CRUD是Create(创建)、Read(读取)、Update(更新)和Delete(删除)的缩写,它是普通应用程序的缩影。如果您掌握了某框架的CRUD编写,那么意味可以使用该框架创建普通应用程序了,所以大家使用新框架开发OLTP(Online Transaction Processing)应用程序时,首先会研究一下如何编写CRUD。这类似于大家在学习新编程语言时喜欢编写“Hello World”。
    本文旨在讲述Struts 2上的CRUD开发,所以为了例子的简单易懂,我不会花时间在数据库的操作上。取而代之的是一个模拟数据库的哈希表(Hash Map)。

具体实现

首先,让我们看看的“冒牌”的DAO(Data Access Object,数据访问对象),代码如下:
    
None.gif package tutorial.dao;
None.gif
None.gif
import java.util.Collection;
None.gif
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
None.gif
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap;
None.gif
None.gif
import tutorial.model.Book;
None.gif
ExpandedBlockStart.gifContractedBlock.gif
public class BookDao dot.gif {
InBlock.gif    
private static final BookDao instance;
InBlock.gif    
private static final ConcurrentMap<String, Book> data;
InBlock.gif    
ExpandedSubBlockStart.gifContractedSubBlock.gif    
static dot.gif{
InBlock.gif        instance
= new BookDao();
InBlock.gif        data
= new ConcurrentHashMap<String, Book>();
InBlock.gif        data.put(
"978-0735619678", new Book("978-0735619678", "Code Complete, Second Edition", 32.99));
InBlock.gif        data.put(
"978-0596007867", new Book("978-0596007867", "The Art of Project Management", 35.96));
InBlock.gif        data.put(
"978-0201633610", new Book("978-0201633610", "Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software", 43.19));
InBlock.gif        data.put(
"978-0596527341", new Book("978-0596527341", "Information Architecture for the World Wide Web: Designing Large-Scale Web Sites", 25.19));
InBlock.gif        data.put(
"978-0735605350", new Book("978-0735605350", "Software Estimation: Demystifying the Black Art", 25.19));
ExpandedSubBlockEnd.gif    }

InBlock.gif    
ExpandedSubBlockStart.gifContractedSubBlock.gif    
private BookDao() dot.gif{}
InBlock.gif    
ExpandedSubBlockStart.gifContractedSubBlock.gif    
public static BookDao getInstance() dot.gif{
InBlock.gif        
return instance;
ExpandedSubBlockEnd.gif    }

InBlock.gif    
ExpandedSubBlockStart.gifContractedSubBlock.gif    
public Collection<Book> getBooks() dot.gif{
InBlock.gif        
return data.values();
ExpandedSubBlockEnd.gif    }

InBlock.gif    
ExpandedSubBlockStart.gifContractedSubBlock.gif    
public Book getBook(String isbn) dot.gif{
InBlock.gif        
return data.get(isbn);
ExpandedSubBlockEnd.gif    }

InBlock.gif    
ExpandedSubBlockStart.gifContractedSubBlock.gif    
public void storeBook(Book book) dot.gif{
InBlock.gif        data.put(book.getIsbn(), book);
ExpandedSubBlockEnd.gif    }

InBlock.gif        
ExpandedSubBlockStart.gifContractedSubBlock.gif    
public void removeBook(String isbn) dot.gif{
InBlock.gif        data.remove(isbn);
ExpandedSubBlockEnd.gif    }

InBlock.gif    
ExpandedSubBlockStart.gifContractedSubBlock.gif    
public void removeBooks(String[] isbns) dot.gif{
ExpandedSubBlockStart.gifContractedSubBlock.gif        
for(String isbn : isbns) dot.gif{
InBlock.gif            data.remove(isbn);
ExpandedSubBlockEnd.gif        }

ExpandedSubBlockEnd.gif    }

ExpandedBlockEnd.gif}
清单1 src/tutorial/dao/BookDao.java
以上代码相信不用解释大家也清楚,我使用ConcurrentMap数据结构存储Book对象,这主要是为了方便检索和保存Book对象;另外,我还将data变量设为静态唯一来模拟应用程序的数据库。
接下来是的数据模型Book类,代码如下:
None.gif package tutorial.model;
None.gif
ExpandedBlockStart.gifContractedBlock.gif
public class Book dot.gif {
InBlock.gif    
private String isbn;
InBlock.gif    
private String title;
InBlock.gif    
private double price;
InBlock.gif    
ExpandedSubBlockStart.gifContractedSubBlock.gif    
public Book() dot.gif{        
ExpandedSubBlockEnd.gif    }

