HP-UX
Normal Boot
The bootstrap process involves the execution of three software components:pdc
isl
hpux
pdc
Automatic boot processes on various HP-UX systems follow similar general sequences. When power is applied to the HP-UX system processor, or the system Reset button is pressed, the firmware processor-dependent code ( pdc ) is executed to verify hardware and general system integrity. After checking the hardware, pdc gives the user the option to override the autoboot sequence by pressing the Esc key. A message resembling the following usually appears on the console. (c) Copyright. Hewlett-Packard Company. 1994.
All rights reserved.
PDC ROM rev. 130.0
32 MB of memory configured and tested.
Selecting a system to boot.
To stop selection process, press and hold the ESCAPE key... If no keyboard activity is detected,
pdc commences the autoboot sequence by loading
isl and transferring control to it.
isl
The initial system loader ( isl ) implements the operating-system-independent portion of the bootstrap process. It is loaded and executed after self-test and initialization have completed successfully. Typically, when control is transferred to isl, an autoboot sequence takes place. An autoboot sequence allows a complete bootstrap operation to occur with no intervention from an operator. While an autoboot sequence occurs, isl finds and executes the autoexecute file which requests that hpux be run with appropriate arguments. Messages similar to the following are displayed by isl on the console: Booting from: scsi.6 HP 2213A
Hard booted.
ISL Revision A.00.09 March 27, 1990
ISL booting hpux boot disk(;0)/stand/vmunix
hpux
hpux, the secondary system loader, then announces the operation it is performing, in this case the boot operation, the device file from which the load p_w_picpath comes, and the TEXT size, DATA size, BSS size, and start address of the load p_w_picpath, as shown below, before control is passed to the p_w_picpath. Booting disk(scsi.6;0)/stand/vmunix
966616+397312+409688 start 0x6c50 Finally, the loaded p_w_picpath displays numerous configuration and status messages, and passes control to the
init process.
Single-user Boot
A single-user boot in HP-UX is sometimes referred to as an interactive boot or attended mode boot. Pressing the Escape key at the boot banner on an older Series 700 workstation halts the automatic boot sequence, puts you into attended mode, and displays the Boot Console User Interface main menu, a sample of which is below. Selecting a system to boot.
To stop selection process, press and hold the ESCAPE key.
Selection process stopped.
Searching for Potential Boot Devices.
To terminate search, press and hold the ESCAPE key.
Device Selection Device Path Device Type
-------------------------------------------------------------
P0 scsi.6.0 QUANTUM PD210S
P1 scsi.1.0 HP 2213A
P2 lan.ffffff-ffffff.f.f hpfoobar
b) Boot from specified device
s) Search for bootable devices
a) Enter Boot Administration mode
x) Exit and continue boot sequence
Select from menu: In this case the system automatically searches the SCSI, LAN, and EISA interfaces for all potential boot devices-devices for which boot I/O code (IODC) exists. The key to booting to single-user mode is first to boot to ISL using the
b) option. The ISL is the program that actually controls the loading of the operating system. To do this using the above as an example, you would type the following at the
Select from menu: prompt:
Select from menu: b p0 islThis tells the system to boot to the ISL using the SCSI drive at address 6 (since the device path of P0 is scsi.6.0). After displaying a few messages, the system then produces the ISL> prompt.
Pressing the Escape key at the boot banner on newer Series 700 machines produces the Boot Administration Utility, as shown below.
