选路原则：
研究属性的方向:
1、传播范围 weight 在本地设备上有用
2、默认值
3、属性取值的优先级
试验拓扑图：
一、预配
R1：
interface s1/0
ip address 12.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
no shut
interface s1/1
ip address 13.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
no shut
interface lo0
ip address 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
no shut
R2:
interface s1/0
ip address 12.1.1.2 255.255.255.0
no shut
interface s1/1
ip address 24.1.1.2 255.255.255.0
no shut
interface lo0
ip address 2.2.2.2 255.255.255.0
no shut
R3:
interface s1/1
ip address 13.1.1.3 255.255.255.0
no shut
interface f0/0
ip address 34.1.1.3 255.255.255.0
no shut
interface lo0
ip address 3.3.3.3 255.255.255.0
no shut
R4:
interface s1/1
ip address 24.1.1.4 255.255.255.0
no shut
interface f0/0
ip address 34.1.1.4 255.255.255.0
no shut
interface lo0
ip address 4.4.4.4 255.255.255.0
no shut
二、配置IGP路由协议
R1：
router ospf 110
router-id 1.1.1.1
network 13.1.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 1.1.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
R3:
router ospf 110
router-id 3.3.3.3
network 13.1.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 3.3.3.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 34.1.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
R4:
router ospf 110
router-id 4.4.4.4
network 4.4.4.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 34.1.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
三、配置邻居关系
R2：
router bgp 2
bgp router-id 2.2.2.2
neighbor 12.1.1.1 remote-as 1
neighbor 24.1.1.4 remote-as 1
no synchronization
no auto-summary
R1:
router bgp 1
bgp router-id 1.1.1.1
neighbor 12.1.1.2 remote-as 2
neighbor 3.3.3.3 remote-as 1
neighbor 3.3.3.3 update-source lo0
neighbor 3.3.3.3 next-hop-self
R4:
router bgp 1
bgp router-id 4.4.4.4
neighbor 24.1.1.2 remote-as 2
neighbor 3.3.3.3 remote-as 1
neighbor 3.3.3.3 update-source lo0
neighbor 3.3.3.3 next-hop-self
R3:
router bgp 1
bgp router-id 3.3.3.3
neighbor 1.1.1.1 remote-as 1
neighbor 1.1.1.1 update-source lo0
neighbor 4.4.4.4 remote-as 1
neighbor 4.4.4.4 update-source lo0
四、通告2.2.2.0/24路由
R2：
router bgp 2
network 2.2.2.0 mask 255.255.255.0
五、在R3上验证选路原则
R3#show ip bgp
BGP table version is 2, local router ID is 3.3.3.3
Status codes: s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, i - internal,
r RIB-failure, S Stale
Origin codes: i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete
Network Next Hop Metric LocPrf Weight Path
* i2.2.2.0/24 4.4.4.4 0 100 0 2 i
*>i 1.1.1.1 0 100 0 2 i
呵呵，我们已经保证两条链路的最优，说明现在已经做出了选路结果
我们看下，说明哪个属性做出了选路
R3#show ip bgp 2.2.2.0/24
BGP routing table entry for 2.2.2.0/24, version 2
Paths: (2 available, best #2, table Default-IP-Routing-Table)
Not advertised to any peer
2
4.4.4.4 (metric 1) from 4.4.4.4 (4.4.4.4)
Origin IGP, metric 0, localpref 100, valid, internal
2
1.1.1.1 (metric 1) from 1.1.1.1 (1.1.1.1)
Origin IGP, metric 0, localpref 100, valid, internal, best
呵呵，好像是RID最小的被选中了。
1、weight 在本机内默认值为32768 其他设备上是0，传递范围是本机
neighbor 4.4.4.4 weight 1 最简单的添加权值的方法
修改weight的值，改变选路
现在让2.2.2.0/24的最优路径在R3上体现为4.4.4.4为下一跳
R3：
router bpg 1
neighbor 4.4.4.4 weight 1
R3(config-router)#do show ip bgp
BGP table version is 3, local router ID is 3.3.3.3
Status codes: s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, i - internal,
r RIB-failure, S Stale
Origin codes: i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete
Network Next Hop Metric LocPrf Weight Path
*>i2.2.2.0/24 4.4.4.4 0 100 1 2 i
* i 1.1.1.1 0 100 0 2 i
现在需求是让下一跳为1.1.1.1的路由最优（在R3上）
分析怎样能实现该目的。连接R3有两条链路，我们可以在接受方向上抓取2.2.2.0/24路由
并加权值为2，可是两条链路我们都可以抓取啊？
做如下策略：
1、做prefix-list抓取相应的条目
ip prefix-list 2 permit 2.2.2.0/24
2、做route-map
route-map w permit 10
match ip address prefix-list 2
set weight 2
route-map w permit 20（空语句用来放行其他路由）
3、应用route-map
neighbor 1.1.1.1 route-map w in
考虑到weight属性只能在本设备内有作用，所以不能做out方向的策略
weight是思科私有的属性
2、local preference
在IBGP范围中传递
默认值为100
越大越优
告诉IBGP邻居如何离开AS
一条简单的命令，在该拓扑中，在R1和R4上做
router bgp 1
bgp default local-prefecence 111
R3(config-router)#do show ip b
BGP table version is 7, local router ID is 3.3.3.3
Status codes: s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, i - internal,
r RIB-failure, S Stale
