PDO 学习与使用 ( 二 ) PDO 数据提取 和 预处理语句

以数据库 msg 为例,说明 PDO 的数据提取、预处理语句:

mysql> show tables;
+---------------+
| Tables_in_msg |
+---------------+
| message |
+---------------+

mysql> show create table message \G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: message
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `message` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`content` varchar(200) NOT NULL COMMENT '聊天内容',
`flag` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '0-未读 1-已读',
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=3 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8

 

mysql> show columns from message;
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| content | varchar(200) | NO | | NULL | |
| flag | int(11) | NO | | 0 | |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+

 

mysql> select * from message;
+----+---------+------+
| id | content | flag |
+----+---------+------+
| 1 | hello | 1 |
| 2 | world | 1 |
+----+---------+------+

从表中选择数据

<?php

$dsn = 'mysql:host=localhost;dbname=msg';
$username = 'root';
$pwd = '';

try {
    $db_conn = new PDO($dsn, $username, $pwd);
}catch (PDOException $e) {
    echo 'Could not connect to database.<br />'.$e->getMessage();
}

$stmt = $db_conn->query('select * from message');
while($row = $stmt->fetch()) {
    echo $row['id'],'.',$row['content'],'<br />';
}

返回:

1.hello
2.world

 

说明:

① $db_conn 是 PDO 对象

② $stmt 是 PDOStatement 对象,它代表查询,并获取结果(stmt 有预处理的意思)

③ PDOStatement::fetch() 方法可以 处理大量提取数据的模式

④ fetch() 方法将从结果集中取出一行数据

 

 

数据提取模式

fetchAll() 方法可以一次检索所有的行。同时 fetch() 方法 和 fetchAll() 方法 都可以接受 fetch_style 参数,包括:

PDO::FETCH_ASSOC,返回关联数组

<?php
$dsn = 'mysql:host=localhost;dbname=msg';
$username = 'root';
$pwd = '';

try {
    $db_conn = new PDO($dsn, $username, $pwd);
}catch (PDOException $e) {
    echo 'Could not connect to database.<br />'.$e->getMessage();
}

$stmt = $db_conn->query('select * from message');

 $res = $stmt->fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);
 var_dump($res);

返回:

array
  'id' => string '1' (length=1)
  'content' => string 'hello' (length=5)
  'flag' => string '1' (length=1)

 

或(fetchAll):

<?php
$dsn = 'mysql:host=localhost;dbname=msg';
$username = 'root';
$pwd = '';

try {
    $db_conn = new PDO($dsn, $username, $pwd);
}catch (PDOException $e) {
    echo 'Could not connect to database.<br />'.$e->getMessage();
}

$stmt = $db_conn->query('select * from message');

 $res = $stmt->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);
 var_dump($res);

返回:

array
  0 => 
    array
      'id' => string '1' (length=1)
      'content' => string 'hello' (length=5)
      'flag' => string '1' (length=1)
  1 => 
    array
      'id' => string '2' (length=1)
      'content' => string 'world' (length=5)
      'flag' => string '1' (length=1)

 

PDO::FETCH_NUM,返回索引数组:

<?php
$dsn = 'mysql:host=localhost;dbname=msg';
$username = 'root';
$pwd = '';

try {
    $db_conn = new PDO($dsn, $username, $pwd);
}catch (PDOException $e) {
    echo 'Could not connect to database.<br />'.$e->getMessage();
}

$stmt = $db_conn->query('select * from message');

 $res = $stmt->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_NUM);
 var_dump($res);

返回:

array
  0 => 
    array
      0 => string '1' (length=1)
      1 => string 'hello' (length=5)
      2 => string '1' (length=1)
  1 => 
    array
      0 => string '2' (length=1)
      1 => string 'world' (length=5)
      2 => string '1' (length=1)

 

PDO::FETCH_BOTH,返回关联数组和索引数组:

<?php
$dsn = 'mysql:host=localhost;dbname=msg';
$username = 'root';
$pwd = '';

try {
    $db_conn = new PDO($dsn, $username, $pwd);
}catch (PDOException $e) {
    echo 'Could not connect to database.<br />'.$e->getMessage();
}