Command Description ------- ----------- Auto [boot|search] [on|off] Display or set auto flag Boot [pri|alt|scsi.addr][isl] Boot from primary, alt or SCSI Boot lan[.lan_addr][install][isl] Boot from LAN Chassis [on|off] Enable chassis code Diagnostic [on|off] Enable/disable diag boot mode Fastboot [on|off] Display or set fast boot flag Help Display the command menu Information Display system information LanAddress Display LAN station addresses Monitor [type] Select monitor type Path [pri|alt] [lan.id|SCSI.addr] Change boot path Pim [hpmc|toc|lpmc] Display PIM info Search [ipl] [scsi|lan [install]] Display potential boot devices Secure [on|off] Display or set security mode ----------------------------------------------------------------- BOOT_ADMIN>To display bootable devices with this menu you have to execute the Search command at the BOOT_ADMIN> prompt:
BOOT_ADMIN> search Searching for potential boot device. This may take several minutes. To discontinue, press ESCAPE. Device Path Device Type -------------- --------------- scsi.6.0 HP C2247 scsi.3.0 HP HP35450A scsi.2.0 Toshiba CD-ROM BOOT_ADMIN>To boot to ISL from the disk at device path scsi.6.0 type the following:
BOOT_ADMIN>boot scsi.6.0 islOnce you get the ISL prompt you can run the hpux utility to boot the kernel to single-user mode:
ISL>hpux -isThis essentially tells hpux to load the kernel ( /stand/vmunix) into single-user mode ( -is) off the SCSI disk drive containing the kernel. The -is option says to pass the string s to the init process ( i), and the command init s puts the system in single-user mode. In fact, you will see something similar to the following after typing the above command:
Boot : disk(scsi.6;0)/stand/vmunix 966616+397312+409688 start 0x6c50 Kernel Startup Messages Omitted INIT: Overriding default level with level 's' INIT: SINGLE USER MODE WARNING: YOU ARE SUPERUSER!! #
Startup
Beginning with HP-UX 10 /etc/inittab calls /sbin/rc, which in turn calls execution scripts to start subsystems. This approach follows the OSF/1 industry standard and has been adopted by Sun, SGI, and other vendors. There are four components to this method of startup and shutdown: /sbin/rc, execution scripts, configuration variable scripts, and link files./sbin/rc
This script invokes execution scripts based on run levels. It is also known as the startup and shutdown sequencer script.Execution scripts
These scripts start up and shut down various subsystems and are found in the /sbin/init.d directory. /sbin/rc invokes each execution script with one of four arguments, indicating the "mode":| start | Bring the subsystem up |
| start_msg | Report what the start action will do |
| stop | Bring the subsystem down |
| stop_msg | Report what the stop action will do |
These scripts are designed never to be modified. Instead, they are customized by sourcing in configuration files found in the /etc/rc.config.d directory. These configuration files contain variables that you can set. For example, in the configuration file /etc/rc.config.d/netconf you can specify routing tables by setting variables like these:
ROUTE_DESTINATION[0]="default" ROUTE_GATEWAY[0]="gateway_address" ROUTE_COUNT[0]="1"The execution script /sbin/init.d/net sources these and other network-related variables when it runs upon system startup. More on configuration files is described below.
Upon startup a checklist similar to the one below will appear based upon the exit value of each of the execution scripts.
HP-UX Startup in progress ----------------------------------- Mount file systems..............................[ OK ] Setting hostname................................[ OK ] Set privilege group.............................[ OK ] Display date...................................[FAIL]* Enable auxiliary swap space....................[ N/A ] Start syncer daemon.............................[ OK ] Configure LAN interfaces........................[ OK ] Start Software Distributor agent daemo..........[ OK ]The execution scripts have the following exit values:
| 0 | Script exited without error. This causes the status OK to appear in the checklist. |
| 1 | Script encountered errors. This causes the status FAIL to appear in the checklist. |
| 2 | Script was skipped due to overriding control variables from /etc/rc.config.d files or for other reasons, and did not actually do anything. This causes the status N/Ato appear in the checklist. |
| 3 | Script executed normally and requires an immediate system reboot for the changes to take effect. (NOTE: Reserved for key system components). |
Configuration variable scripts
Configuration variable scripts are designed to customize the execution scripts. This goal here is to separate startup files from configuration files so that upgrading your system does not overwrite its configuration. These scripts are written for the POSIX shell ( /usr/bin/sh or /sbin/sh), and not the Bourne shell, ksh, or csh. In some cases, these files must also be read, and possibly modified by other scripts or the SAM program. For this reason, each variable definition must appear on a separate line, in the syntax:variable=valueNo trailing comments may appear on a variable definition line. Comment statements must be on separate lines, with the "#" comment character in column 1. An example of the required syntax for configuration files is given below:
# Cron configuration. See cron(1m) # # CRON: Set to 1 to start cron daemon # CRON=1Both the execution scripts and the configuration files are named after the subsystem they control. For example, the /sbin/init.d/cron execution script controls the cron daemon, and it is customized by the /etc/rc.config.d/cron configuration variable script.
