【原创】如何在 Linux 下调整可打开文件/文件描述符数目

How do I increase the maximum number of open files under CentOS Linux? How do I open more file descriptors under Linux?  

The ulimit command provides control over the resources available to the shell and/or to processes started by it, on systems that allow such control. The maximum number of open file descriptors displayed with following command (login as the root user).  
ulimit 命令提供了针对 shell  和/或由该 shell 启动的进程占用资源的控制。  

Command To List Number Of Open File Descriptors  

Use the following command to display maximum number of open file descriptors:  

?

1	cat /proc/sys/fs/file-max    -- 显示单个登陆会话允许打开的 fd 数目

Output:  

?

1

75000

75000 files normal user can have open in  single login session   . To see the hard and soft values, issue the command as follows:  

?

1 2	# ulimit -Hn # ulimit -Sn

To see the hard and soft values for httpd or oracle user, issue the command as follows:  
通过切换登陆用户，可以查看针对特定登陆用户所设置的 fd 限制数目。  

?

1	# su - username

In this example, su to oracle user, enter:  

?

1 2 3

# su - oracle $ ulimit -Hn $ ulimit -Sn

System-wide File Descriptors (FD) Limits  

The number of concurrently open file descriptors throughout the system can be changed via  /etc/sysctl.conf   file under Linux operating systems.  
系统范围级别的 fd 数量控制需要编辑 /etc/sysctl.conf 内核参数配置文件。  

The Number Of Maximum Files Was Reached, How Do I Fix This Problem?  

Many application such as Oracle database or Apache web server needs this range quite higher. So you can increase the maximum number of open files by setting a new value in kernel variable /proc/sys/fs/file-max as follows (login as the root):  
通过调整内核参数    /proc/sys/fs/file-max 来增加可打开 fd 数目。  

?

1	# sysctl -w fs.file-max=100000   -- 这种方式只能临时修改 fd 数目限制

Above command forces the limit to 100000 files. You need to edit /etc/sysctl.conf file and put following line so that after reboot the setting will remain as it is:  
通过修改 /etc/sysctl.conf 文件，可以在令针对 fd 的修改一直生效。  

?

1	# vi /etc/sysctl.conf

Append a config directive as follows:  

?

1	fs. file -max = 100000  -- 系统范围内修改 fd 数目

Save and close the file. Users need to log out and log back in again to changes take effect or just type the following command:  

?

1	# sysctl -p   -- 不用重启系统令修改生效的方法

Verify your settings with command:  

?

1	# cat /proc/sys/fs/file-max

OR  

?

1	# sysctl fs.file-max

User Level FD Limits  

The above procedure sets system-wide file descriptors (FD) limits. However, you can limit httpd (or any other users) user to specific limits by editing  /etc/security/limits.conf   file, enter:  
通过修改 /etc/security/limits.conf 文件可以在用户级别对 fd 进行限制。  

?

1	# vi /etc/security/limits.conf

Set httpd user soft and hard limits as follows:  

?

1 2	httpd soft nofile 4096   -- 针对 httpd 用户做 fd 限制 httpd hard nofile 10240

Save and close the file. To see limits, enter:  

?

1 2 3

# su - httpd $ ulimit -Hn $ ulimit -Sn