
bona fide 真诚地
numerate:   a. 数学基础好的
Number of incidents closed without .ward referral进一步咨询