复制(copy) 和 虚复制(virtual copy) 的 区别

 

本文地址: http://blog.csdn.net/caroline_wendy/article/details/16120397

 

在继承过程中, 需要区分复制(copy)和虚复制(virtual copy);

在派生类转换为基类时, 复制(copy)有可能切掉(sliced down)派生对象的派生部分, 只保留基类部分, 使派生类的虚函数无法使用;

为了避免此情况, 如果传入是对象, 则可以定义虚函数clone, 使派生类继承此虚函数, 再传入容器, 可以重载方法;

另外, 如果传入是实参, 使用shared_ptr<Base>配合make_shared<Derived>添加容器, 也可以进行动态绑定;

再传入容器中, 容器会自动调用派生类的重载方法, 实现动态绑定;

注意: 引用限定符(reference qualifier) GCC 4.8.1 才能支持;

 

代码:

/*   * CppPrimer.cpp   *   *  Created on: 2013.11.12   *      Author: Caroline   */    /*eclipse cdt*/    #include <iostream>  #include <string>  #include <vector>  #include <set>    #include <utility>  #include <memory>  #include <cstddef>    using namespace std;    class Quote;    class Quote {  public:  	Quote() = default;  	Quote (const std::string& book, double sales_price) :  		bookNo (book), price (sales_price) {}  	void add_item (const Quote& sale);  	std::string isbn() const { return bookNo; }  	virtual double net_price (std::size_t n) const { return n* price; } //虚函数  	virtual Quote* clone() const & {return new Quote(*this);}  	virtual Quote* clone() && {return new Quote(std::move(*this));}  	virtual ~Quote() = default; //动态绑定析构器  private:  	std::string bookNo;  protected: //受保护类型  	double price = 0.0;  };    class Disc_quote : public Quote { //抽象基类  public:  	Disc_quote() = default;  	Disc_quote (const std::string& book, double price, std::size_t qty, double disc) :  		Quote(book, price), quantity (qty), discount (disc) {}  	double net_price (std::size_t) const = 0; //纯虚函数  protected:  		std::size_t quantity = 0;  		double discount = 0.0;  };    class Bulk_quote final : public Disc_quote { //final限定词, 无法被继承  public:  	Bulk_quote() = default;  	Bulk_quote(const std::string& book, double p, std::size_t qty, double disc) :  		Disc_quote(book, p, qty, disc) {} //使用基类的构造器  	double net_price(std::size_t cnt) const override;  	virtual Bulk_quote* clone() const & {return new Bulk_quote(*this);}  	virtual Bulk_quote* clone() && {return new Bulk_quote(std::move(*this));}  };    double Bulk_quote::net_price(std::size_t cnt) const  {  	if (cnt >= quantity)  		return cnt * (1-discount) * price;  	else  		return cnt * price;  }    double print_total(std::ostream &os, const Quote& item, std::size_t n)  {  	double ret = item.net_price(n);  	os << "ISBN: " << item.isbn() << " # sold: " << n << " total due: " << ret << std::endl;  	return ret;  }    class Basket {  public:  	void add_item (const std::shared_ptr<Quote> &sale) { items.insert(sale); }  	void add_item (const Quote& sale)  	{  		//items.insert(std::shared_ptr<Quote>(new Quote(sale))); //不会动态绑定  		items.insert(std::shared_ptr<Quote>(sale.clone()));  	}  	void add_item (Quote&& sale)  	{  		//items.insert(std::shared_ptr<Quote>(new Quote(std::move(sale)))); //不会动态绑定  		items.insert(std::shared_ptr<Quote>(std::move(sale).clone()));  	}  	double total_reciept (std::ostream&) const;  private:  	static bool compare (const std::shared_ptr<Quote> &lhs,  			const std::shared_ptr<Quote> &rhs)  	{ return lhs->isbn() < rhs->isbn(); };  	std::multiset<std::shared_ptr<Quote>, decltype(compare)*> items{compare};  };    double Basket::total_reciept(std::ostream &os) const  {  	double sum = 0.0;  	for(auto iter = items.cbegin(); iter != items.cend();  			iter = items.upper_bound(*iter)) { //跳过同名书, 直接计算count  		sum += print_total(os, **iter, items.count(*iter)); //*it是shared_ptr; **it是object  	}  	os << "Total Sale: " << sum << std::endl;  	return sum;  }    int main (void) {    	Basket bsk;  	/*bsk.add_item(std::make_shared<Quote>("CppPrimer", 45));  	bsk.add_item(std::make_shared<Bulk_quote>("EffectiveCpp", 50, 2, 0.15));  	bsk.add_item(std::make_shared<Bulk_quote>("EffectiveCpp", 50, 2, 0.15));  	bsk.add_item(std::make_shared<Bulk_quote>("EffectiveCpp", 50, 2, 0.15));*/    	bsk.add_item(Quote("CppPrimer", 45));  	bsk.add_item(Bulk_quote("EffectiveCpp", 50, 2, 0.15));  	bsk.add_item(Bulk_quote("EffectiveCpp", 50, 2, 0.15));  	bsk.add_item(Bulk_quote("EffectiveCpp", 50, 2, 0.15));    	bsk.total_reciept(std::cout);    	return 0;    }


输出:

ISBN: CppPrimer # sold: 1 total due: 45  ISBN: EffectiveCpp # sold: 3 total due: 127.5  Total Sale: 172.5