Java IO

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#Java IO #Part I: Basic I/O
##Chapter 1. Introducing I/O
Input and output, I/O for short, are fundamental to any computer operating system or programming language.For the most part I/O in Java is divided into two types: byte- and number-oriented I/O, which is handled by input and output streams; and character and text I/O, which is handled by readers and writers.
###1.1 What Is a Stream?
A stream is an ordered sequence of bytes of undetermined length. Input streams move bytes of data into a Java program from some generally external source. Output streams move bytes of data from Java to some generally external target. (In special cases streams can also move bytes from one part of a Java program to another.)
####1.1.1 Where Do Streams Come From? The first source of input most programmers encounter is System.in. This is the same thing as stdin in C, generally some sort of console window, probably the one in which the Java program was launched.
####1.1.2 The Stream Classes
Most of the classes that work directly with streams are part of the java.io package. The two main classes are java.io.InputStream and java.io.OutputStream . These are abstract base classes for many different subclasses with more specialized abilities, including: BufferedInputStream BufferedOutputStream ByteArrayInputStream ByteArrayOutputStream DataInputStream DataOutputStream FileInputStream FileOutputStream FilterInputStream FilterOutputStream LineNumberInputStream ObjectInputStream ObjectOutputStream PipedInputStream PipedOutputStream PrintStream PushbackInputStream SequenceInputStream StringBufferInputStream

###1.2 Numeric Data
Input streams read bytes and output streams write bytes. Readers read characters and writers write characters. Therefore, to understand input and output, you first need a solid understanding of how Java deals with bytes, integers, characters, and other primitive data types, and when and why one is converted into another. In many cases Java's behavior is not obvious. ####1.2.1 Integer Data

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