InBlock.gif    
ExpandedSubBlockStart.gifContractedSubBlock.gif    
public Book(String isbn, String title, double price) dot.gif{
InBlock.gif        
this.isbn = isbn;
InBlock.gif        
this.title = title;
InBlock.gif        
this.price = price;
ExpandedSubBlockEnd.gif    }

InBlock.gif
ExpandedSubBlockStart.gifContractedSubBlock.gif    
public String getIsbn() dot.gif{
InBlock.gif        
return isbn;
ExpandedSubBlockEnd.gif    }

InBlock.gif
ExpandedSubBlockStart.gifContractedSubBlock.gif    
public void setIsbn(String isbn) dot.gif{
InBlock.gif        
this.isbn = isbn;
ExpandedSubBlockEnd.gif    }

InBlock.gif
ExpandedSubBlockStart.gifContractedSubBlock.gif    
public double getPrice() dot.gif{
InBlock.gif        
return price;
ExpandedSubBlockEnd.gif    }

InBlock.gif
ExpandedSubBlockStart.gifContractedSubBlock.gif    
public void setPrice(double price) dot.gif{
InBlock.gif        
this.price = price;
ExpandedSubBlockEnd.gif    }

InBlock.gif
ExpandedSubBlockStart.gifContractedSubBlock.gif    
public String getTitle() dot.gif{
InBlock.gif        
return title;
ExpandedSubBlockEnd.gif    }

InBlock.gif
ExpandedSubBlockStart.gifContractedSubBlock.gif    
public void setTitle(String title) dot.gif{
InBlock.gif        
this.title = title;
ExpandedSubBlockEnd.gif    }
   
ExpandedBlockEnd.gif}
清单2 src/tutorial/model/Book.java
Book类有三个属性isbn,、title和price分别代表书籍的编号、名称和价格,其中编号用于唯一标识书籍(相当数据库中的主键)。
然后,我们再来看看Action类的代码:
None.gif package tutorial.action;
None.gif
None.gif
import java.util.Collection;
None.gif
None.gif
import tutorial.dao.BookDao;
None.gif
import tutorial.model.Book;
None.gif
None.gif
import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport;
None.gif
ExpandedBlockStart.gifContractedBlock.gif
public class BookAction extends ActionSupport dot.gif {
InBlock.gif    
private static final long serialVersionUID = 872316812305356L;
InBlock.gif    
InBlock.gif    
private String isbn;
InBlock.gif    
private String[] isbns;
InBlock.gif    
private Book book;
InBlock.gif    
private Collection<Book> books;
InBlock.gif    
private BookDao dao =  BookDao.getInstance();
InBlock.gif        
ExpandedSubBlockStart.gifContractedSubBlock.gif    
public Book getBook() dot.gif{
InBlock.gif        
return book;
ExpandedSubBlockEnd.gif    }

InBlock.gif
ExpandedSubBlockStart.gifContractedSubBlock.gif    
public void setBook(Book book) dot.gif{
InBlock.gif        
this.book = book;
ExpandedSubBlockEnd.gif    }

InBlock.gif
ExpandedSubBlockStart.gifContractedSubBlock.gif    
public String getIsbn() dot.gif{
InBlock.gif        
return isbn;
ExpandedSubBlockEnd.gif    }

InBlock.gif
ExpandedSubBlockStart.gifContractedSubBlock.gif    
public void setIsbn(String isbn) dot.gif{
InBlock.gif        
this.isbn = isbn;
ExpandedSubBlockEnd.gif    }

InBlock.gif
ExpandedSubBlockStart.gifContractedSubBlock.gif    
public String[] getIsbns() dot.gif{
InBlock.gif        
return isbns;
ExpandedSubBlockEnd.gif    }

InBlock.gif
ExpandedSubBlockStart.gifContractedSubBlock.gif    
public void setIsbns(String[] isbns) dot.gif{
InBlock.gif        
this.isbns = isbns;
ExpandedSubBlockEnd.gif    }

InBlock.gif        
ExpandedSubBlockStart.gifContractedSubBlock.gif    
public Collection<Book> getBooks() dot.gif{
InBlock.gif        
return books;
ExpandedSubBlockEnd.gif    }

