java base64 原理_基于Java实现的Base64加密、解密原理代码

一、概述

1.Base64是什么：

Base64是网络上最常见的用于传输8Bit字节代码的编码方式之一，大家可以查看RFC2045～RFC2049，上面有MIME的详细规范。Base64编码可用于在HTTP环境下传递较长的标识信息。例如，在Java Persistence系统Hibernate中，就采用了Base64来将一个较长的唯一标识符(一般为128-bit的UUID)编码为一个字符串，用作HTTP表单和HTTP GET URL中的参数。在其他应用程序中，也常常需要把二进制数据编码为适合放在URL(包括隐藏表单域)中的形式。此时，采用Base64编码不仅比较简短，同时也具有不可读性，即所编码的数据不会被人用肉眼所直接看到

2.简介：

标准的Base64并不适合直接放在URL里传输，因为URL编码器会把标准Base64中的“/”和“+”字符变为形如“%XX”的形式，而这些“%”号在存入数据库时还需要再进行转换，因为ANSI SQL中已将“%”号用作通配符。

为解决此问题，可采用一种用于URL的改进Base64编码，它不在末尾填充'='号，并将标准Base64中的“+”和“/”分别改成了“*”和“-”，这样就免去了在URL编解码和数据库存储时所要作的转换，避免了编码信息长度在此过程中的增加，并统一了数据库、表单等处对象标识符的格式。

另有一种用于正则表达式的改进Base64变种，它将“+”和“/”改成了“!”和“-”，因为“+”,“*”以及前面在IRCu中用到的“[”和“]”在正则表达式中都可能具有特殊含义。

此外还有一些变种，它们将“+/”改为“_-”或“._”(用作编程语言中的标识符名称)或“.-”(用于XML中的Nmtoken)甚至“_:”(用于XML中的Name)。

Base64要求把每三个8Bit的字节转换为四个6Bit的字节(3*8 = 4*6 = 24)，然后把6Bit再添两位高位0，组成四个8Bit的字节，也就是说，转换后的字符串理论上将要比原来的长1/3。

3.规则：

关于这个编码的规则：

①.把3个字符变成4个字符..

②.每76个字符加一个换行符..

③.最后的结束符也要处理..

这样说会不会太抽象了？不用着急，我们来看一个例子：

转换前： aaaaaabb ccccdddd eeffffff

转换后： 00aaaaaa 00bbcccc 00ddddee 00ffffff

应该很清楚了吧？上面的三个字节是原文，下面的四个字节是转换后的Base64编码，其前两位均为0。

转换后，我们用一个码表来得到我们想要的字符串(也就是最终的Base64编码)

二、java实现代码示例：

public final class Base64 {

static private final int BASELENGTH = 255;

static private final int LOOKUPLENGTH = 64;

static private final int TWENTYFOURBITGROUP = 24;

static private final int EIGHTBIT = 8;

static private final int SIXTEENBIT = 16;

static private final int SIXBIT = 6;

static private final int FOURBYTE = 4;

static private final int SIGN = -128;

static private final char PAD = '=';

static private final boolean fDebug = false;

static final private byte[] base64Alphabet = new byte[BASELENGTH];

static final private char[] lookUpBase64Alphabet = new char[LOOKUPLENGTH];

static {

for (int i = 0; i < BASELENGTH; i++) {

base64Alphabet[i] = -1;

}

for (int i = 'Z'; i >= 'A'; i--) {

base64Alphabet[i] = (byte) (i - 'A');

}

for (int i = 'z'; i >= 'a'; i--) {

base64Alphabet[i] = (byte) (i - 'a' + 26);

}

for (int i = '9'; i >= '0'; i--) {

base64Alphabet[i] = (byte) (i - '0' + 52);

}

base64Alphabet['+'] = 62;

base64Alphabet['/'] = 63;

for (int i = 0; i <= 25; i++)

lookUpBase64Alphabet[i] = (char) ('A' + i);

for (int i = 26, j = 0; i <= 51; i++, j++)

lookUpBase64Alphabet[i] = (char) ('a' + j);

for (int i = 52, j = 0; i <= 61; i++, j++)

lookUpBase64Alphabet[i] = (char) ('0' + j);

lookUpBase64Alphabet[62] = (char) '+';

lookUpBase64Alphabet[63] = (char) '/';

}

protected static boolean isWhiteSpace(char octect) {

return (octect == 0x20 || octect == 0xd || octect == 0xa || octect == 0x9);

}

protected static boolean isPad(char octect) {

return (octect == PAD);

}

protected static boolean isData(char octect) {

return (base64Alphabet[octect] != -1);

