jQuery是个好东西。它诞生于IE6在互联网称霸的那个时代。jQuery的存在让我们的代码能很好的兼容各种平台。
然而,到如今,浏览器技术已经取得了巨大的进步。我们可以自由的使用所有最新众多ES5/ES6提供的原生API,配合革命性的HTML5 API,我们对DOM的操作变得从未如此的容易。WEB开发人员突然发现,没有jQuery其实也能轻松高效的完成项目开发。
不要误会,jQuery仍然是一个强大的工具包,大多时候我们还是要优先选择它。然而,对于一些简单的任务,一些小项目,一个简单的页面,或者移动版网站上,我们使用简单的纯js也许更有效率。下面的10个技巧希望能给大家一些启发。
1. 监听页面加载完成事件
写jQuery代码时,我们通常首先做的是把代码包裹在$(document).ready()
里,这样,当DOM加载完成,可以操作时,包裹的代码才会去执行。除了使用jQuery,我们还可以使用 DOMContentLoaded
事件代替,下面是用例:
/ Add an event listener of DOMContentLoaded to the whole document and call an anonymous function.
// You can then wrap your code in that function's brackets
// and it will execute once loading is complete.
document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () {
// Our hawaiian greeting is displayed as soon as the page loads,
console.log('Aloha');
});
2. 查找/选择页面元素
曾经,我们如果想捕捉一个/一批元素,只能通过 id, class 和 tag 名称,jQuery给我提供了革命性的更具灵活性的基于css的查找方法。随着浏览器的进步,我们现在可以使用两个新型的原生JavaScript API – querySelector
和querySelectorAll:
// We can use document.querySelector to get the first element that matches a certain criteria.
// It's only argument is a string containing one or more CSS selectors.
var lochNess = document.querySelector(".monsters");
console.log("It's from Scotland - " + lochNess.textContent);
// We can also get all elements of a certain type or class by using document.querySelectorAll.
// This returns a NodeList of all the elements that fit our criteria.
var scary = document.querySelectorAll(".monsters");
console.log("Hide and seek champions: ");
for (var i = 0; i < scary.length; i++) {
console.log(scary[i].innerHTML);
}
<ul>
<li class="monsters">Nessy</li>
<li class="monsters">Big foot</li>
<li class="monsters">La chupacabra</li>
</ul>
3. 添加和移除事件监听器
事件监听是WEB应用里非常常见的操作。在过去,IE里的事件监听和其它浏览器的监听方法是不统一/不兼容的。但如今,我们只需要使用addEventListener
就可以了:
var btn = document.querySelectorAll("button"),
list = document.querySelector("ul");
// We call the addEventListener method on our desired event target(in this case a button).
// This will start a listener that will wait until a click is generated on the element.
btn[0].addEventListener("click", function () {
// When this button is clicked we want to enable zooming of our list.
// To do this we add an event listener to our list itself,
// so when the cursor hovers it, the enlarge function gets called.
list.addEventListener("mouseover", enlarge);
});
// To disable the zooming we can simply use removeEventListener.
btn[1].addEventListener("click", function () {
// Removing event listeners doesn't work on anonymous functions, so always use a named one.
list.removeEventListener("mouseover", enlarge);
});
// Let's create our enlarge function.
var enlarge = function () {
// Add class zoomed to the unordered list.
list.classList.add("zoomed");
// When the cursor leaves the list return to normal size by removing the class.
list.addEventListener("mouseout", function () {
list.classList.remove("zoomed")
});
};
// Now we want to be able to color the names by clicking them.
// When a 'click' is registered on one of the list entries it should change its color to green.
// Thanks to event delegation we can actually add an event listener to the whole parent object.