$stmt = $db_conn->query('select * from message');

 $res = $stmt->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_BOTH);
 var_dump($res);

返回:

array
  0 => 
    array
      'id' => string '1' (length=1)
      0 => string '1' (length=1)
      'content' => string 'hello' (length=5)
      1 => string 'hello' (length=5)
      'flag' => string '1' (length=1)
      2 => string '1' (length=1)
  1 => 
    array
      'id' => string '2' (length=1)
      0 => string '2' (length=1)
      'content' => string 'world' (length=5)
      1 => string 'world' (length=5)
      'flag' => string '1' (length=1)
      2 => string '1' (length=1)

 

 

参数和预处理语句

提取 id = 1 的 message 的信息,要使用一个 预处理语句,告诉 MySQL 这条语句的哪些部分是变量。在运行 PDO::query() 时,组合了 预处理 和 执行步骤:

<?php
$dsn = 'mysql:host=localhost;dbname=msg';
$username = 'root';
$pwd = '';

try {
    $db_conn = new PDO($dsn, $username, $pwd);
}catch (PDOException $e) {
    echo 'Could not connect to database.<br />'.$e->getMessage();
}

$sql = 'select * from message where id = :msg_id';
$stmt = $db_conn->prepare($sql);

//执行预处理
$stmt->execute(array('msg_id'=>2));
$res = $stmt->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);

var_dump($res);

返回:

array
  0 => 
    array
      'id' => string '1' (length=1)
      'content' => string 'hello' (length=5)
      'flag' => string '1' (length=1)

说明:

① 通过传递 SQL 语句作为参数, PDO 对象的 prepare() 方法创建了 PDOStatement($stmt);

② :msg_id 前面的冒号表示这是一个占位符(placeholder);

③ 在实际查询前,会用真正的值来替换占位符

④ execute() 方法执行查询

⑤ 必须为 SQL 中的每一个占位符传入值,需要创建一个与占位符数量相同的元素组成的数组,每个占位符都有一个与之匹配的数组元素,数组元素的键名和占位符一致,数组元素的实际值替换占位符

 

占位符的另外一种形式:

<?php
$dsn = 'mysql:host=localhost;dbname=msg';
$username = 'root';
$pwd = '';

try {
    $db_conn = new PDO($dsn, $username, $pwd);
}catch (PDOException $e) {
    echo 'Could not connect to database.<br />'.$e->getMessage();
}

$sql = 'select * from message where id = ? and flag = ?';
$stmt = $db_conn->prepare($sql);

//执行预处理
$stmt->execute(array(2, 1));
$res = $stmt->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);

var_dump($res);

返回:

array
  0 => 
    array
      'id' => string '2' (length=1)
      'content' => string 'world' (length=5)
      'flag' => string '1' (length=1)

说明:

占位符可以不需要名字,而用 ? 为变量保留一个位置作为没有命名的占位符。

 

当使用预处理时,为占位符传入的值已经溢出(删除了不需要的字符),因为 MySQL 知道这些都是可能改变的值。

 

 

绑定值和预处理语句的变量

当使用 不同的值 重复调用 相同的查询 时,只会有很小的系统弄个开销,可以设置一些元素用于每次查询 - PDOStatement::buildValue():

<?php
$dsn = 'mysql:host=localhost;dbname=msg';
$username = 'root';
$pwd = '';

try {
    $db_conn = new PDO($dsn, $username, $pwd);
}catch (PDOException $e) {
    echo 'Could not connect to database.<br />'.$e->getMessage();
}

$sql = 'select * from message where id = :msg_id and flag = :msg_flag';
$stmt = $db_conn->prepare($sql);

//绑定值
$stmt->bindValue(':msg_id', 1);

$stmt->bindValue(':msg_flag', 1);
$stmt->execute();
$res = $stmt->fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);

$stmt->bindValue('msg_id', 2);
$stmt->execute();
$res2 = $stmt->fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);

var_dump($res);
var_dump($res2);