Link Files
These files control the order in which execution scripts run. The /sbin/rc#.d (where # is a run-level) directories are startup and shutdown sequencer directories. They contain only symbolic links to the execution scripts in /sbin/init.d that are executed by /sbin/rc on transition to a specific run level. For example, the /sbin/rc3.d directory contains symbolic links to scripts that are executed when entering run level 3.These directories contain two types of link files: start links and kill links. Start links have names beginning with the capital letter S and are invoked with the start argument at system boot time or on transition to a higher run level. Kill links have names beginning with the capital letter K and are invoked with the stop argument at system shutdown time, or when moving to a lower run level.
Further, all link files in a sequencer directory are numbered to ensure a particular execution sequence. Each script has, as part of its name, a three-digit sequence number. This, in combination with the start and kill notation, provides all the information necessary to properly start up and shut down a system.
The table below shows some samples from the run-level directories. (The sequence numbers shown are only for example and may not accurately represent your system.)
| /sbin/rc0.d | /sbin/rc1.d | /sbin/rc2.d | /sbinrc3.d |
| K480syncer | S100hfsmount | S340net | S000nfs.server |
| K800killall | S320hostname | S500inetd | |
| K900hfsmount | S440savecore | S540sendmail | |
| S500swapstart | S610rbootd | ||
| S520syncer | S720lp | ||
| S730cron | |||
| K270cron | |||
| K280lp | K900nfs.server | ||
| K390rbootd | |||
| K460sendmail | |||
| K500inetd | |||
| K660net |
Because each script in /sbin/init.d performs both the startup and shutdown functions, each will have two links pointing towards the script from /sbin/rc*.d; one for the start action and one for the stop action.
Run Levels and /sbin/rc
In previous HP-UX releases, /etc/rc (now /sbin/rc) was run only once. Now it may run several times during the execution of a system, sequencing the execution scripts when moving between run levels. However, only the subsystems configured for execution, through configuration variables in /etc/rc.config.d, are started or stopped when transitioning the run levels./sbin/rc sequences the startup and shutdown scripts in the appropriate sequencer directories in lexicographical order. Upon transition from a lower to a higher run level, the startscripts for the new run level and all intermediate levels between the old and new level are executed. Upon transition from a higher to a lower run level, the kill scripts for the new run level and all intermediate levels between the old and new level are executed.
When a system is booted to a particular run level, it will execute startup scripts for all run levels up to and including the specified level (except run level 0). For example, if booting to run level 4, /sbin/rc looks at the old run level (S) and the new run level (4) and executes all start scripts in states 1, 2, 3, and 4. Within each level, the start scripts are sorted lexicographically and executed in that order. Each level is sorted and executed separately to ensure that the lower level subsystems are started before the higher level subsystems.
Consequently, when shutting down a system, the reverse takes place. The kill scripts are executed in lexicographical order starting at the highest run level and working down, as to stop the subsystems in the reverse order they were started. As mentioned earlier, the numbering is reversed from the startup order.
Example
If you want cron to start when entering run level 2, you would modify the configuration variable script /etc/rc.config.d/cron to read as follows:# cron config # # CRON=1 to start CRON=1This would be necessary because the execution script, /sbin/init.d/cron contains the following:
# cron startup # . /etc/rc/config if [ $CRON = 1 ] then /usr/sbin/cron ficron will start at run level 2 because in /sbin/rc2.d a link exists from S730cron to /sbin/init.d/cron. /sbin/rc will invoke /sbin/init.d/cron with a start argument because the link name starts with an S.
System Shutdown
To shut down HP-UX for power-off, you can do any of the following:# init 0# shutdown -h -y nowTo shut down and reboot HP-UX:
# reboot# shutdown -r -y nowTo shut down HP-UX to single-user mode:
# init S# shutdown -y now# shutdown 0The -h option to the shutdown command halts the system completely but will prompt you for a message to issue users. The -y option completes the shutdown without asking you any of the questions it would normally ask.
转载于:https://blog.51cto.com/tiany/1384296
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