// This way we don't have to add separate event listeners to each <li>.
list.addEventListener("click", function (e) {
// Make the coloring happen only to the clicked element by taking the target of the event.
e.target.classList.add('green');
});
<button>Enable zoom</button>
<button>Disable zoom</button>
<br><br>
Click on any of the names to color them green
<ul>
<li>Chewbacca</li>
<li>Han Solo</li>
<li>Luke</li>
<li>Boba fett</li>
</ul>
.green {
color: green;
}
.zoomed {
cursor: pointer;
font-size: 23px;
}
addEventListener
的用法看起来跟jQuery里的事件监听用法非常相似。
4. 对类和属性的操作
以前,执行对于页面元素css类的各种操作(查找、增加、删除等),如果不用jQuery,那是一件非常麻烦的事情。这样的历史已经一去不复返了,这样要感谢classList 属性。而使用 setAttribute, 我们可对元素属性进行操作。
var btn = document.querySelectorAll("button"),
div = document.querySelector("#myDiv");
btn[0].addEventListener("click", function () {
// Get any attribute easily.
console.log(div.id);
});
// Element.classList stores all classes of the element in the form of a DOMTokenList.
var classes = div.classList;
btn[1].addEventListener("click", function () {
console.log(classes);
});
btn[2].addEventListener("click", function () {
// 可以增加和移除某个类名
classes.add("red");
});
btn[3].addEventListener("click", function () {
// 可以翻转某个类名
classes.toggle("hidden");
});
<div id='myDiv' class="square"></div>
<button>Display id</button>
<button>Display classes</button>
<button>Color red</button>
<button>Toggle visibility</button>
.square {
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
margin-bottom: 20px;
border: 1px solid grey;
border-radius: 5px;
}
.hidden {
visibility: hidden;
}
.red {
background-color: red;
}
5. 获取或设置元素的内容
jQuery里有个非常方便的 text() 和 html() 方法,相对应的,在元素JavaScript里,我们可以使用 textContent 和 innerHTML 两个属性,这两个属性其实并不是新出现的:
var myText = document.querySelector("#myParagraph"),
btn = document.querySelectorAll("button");
// We can easily get the text content of a node and all its descendants.
var myContent = myText.textContent;
console.log("textContent: " + myContent);
// When using textContent to alter the text of an element
// it deletes the old content and replaces it with new.
btn[0].addEventListener('click', function () {
myText.textContent = " Koalas are the best animals ";
});
// If we want to grab all the HTML in a node (including the tags) we can use innerHTML.
var myHtml = myText.innerHTML;
console.log("innerHTML: " + myHtml);
// To change the html simply supply new content.
// Of course we aren't limited to text only this time.
btn[1].addEventListener('click', function () {
myText.innerHTML = "<button> Penguins are the best animals </button>";
});
<p id="myParagraph"><strong> Which are the best animals? </strong></p>
<button>Koalas</button>
<br>
<button>Penguins</button>
6. 循环数组
jQuery里提供了很多实验的方法,比如each()
和 map()
,而在新版的JavaScript api里,我们有了原生的 forEach 和 map ,需要注意的是,它们参数的用法有些不同,并且在回调函数里 this 的代表性也有些不同。
var ninjaTurtles = ["Donatello", "Leonardo", "Michelangelo", "Raphael"];
// ForEach automatically iterates through an array.
ninjaTurtles.forEach(function (entry) {
console.log(entry);
});
// The map method calls a function on every element of an array and creates a new array with the results.
var lovesPizza = ninjaTurtles.map(function (entry) {
return entry.concat(" loves pizza!");
});
console.log(lovesPizza);
7. AJAX
新版的JavaScript API里提供了一个全新的可以实现ajax的API——fetch,这个api采用了全新的 Promise 架构,使用起来更方便,更灵活,详细用法请参考《你不需要jQuery(三):新AJAX方法fetch() 》。
总结
如果你追求极简,不允许页面有半点臃肿,以更快的加载速度和更好的用户体验为目标,那么,你应该试试上面的技巧,不要因为一个很小的功能而滥用jQuery,浏览器在革新,JavaScript在进步,原生的API逐渐取代jQuery是潮流,WEB程序员应多关注这方面的知识技巧,不是吗?