InBlock.gif
ExpandedSubBlockStart.gifContractedSubBlock.gif    
public void setBooks(Collection<Book> books) dot.gif{
InBlock.gif        
this.books = books;
ExpandedSubBlockEnd.gif    }

InBlock.gif
ExpandedSubBlockStart.gifContractedSubBlock.gif    
public String load() dot.gif{
InBlock.gif        book
= dao.getBook(isbn);
InBlock.gif        
return SUCCESS;
ExpandedSubBlockEnd.gif    }

InBlock.gif
ExpandedSubBlockStart.gifContractedSubBlock.gif    
public String list() dot.gif{
InBlock.gif        books
= dao.getBooks();
InBlock.gif        
return SUCCESS;
ExpandedSubBlockEnd.gif    }

InBlock.gif        
ExpandedSubBlockStart.gifContractedSubBlock.gif    
public String store() dot.gif{
InBlock.gif        dao.storeBook(book);
InBlock.gif        
return SUCCESS;
ExpandedSubBlockEnd.gif    }

InBlock.gif    
ExpandedSubBlockStart.gifContractedSubBlock.gif    
public String remove() dot.gif{
ExpandedSubBlockStart.gifContractedSubBlock.gif        
if(null != isbn) dot.gif{
InBlock.gif            dao.removeBook(isbn);
ExpandedSubBlockStart.gifContractedSubBlock.gif        }
else dot.gif{
InBlock.gif            dao.removeBooks(isbns);
ExpandedSubBlockEnd.gif        }

InBlock.gif        
return SUCCESS;
ExpandedSubBlockEnd.gif    }

ExpandedBlockEnd.gif}
清单3 src/tutorial/action/BookAction.java
BookAction类中属性isbn用于表示待编辑或删除的书籍的编号,属性isbns用于表示多个待删除的书籍的编号数组,属性book表示当前书籍,属性books则表示当前的书籍列表。BookAction有四个Action方法分别是load、list、store和remove,也即是CRUD都集中在BookAction中实现。
再下来是Action的配置代码:
<? xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>

<! DOCTYPE struts PUBLIC
    "-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 2.0//EN"
    "http://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-2.0.dtd"
>

< struts >
   
< package name ="Struts2_CRUD_DEMO" extends ="struts-default" namespace ="/Book" >
       
< action name ="List" class ="tutorial.action.BookAction" method ="list" >
           
< result > List.jsp </ result >
       
</ action >
       
< action name ="Edit" class ="tutorial.action.BookAction" method ="load" >
           
< result > Edit.jsp </ result >
       
</ action >
       
< action name ="Store" class ="tutorial.action.BookAction" method ="store" >
           
< result type ="redirect" > List.action </ result >
       
</ action >
       
< action name ="Remove" class ="tutorial.action.BookAction" method ="remove" >
           
< result type ="redirect" > List.action </ result >
       
</ action >
   
</ package >
</ struts >
清单4 src/struts.xml
以上的配置中,我使用了四个Action定义。它们都在“/Book”名值空间内。这样我就可以分别通过“[url]http://localhost:8080/Struts2_CRUD/Book/List.action[/url]”、“[url]http://localhost:8080/Struts2_CRUD/Book/Edit.action[/url]”、“[url]http://localhost:8080/Struts2_CRUD/Book/Store.action[/url]”和“[url]http://localhost:8080/Struts2_CRUD/Book/Remove.action[/url]”来调用BookAction的四个Action方法进行CRUD操作。当然,这只是个人喜好,你大可以只定义一个Action(假设其名称为“Book”),之后通过“[url]http://localhost:8080/Struts2_CRUD/Book!list.action[/url]”的方式来访问,详细做法请参考《 Struts 2.0的Action讲解》。另外,我由于希望在完成编辑或删除之后回到列表页,所以使用类型为redirect(重定向)的result。
下面是列表页面的代码:
<% @ page language = " java " contentType = " text/html; charset=utf-8 " pageEncoding = " utf-8 " %>
<% @ taglib prefix = " s " uri = " /struts-tags " %>

<! DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd" >
< html xmlns ="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" >
< head >
   
< title > Book List </ title >
   
< style type ="text/css" >
        table
{
            border
: 1px solid black ;
            border-collapse
: collapse ;
       
}
        
        table thead tr th
{
            border
: 1px solid black ;
            padding
: 3px ;
            background-color
: #cccccc ;
       
}
        
        table tbody tr td
{
            border
: 1px solid black ;
            padding
: 3px ;
       