输出:

array
  'id' => string '1' (length=1)
  'content' => string 'hello' (length=5)
  'flag' => string '1' (length=1)
array
  'id' => string '2' (length=1)
  'content' => string 'world' (length=5)
  'flag' => string '1' (length=1)

 

还可以使用 PDOStatement::bindParam() 将参数和变量绑定:

<?php
$dsn = 'mysql:host=localhost;dbname=msg';
$username = 'root';
$pwd = '';

try {
    $db_conn = new PDO($dsn, $username, $pwd);
}catch (PDOException $e) {
    echo 'Could not connect to database.<br />'.$e->getMessage();
}

$sql = 'select * from message where id = :msg_id and flag = :msg_flag';
$stmt = $db_conn->prepare($sql);

//绑定值
$stmt->bindParam(':msg_id', $msgid);

$stmt->bindValue(':msg_flag', 1);
$msgid = 1;
$stmt->execute();
$res = $stmt->fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);

$stmt->bindValue('msg_id', 2);
$stmt->execute();
$res2 = $stmt->fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);

var_dump($res);
var_dump($res2);

输出:

array
  'id' => string '1' (length=1)
  'content' => string 'hello' (length=5)
  'flag' => string '1' (length=1)
array
  'id' => string '2' (length=1)
  'content' => string 'world' (length=5)
  'flag' => string '1' (length=1)

 

 

插入一行数据并获取 ID

<?php
$dsn = 'mysql:host=localhost;dbname=msg';
$username = 'root';
$pwd = '';

try {
    $db_conn = new PDO($dsn, $username, $pwd);
}catch (PDOException $e) {
    echo 'Could not connect to database.<br />'.$e->getMessage();
}

$sql = 'insert into message (content, flag) values (:content, :flag)';
$stmt = $db_conn->prepare($sql);

$stmt->execute(array(
    ':content'=>'诸葛四郎和魔鬼党,到底谁抢到那支宝剑',
    ':flag'=>2
    )
);

echo 'new id: ',$db_conn->lastInsertId(); 

输出:new id: 3

说明:lastinsertId() 是 PDO 对象而不是 PDOStatement 对象。

注意:插入中文时为避免乱码,需要在实例化 PDO 对象时增加一个参数 $opt:

$dsn = 'mysql:host=localhost;dbname=msg';
$username = 'root';
$pwd = '';
$opt = array(PDO::MYSQL_ATTR_INIT_COMMAND => "set names utf8");

try {
    $db_conn = new PDO($dsn, $username, $pwd, $opt);
}catch (PDOException $e) {
    echo 'Could not connect to database.<br />'.$e->getMessage();
}

 

 

返回插入、更新或删除的数据的数量

当执行 Insert、Update、Delete 语句时,可以通过 rowCount() 方法 找出多少行内容已经改变:

<?php
$dsn = 'mysql:host=localhost;dbname=msg';
$username = 'root';
$pwd = '';

try {
    $db_conn = new PDO($dsn, $username, $pwd);
}catch (PDOException $e) {
    echo 'Could not connect to database.<br />'.$e->getMessage();
}

$sql = 'update message set flag = :flag where flag = 1';
$stmt = $db_conn->prepare($sql);

$stmt->execute(array(':flag'=>3));

echo $stmt->rowCount(),' rows uodated.'; 

输出:2 rows uodated.

说明:rowCount() 方法是 PDOStatement 对象。

 

 

删除数据 

<?php
$dsn = 'mysql:host=localhost;dbname=msg';
$username = 'root';
$pwd = '';

try {
    $db_conn = new PDO($dsn, $username, $pwd);
}catch (PDOException $e) {
    echo 'Could not connect to database.<br />'.$e->getMessage();
}

$sql = 'delete from message where id = :msgid';
$stmt = $db_conn->prepare($sql);

$stmt->execute(array(':msgid'=>2));

echo $stmt->rowCount(),' row(s) deleted.'; 

输出:1 row(s) deleted.

 

 

附:《PDO 学习与使用 ( 一 ) :PDO 对象、exec 方法、query 方法与防 SQL 注入

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