}

protected static boolean isBase64(char octect) {

return (isWhiteSpace(octect) || isPad(octect) || isData(octect));

}

/**

* Encodes hex octects into Base64

*

* @param binaryData

* Array containing binaryData

* @return Encoded Base64 array

*/

public static String encode(byte[] binaryData) {

if (binaryData == null)

return null;

int lengthDataBits = binaryData.length * EIGHTBIT;

if (lengthDataBits == 0) {

return "";

}

int fewerThan24bits = lengthDataBits % TWENTYFOURBITGROUP;

int numberTriplets = lengthDataBits / TWENTYFOURBITGROUP;

int numberQuartet = fewerThan24bits != 0 ? numberTriplets + 1

: numberTriplets;

int numberLines = (numberQuartet - 1) / 19 + 1;

char encodedData[] = null;

encodedData = new char[numberQuartet * 4 + numberLines];

byte k = 0, l = 0, b1 = 0, b2 = 0, b3 = 0;

int encodedIndex = 0;

int dataIndex = 0;

int i = 0;

if (fDebug) {

System.out.println("number of triplets = " + numberTriplets);

}

for (int line = 0; line < numberLines - 1; line++) {

for (int quartet = 0; quartet < 19; quartet++) {

b1 = binaryData[dataIndex++];

b2 = binaryData[dataIndex++];

b3 = binaryData[dataIndex++];

if (fDebug) {

System.out.println("b1= " + b1 + ", b2= " + b2 + ", b3= "

+ b3);

}

l = (byte) (b2 & 0x0f);

k = (byte) (b1 & 0x03);

byte val1 = ((b1 & SIGN) == 0) ? (byte) (b1 >> 2)

: (byte) ((b1) >> 2 ^ 0xc0);

byte val2 = ((b2 & SIGN) == 0) ? (byte) (b2 >> 4)

: (byte) ((b2) >> 4 ^ 0xf0);

byte val3 = ((b3 & SIGN) == 0) ? (byte) (b3 >> 6)

: (byte) ((b3) >> 6 ^ 0xfc);

if (fDebug) {

System.out.println("val2 = " + val2);

System.out.println("k4 = " + (k << 4));

System.out.println("vak = " + (val2 | (k << 4)));

}

encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[val1];

encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[val2

| (k << 4)];

encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[(l << 2)

| val3];

encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[b3 & 0x3f];

i++;

}

encodedData[encodedIndex++] = 0xa;

}

for (; i < numberTriplets; i++) {

b1 = binaryData[dataIndex++];

b2 = binaryData[dataIndex++];

b3 = binaryData[dataIndex++];

if (fDebug) {

System.out.println("b1= " + b1 + ", b2= " + b2 + ", b3= " + b3);

}

l = (byte) (b2 & 0x0f);

k = (byte) (b1 & 0x03);

byte val1 = ((b1 & SIGN) == 0) ? (byte) (b1 >> 2)

: (byte) ((b1) >> 2 ^ 0xc0);

byte val2 = ((b2 & SIGN) == 0) ? (byte) (b2 >> 4)

: (byte) ((b2) >> 4 ^ 0xf0);

byte val3 = ((b3 & SIGN) == 0) ? (byte) (b3 >> 6)

: (byte) ((b3) >> 6 ^ 0xfc);

if (fDebug) {

System.out.println("val2 = " + val2);

System.out.println("k4 = " + (k << 4));

System.out.println("vak = " + (val2 | (k << 4)));

}

encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[val1];

encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[val2 | (k << 4)];

encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[(l << 2) | val3];

encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[b3 & 0x3f];

}

// form integral number of 6-bit groups

if (fewerThan24bits == EIGHTBIT) {

b1 = binaryData[dataIndex];

k = (byte) (b1 & 0x03);

if (fDebug) {

System.out.println("b1=" + b1);

System.out.println("b1<<2 = " + (b1 >> 2));

}

byte val1 = ((b1 & SIGN) == 0) ? (byte) (b1 >> 2)

: (byte) ((b1) >> 2 ^ 0xc0);

encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[val1];

encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[k << 4];

encodedData[encodedIndex++] = PAD;

encodedData[encodedIndex++] = PAD;

} else if (fewerThan24bits == SIXTEENBIT) {

b1 = binaryData[dataIndex];

b2 = binaryData[dataIndex + 1];

l = (byte) (b2 & 0x0f);

k = (byte) (b1 & 0x03);

byte val1 = ((b1 & SIGN) == 0) ? (byte) (b1 >> 2)

: (byte) ((b1) >> 2 ^ 0xc0);

byte val2 = ((b2 & SIGN) == 0) ? (byte) (b2 >> 4)

: (byte) ((b2) >> 4 ^ 0xf0);

encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[val1];

encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[val2 | (k << 4)];

encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[l << 2];

encodedData[encodedIndex++] = PAD;

}

encodedData[encodedIndex] = 0xa;

return new String(encodedData);

}

/**

* Decodes Base64 data into octects

*

* @param binaryData

* Byte array containing Base64 data

* @return Array containind decoded data.

