Linux内容处理 --- grep工具

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本文索引

• grep基本用法
• 正则
• 扩展正则 grep -E
• 实用grep实例

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grep基本用法

grep [-cinvABC] 'word' filename

• centos7.x版本的grep实则为grep --color=auto
• -c 显示匹配到的行数

[root@localhost ~]# cp /etc/passwd /tmp
[root@localhost ~]# cd /tmp
[root@localhost tmp]# 

[root@centos7 tmp]# grep -c 'root' passwd 
2

• -i 忽略大小写

[root@centos7 tmp]# grep -i castiel passwd
castiel:x:1000:1000::/home/castiel:/bin/bash
Castiel:X:1000:1000::/home/castiel:/bin/bash

• -n 显示匹配行的同时显示行号

[root@centos7 tmp]# grep -n 'root' passwd
1:root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
10:operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin

• -v 对匹配信息取反

[root@centos7 tmp]# grep -iv castiel passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
.....

• -r 递归匹配过滤（对目录进行操作）

[root@centos7 tmp]# grep -r 'root' /etc
/etc/pki/ca-trust/ca-legacy.conf:# The upstream Mozilla.org project tests all changes to the root CA
/etc/pki/ca-trust/ca-legacy.conf:# to temporarily keep certain (legacy) root CA certificates trusted,
/etc/pki/ca-trust/ca-legacy.conf:#   It may keep root CA certificate as trusted, which the upstream 
/etc/pki/ca-trust/extracted/README:root CA certificates.
/etc/pki/ca-trust/extracted/java/README:root CA certificates.
匹配到二进制文件 /etc/pki/ca-trust/extracted/java/cacerts
/etc/pki/ca-trust/extracted/openssl/README:root CA certificates.
/etc/pki/ca-trust/extracted/openssl/ca-bundle.trust.crt:# Comodo AAA Services root
/etc/pki/ca-trust/extracted/openssl/ca-bundle.trust.crt:# Comodo Secure Services root
/etc/pki/ca-trust/extracted/openssl/ca-bundle.trust.crt:# Comodo Trusted Services root

• -An(after) 显示匹配行及其后n行

[root@centos7 tmp]# grep -A2 'root' passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
--
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin
ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin

• -Bn(before) 显示匹配行及其前n行

[root@centos7 tmp]# grep -B2 'root' passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
--
halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin

• -Cn 显示匹配行及其前后n行

[root@centos7 tmp]# grep -C2 'root' passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
--
halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin
ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin

正则

# 测试内容
[root@localhost ~]# cat test.txt 
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
111111111111111111111111111111

aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
#abcskhd

• 数字 [0-9]

[root@localhost ~]# grep '[0-9]' test.txt 
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
111111111111111111111111111111

• 字母 [a-zA-Z]

[root@localhost ~]# grep '[a-zA-Z]' test.txt 
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
#abcskhd

• 取反 [^] (在方括号内才表示取反)

[root@localhost ~]# grep '[^a-zA-Z]' test.txt 
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
111111111111111111111111111111
#abcskhd

• 开头 ^

[root@localhost ~]# grep '^#' test.txt 
#abcskhd

• 结尾 $

[root@localhost ~]# grep 'in$' test.txt 
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin

• 匹配任意1个字符 .

[root@localhost ~]# grep 'b.n' test.txt 
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin

• 匹配0或多个之前的一个字符 *

[root@localhost ~]# grep 'a*m' test.txt 
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin

扩展正则（grep -E 或 egrep）

• 匹配1或多个之前的一个字符 +

[root@localhost ~]# grep -E 'ro+t' test.txt 
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash

• 匹配花括号之前那个字符的个数 {n} 或 {n, m}

[root@localhost ~]# grep -E 'o{2}' test.txt 
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin

[root@localhost ~]# grep -E 'o{1,2}' test.txt 
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin

• 匹配0或1个之前的字符 ?

# 匹配0或1个字符o
[root@localhost ~]# grep -E 'oo?' test.txt 
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin

• 匹配其中之一个表达式：|

[root@localhost ~]# grep -E '111|aaa' test.txt
111111111111111111111111111111
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa

实用grep实例

• 过滤注释行 grep -v '^#'
• 过滤空行 grep -v '^$'
• 过滤手机号 grep -E '+86-[0-9]{11}'

[root@centos7 tmp]# echo "+86-15301203401" | grep -E '+86-[0-9]{11}' 
+86-15301203401

• 过滤邮箱 grep -E '\.\*@\.\*\.\.\*'

[root@centos7 tmp]# echo "12ab3#@123@qq.com" | grep -E '.*@.*\..*'
12ab3#@123@qq.com
[root@centos7 tmp]# echo "12323@163.com" | grep -E '.*@.*\..*'
12323@163.com

• 过滤出/etc目录下，包含root字符的所有的.conf文件内的行！--include

[root@centos7 tmp]# grep -r --include="*.conf" 'root' /etc
/etc/pki/ca-trust/ca-legacy.conf:# The upstream Mozilla.org project tests all changes to the root CA
/etc/pki/ca-trust/ca-legacy.conf:# to temporarily keep certain (legacy) root CA certificates trusted,
/etc/pki/ca-trust/ca-legacy.conf:#   It may keep root CA certificate as trusted, which the upstream 
/etc/yum/pluginconf.d/fastestmirror.conf:# as root).
/etc/selinux/semanage.conf:ignoredirs=/root
/etc/dbus-1/system.d/teamd.conf:	<policy user="root">
/etc/dbus-1/system.d/org.freedesktop.hostname1.conf:        <policy user="root">
/etc/dbus-1/system.d/org.freedesktop.import1.conf:        <policy user="root">
/etc/dbus-1/system.d/org.freedesktop.locale1.conf:        <policy user="root">
......

• 扩展正则 ( ) 的应用

[root@localhost ~]# grep -E 'a(e|d)m' test.txt
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin

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转载于:https://my.oschina.net/LuCastiel/blog/1570708