}
   
</ style >
</ head >
< body >    
   
< h2 > Book List </ h2 >
   
< s:form action ="Remove" theme ="simple" >
       
< table cellspacing ="0" >
           
< thead >
               
< tr >
                   
< th > Select </ th >
                   
< th > ISBN </ th >
                   
< th > Title </ th >
                   
< th > Price </ th >
                   
< th > Operation </ th >
               
</ tr >
           
</ thead >
           
< tbody >
               
< s:iterator value ="books" >
                   
< tr >
                       
< td >< input type ="checkbox" name ="isbns" value ='<s:property value ="isbn" /> ' /> </ td >
                       
< td >< s:property value ="isbn" /></ td >
                       
< td >< s:property value ="title" /></ td >
                       
< td > $ < s:property value ="price" /></ td >
                       
< td >
                           
< a href ='<s:url action ="Edit" >< s:param name ="isbn" value ="isbn" /></ s:url > '>
                                Edit
                           
</ a >
                           
&nbsp;
                           
< a href ='<s:url action ="Remove" >< s:param name ="isbn" value ="isbn" /></ s:url > '>
                                Delete
                           
</ a >
                       
</ td >
                   
</ tr >
               
</ s:iterator >
           
</ tbody >
       
</ table >
       
< s:submit value ="Remove" />< a href ="Edit.jsp" > Add Book </ a >
   
</ s:form >    
</ body >
</ html >
清单5 WebContent\Book\List.jsp
以上代码,值得注意的是在<s:form>标签,我设置了theme属性为“simple”,这样可以取消其默认的表格布局。之前,有些朋友问我“如果不希望提交按钮放在右边应该怎样做?”,上述做汗是答案之一。当然,更佳的做法自定义一个theme,并将其设为默认应用到整个站点,如此一来就可以得到统一的站点风格。我会在以后的文章中会对此作详细的描述。
编辑或添加书籍的页面代码如下:
<% @ page language = " java " contentType = " text/html; charset=utf-8 " pageEncoding = " utf-8 " %>
<% @ taglib prefix = " s " uri = " /struts-tags " %>

<! DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd" >
< html xmlns ="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" >
< head >
   
< title > Book </ title >
</ head >
< body >    
   
< h2 >
       
< s:if test ="null == book" >
            Add Book
       
</ s:if >
       
< s:else >
            Edit Book
       
</ s:else >
   
</ h2 >
   
< s:form action ="Store" >
       
< s:textfield name ="book.isbn" label ="ISBN" />
       
< s:textfield name ="book.title" label ="Title" />
       
< s:textfield name ="book.price" label ="Price" />
       
< s:submit />
   
</ s:form >
</ body >
</ html >
清单6 WebContent/Book/Edit.jsp
如果book为null,则表明该页面用于添加书籍,反之则为编辑页面。
为了方便大家运行示例,我把web.xml的代码也贴出来,如下:
<? xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
< web-app id ="WebApp_9" version ="2.4"
    xmlns
="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee"
    xmlns:xsi
="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xsi:schemaLocation
="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee [url]http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee/web-app_2_4.xsd[/url]" >

   
< display-name > Struts 2 Fileupload </ display-name >
    
   
< filter >
       
< filter-name > struts2 </ filter-name >
       
< filter-class >
            org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.FilterDispatcher
       
</ filter-class >
   
</ filter >

   
< filter-mapping >
       
< filter-name > struts2 </ filter-name >
       
< url-pattern > /* </ url-pattern >
   
</ filter-mapping >

   
< welcome-file-list >
       
< welcome-file > index.html </ welcome-file >
   
</ welcome-file-list >

</ web-app >
清单7 WebContent/WEB-INF/web.xml
大功告成,下面发布运行应用程序,在浏览器中键入: [url]http://localhost:8080/Struts2_CRUD/Book/List.action[/url],出现如下图所示页面:
r_img1.gif
清单8 列表页面
点击“Add Book”,出现如下图所示页面:
r_img2.gif
清单9 添加书籍页面
后退回到列表页面,点击“Edit”,出现如下图所示页面:
r_img3.gif
清单10 编辑书籍页面

总结

本文只是粗略地了介绍Struts 2的CRUD实现方法,所以有很多功能没有实现,如国际化和数据校验等。大家可以在上面例子的基础将其完善,当作练习也不错。如果过程中有不明白之处,可以参考我早前的文章或给我发E-Mail: [email]max.m.yuan@gmail.com[/email]