*/

public static byte[] decode(String encoded) {

if (encoded == null)

return null;

char[] base64Data = encoded.toCharArray();

// remove white spaces

int len = removeWhiteSpace(base64Data);

if (len % FOURBYTE != 0) {

return null;// should be divisible by four

}

int numberQuadruple = (len / FOURBYTE);

if (numberQuadruple == 0)

return new byte[0];

byte decodedData[] = null;

byte b1 = 0, b2 = 0, b3 = 0, b4 = 0, marker0 = 0, marker1 = 0;

char d1 = 0, d2 = 0, d3 = 0, d4 = 0;

int i = 0;

int encodedIndex = 0;

int dataIndex = 0;

decodedData = new byte[(numberQuadruple) * 3];

for (; i < numberQuadruple - 1; i++) {

if (!isData((d1 = base64Data[dataIndex++]))

|| !isData((d2 = base64Data[dataIndex++]))

|| !isData((d3 = base64Data[dataIndex++]))

|| !isData((d4 = base64Data[dataIndex++])))

return null;// if found "no data" just return null

b1 = base64Alphabet[d1];

b2 = base64Alphabet[d2];

b3 = base64Alphabet[d3];

b4 = base64Alphabet[d4];

decodedData[encodedIndex++] = (byte) (b1 << 2 | b2 >> 4);

decodedData[encodedIndex++] = (byte) (((b2 & 0xf) << 4) | ((b3 >> 2) & 0xf));

decodedData[encodedIndex++] = (byte) (b3 << 6 | b4);

}

if (!isData((d1 = base64Data[dataIndex++]))

|| !isData((d2 = base64Data[dataIndex++]))) {

return null;// if found "no data" just return null

}

b1 = base64Alphabet[d1];

b2 = base64Alphabet[d2];

d3 = base64Data[dataIndex++];

d4 = base64Data[dataIndex++];

if (!isData((d3)) || !isData((d4))) {// Check if they are PAD characters

if (isPad(d3) && isPad(d4)) { // Two PAD e.g. 3c[Pad][Pad]

if ((b2 & 0xf) != 0)// last 4 bits should be zero

return null;

byte[] tmp = new byte[i * 3 + 1];

System.arraycopy(decodedData, 0, tmp, 0, i * 3);

tmp[encodedIndex] = (byte) (b1 << 2 | b2 >> 4);

return tmp;

} else if (!isPad(d3) && isPad(d4)) { // One PAD e.g. 3cQ[Pad]

b3 = base64Alphabet[d3];

if ((b3 & 0x3) != 0)// last 2 bits should be zero

return null;

byte[] tmp = new byte[i * 3 + 2];

System.arraycopy(decodedData, 0, tmp, 0, i * 3);

tmp[encodedIndex++] = (byte) (b1 << 2 | b2 >> 4);

tmp[encodedIndex] = (byte) (((b2 & 0xf) << 4) | ((b3 >> 2) & 0xf));

return tmp;

} else {

return null;// an error like "3c[Pad]r", "3cdX", "3cXd", "3cXX"

// where X is non data

}

} else { // No PAD e.g 3cQl

b3 = base64Alphabet[d3];

b4 = base64Alphabet[d4];

decodedData[encodedIndex++] = (byte) (b1 << 2 | b2 >> 4);

decodedData[encodedIndex++] = (byte) (((b2 & 0xf) << 4) | ((b3 >> 2) & 0xf));

decodedData[encodedIndex++] = (byte) (b3 << 6 | b4);

}

return decodedData;

}

/**

* remove WhiteSpace from MIME containing encoded Base64 data.

*

* @param data

* the byte array of base64 data (with WS)

* @return the new length

*/

protected static int removeWhiteSpace(char[] data) {

if (data == null)

return 0;

// count characters that's not whitespace

int newSize = 0;

int len = data.length;

for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {

if (!isWhiteSpace(data[i]))

data[newSize++] = data[i];

}

return newSize;

}

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println(encode("中华人民共和国".getBytes()));

}

}