Origin codes: i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete
Network Next Hop Metric LocPrf Weight Path
* i2.2.2.0/24 4.4.4.4 0 100 0 2 i
*>i 1.1.1.1 0 111 0 2 i
通过使用route-map实现改变local-preference属性
R1：
access-list 1 permit 2.2.2.0 0.0.0.255
route-map lpf permit 10
match ip address 1
set local-preference 111
route-map lpf permit 20
router bgp 1
neighbor 12.1.1.2 route-map lpf in
或者 neighbor 3.3.3.3 route-map lpf out
R1#show ip bgp 2.2.2.0/24
BGP routing table entry for 2.2.2.0/24, version 4
Paths: (1 available, best #1, table Default-IP-Routing-Table)
Flag: 0x800
Advertised to update-groups:
2
2
12.1.1.2 from 12.1.1.2 (2.2.2.2)
Origin IGP, metric 0, localpref 111, valid, external, best
3、as path
传播范围是在所有，但是配置在AS边界路由器上配置，在其他路由器上配置是不起作用的
为了防止影响EBGP的水平分割，可以将所经过的AS号，重复写就可以了
例如：2 2 2 2 就可以了
4、MED也就是metric
传播范围只能在一个AS内
默认值0
越小越好
告诉EBGP邻居怎样进入到本AS
如何解决IBGP的水平分割：要有条件的解决IBGP的水平分割问题，条件就是不能形成环路
1、路由反射器RR
是典型的c/s 模型，server就是RR
1、RR从EBGP收到路由
转发给客户端也会给非客户端
2、RR从客户端收到路由
给反射给客户端 EBGP邻居 非客户端
3、RR从非客户端收到路由
不会反射给非客户端
在这里的“条件“就是讲R2和R4之间的链路down掉
R2：
interface s1/0
shutdown
R4:show ip bgp 就收不到2.2.2.0/24的路由了
R3：show ip bgp neighbors 4.4.4.4 advertised-routes 没有发送给该路由条目
我们在R3上做如下命令：
router bgp 1
neighbor 1.1.1.1 route-reflector-client
neighbor 4.4.4.4 route-reflector-client
就是将R3作为RR,R1和R4做为客户端
R4:show ip bgp 就可以看到2.2.2.0/24的路由了
2、联邦
思想就是将大的AS分成小的AS
1、router bgp 小AS号（私有AS号）
2、声明所在的大AS号
bgp confederation identifier 1
3、小AS号之间互指peer
bgp confederation peers 小AS号
R1：
no router bgp 1
router bgp 64512
bgp router-id 1.1.1.1
neighbor 12.1.1.2 remote-as 2
neighbor 3.3.3.3 remote-as 64512
neighbor 3.3.3.3 update-source lo0
neighbor 3.3.3.3 next-hop-self
bgp confederation identifier 1 指明大的AS号
R3：
no router bgp 1
router bgp 64512
bgp router-id 3.3.3.3
neighbor 1.1.1.1 remote-as 64512
neighbor 1.1.1.1 update-source lo0
neighbor 4.4.4.4 remote-as 64513
neighbor 4.4.4.4 update-source lo0
neighbor 4.4.4.4 ebgp-multihop
bgp confederation identifier 1
bgp confederation peers 64513
R4:
no router bgp 1
router bgp 64513
bgp router-id 4.4.4.4
neighbor 3.3.3.3 remote-as 64512
neighbor 3.3.3.3 update-source lo0
neighbor 3.3.3.3 ebgp-multihop
bgp confederation identifier 1
bgp confederation peers 64512
我们在R4上做
R4#show ip bgp
*Mar 1 01:18:11.691: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
R4#show ip bgp
BGP table version is 2, local router ID is 4.4.4.4
Status codes: s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, i - internal,
r RIB-failure, S Stale
Origin codes: i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete
Network Next Hop Metric LocPrf Weight Path
*> 2.2.2.0/24 1.1.1.1 0 100 0 (64512) 2 i
R4#show ip bgp 2.2.2.0/24
BGP routing table entry for 2.2.2.0/24, version 2
Paths: (1 available, best #1, table Default-IP-Routing-Table)
Not advertised to any peer
(64512) 2
1.1.1.1 (metric 75) from 3.3.3.3 (3.3.3.3)
Origin IGP, metric 0, localpref 100, valid, confed-external, best
社团属性：Community,可选的，路由器有可能不识别此属性
neighbor X.X.X.X send-community 就可以认识该属性
传递性：社团属性只在neighbor邻居有效
1、no-advertise
携带此属性的路由不会通告给任何BGP邻居
R2:
ip prefix-list 1 permit 2.2.2.0/24
route-map com permit 10
match ip address prefix-list 1
set community no-advertise
route-map com permit 20
router bgp 2
neighbor 12.1.1.1 route-map com out
如果就这么多的命令的话：在R1上是看不到该路由的该属性的
R1(config-router)#do show ip bgp 2.2.2.0/24
BGP routing table entry for 2.2.2.0/24, version 2
Paths: (1 available, best #1, table Default-IP-Routing-Table)
Advertised to update-groups:
2
2
12.1.1.2 from 12.1.1.2 (2.2.2.2)
Origin IGP, metric 0, localpref 100, valid, external, best
因为R1不识别此属性，如果需要识别的话，在R2上需加这条命令
neighbor 12.1.1.1 send-community
R1(config-router)#do show ip bgp 2.2.2.0/24
BGP routing table entry for 2.2.2.0/24, version 3
Paths: (1 available, best #1, table Default-IP-Routing-Table, not advertised to any peer)
Flag: 0x880
Not advertised to any peer
2
12.1.1.2 from 12.1.1.2 (2.2.2.2)
Origin IGP, metric 0, localpref 100, valid, external, best
Community: no-advertise
呵呵，在R3上就看不到2.2.2.0/24这条路由了
2、no-export
携带此属性的路由不会传出大AS
3、Local-AS
携带此属性的路由不会传出小AS
社团属性是在干涉路由条目的传播范围
转载于:https://blog.51cto.com/867645/1355326
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