思科设备DHCP抓包有4个广播包的原因

我看了下 RFC 2131，如果你抓到了思科设备的广播报文，那应该是因为如下原因，但和思科设备无关。

In the case of a client using DHCP for initial configuration (before
   the client's TCP/IP software has been completely configured), DHCP
   requires creative use of the client's TCP/IP software and liberal
   interpretation of RFC 1122.  The TCP/IP software SHOULD accept and
   forward to the IP layer any IP packets delivered to the client's
   hardware address before the IP address is configured; DHCP servers
   and BOOTP relay agents may not be able to deliver DHCP messages to
   clients that cannot accept hardware unicast datagrams before the
   TCP/IP software is configured.

   To work around some clients that cannot accept IP unicast datagrams
   before the TCP/IP software is configured as discussed in the previous
   paragraph, DHCP uses the 'flags' field [21].  The leftmost bit is
   defined as the BROADCAST (B) flag.  The semantics of this flag are
   discussed in section 4.1 of this document.  The remaining bits of the
   flags field are reserved for future use.  They MUST be set to zero by
   clients and ignored by servers and relay agents.  Figure 2 gives the
   format of the 'flags' field.

                                    1 1 1 1 1 1
                0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5
                +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                |B|             MBZ             |
                +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                B:  BROADCAST flag

                MBZ:  MUST BE ZERO (reserved for future use)

                Figure 2:  Format of the 'flags' field

A client that cannot receive unicast IP datagrams until its protocol
   software has been configured with an IP address SHOULD set the
   BROADCAST bit in the 'flags' field to 1 in any DHCPDISCOVER or
   DHCPREQUEST messages that client sends.  The BROADCAST bit will
   provide a hint to the DHCP server and BOOTP relay agent to broadcast
   any messages to the client on the client's subnet.  A client that can
   receive unicast IP datagrams before its protocol software has been
   configured SHOULD clear the BROADCAST bit to 0.  The BOOTP
   clarifications document discusses the ramifications of the use of the
   BROADCAST bit [21].

   A server or relay agent sending or relaying a DHCP message directly
   to a DHCP client (i.e., not to a relay agent specified in the
   'giaddr' field) SHOULD examine the BROADCAST bit in the 'flags'
   field.  If this bit is set to 1, the DHCP message SHOULD be sent as
   an IP broadcast using an IP broadcast address (preferably 0xffffffff)
   as the IP destination address and the link-layer broadcast address as
   the link-layer destination address.  If the BROADCAST bit is cleared
   to 0, the message SHOULD be sent as an IP unicast to the IP address
   specified in the 'yiaddr' field and the link-layer address specified
   in the 'chaddr' field.  If unicasting is not possible, the message
   MAY be sent as an IP broadcast using an IP broadcast address
   (preferably 0xffffffff) as the IP destination address and the link-
   layer broadcast address as the link-layer destination address.

大意是考虑到客户端设备的 TCP/IP 协议栈在其请求动态主机配置服务时可能尚未完全初始化，无法正确处理三层单播报文，因此 DHCP 定义了一个标志位，以便由客户端在 DHCPDISCOVER 和 DHCPREQUEST 报文中明确请求服务器通过二层广播进行响应，但任何可以正常处理三层单播报文的客户端都不应使用这一特性。

综上，此特性与思科无关。

转载于:https://blog.51cto.com/juispan/2351194