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AWK
awk
NAME
awk - pattern-directed scanning and processing language
SYNOPSIS
awk [ -F fs ] [ -v var=value ] [ 'prog' | -f progfile ] [ file ... ]
DESCRIPTION
Awk scans each input file for lines that match any of a set of patterns specified literally in prog
or in one or more files specified as -f progfile. With each pattern there can be an associated
action that will be performed when a line of a file matches the pattern. Each line is matched
against the pattern portion of every pattern-action statement; the associated action is performed for
each matched pattern. The file name - means the standard input. Any file of the form var=value is
treated as an assignment, not a filename, and is executed at the time it would have been opened if it
were a filename. The option -v followed by var=value is an assignment to be done before prog is exe-
cuted; any number of -v options may be present. The -F fs option defines the input field separator
to be the regular expression fs.
An input line is normally made up of fields separated by white space, or by regular expression FS.
The fields are denoted $1, $2, ..., while $0 refers to the entire line. If FS is null, the input
line is split into one field per character.
A pattern-action statement has the form
pattern { action }
A missing { action } means print the line; a missing pattern always matches. Pattern-action state-
ments are separated by newlines or semicolons.
An action is a sequence of statements. A statement can be one of the following:
if( expression ) statement [ else statement ]
while( expression ) statement
for( expression ; expression ; expression ) statement
for( var in array ) statement
do statement while( expression )
break
continue
{ [ statement ... ] }
expression # commonly var = expression
print [ expression-list ] [ > expression ]
printf format [ , expression-list ] [ > expression ]
return [ expression ]
next # skip remaining patterns on this input line
nextfile # skip rest of this file, open next, start at top
delete array[ expression ]# delete an array element
delete array # delete all elements of array
exit [ expression ] # exit immediately; status is expression
Statements are terminated by semicolons, newlines or right braces. An empty expression-list stands
for $0. String constants are quoted " ", with the usual C escapes recognized within. Expressions
take on string or numeric values as appropriate, and are built using the operators + - * / % ^ (expo-
nentiation), and concatenation (indicated by white space). The operators ! ++ -- += -= *= /= %= ^= >
>= < <= == != ?: are also available in expressions. Variables may be scalars, array elements
(denoted x[i]) or fields. Variables are initialized to the null string. Array subscripts may be any
string, not necessarily numeric; this allows for a form of associative memory. Multiple subscripts
such as [i,j,k] are permitted; the constituents are concatenated, separated by the value of SUBSEP.
The print statement prints its arguments on the standard output (or on a file if >file or >>file is
present or on a pipe if |cmd is present), separated by the current output field separator, and termi-
nated by the output record separator. file and cmd may be literal names or parenthesized expres-
sions; identical string values in different statements denote the same open file. The printf state-
ment formats its expression list according to the format (see printf(3)). The built-in function
close(expr) closes the file or pipe expr. The built-in function fflush(expr) flushes any buffered
output for the file or pipe expr.
The mathematical functions exp, log, sqrt, sin, cos, and atan2 are built in. Other built-in func-
tions:
length the length of its argument taken as a string, or of $0 if no argument.
rand random number on (0,1)
srand sets seed for rand and returns the previous seed.
int truncates to an integer value
substr(s, m, n)
the n-character substring of s that begins at position m counted from 1.
index(s, t)
the position in s where the string t occurs, or 0 if it does not.
match(s, r)
the position in s where the regular expression r occurs, or 0 if it does not. The variables
RSTART and RLENGTH are set to the position and length of the matched string.
split(s, a, fs)
splits the string s into array elements a[1], a[2], ..., a[n], and returns n. The separation
is done with the regular expression fs or with the field separator FS if fs is not given. An
empty string as field separator splits the string into one array element per character.
sub(r, t, s)
substitutes t for the first occurrence of the regular expression r in the string s. If s is
not given, $0 is used.
gsub same as sub except that all occurrences of the regular expression are replaced; sub and gsub
return the number of replacements.
sprintf(fmt, expr, ... )
the string resulting from formatting expr ... according to the printf(3) format fmt
system(cmd)
executes cmd and returns its exit status
tolower(str)
returns a copy of str with all upper-case characters translated to their corresponding lower-
case equivalents.
toupper(str)
returns a copy of str with all lower-case characters translated to their corresponding upper-
case equivalents.
The ``function'' getline sets $0 to the next input record from the current input file; getline <file
sets $0 to the next record from file. getline x sets variable x instead. Finally, cmd | getline
pipes the output of cmd into getline; each call of getline returns the next line of output from cmd.
In all cases, getline returns 1 for a successful input, 0 for end of file, and -1 for an error.
Patterns are arbitrary Boolean combinations (with ! || &&) of regular expressions and relational
expressions. Regular expressions are as defined in re_format(7). Isolated regular expressions in a
pattern apply to the entire line. Regular expressions may also occur in relational expressions,
using the operators ~ and !~. /re/ is a constant regular expression; any string (constant or vari-
able) may be used as a regular expression, except in the position of an isolated regular expression
in a pattern.
A pattern may consist of two patterns separated by a comma; in this case, the action is performed for
all lines from an occurrence of the first pattern though an occurrence of the second.
A relational expression is one of the following:
expression matchop regular-expression
expression relop expression
expression in array-name
(expr,expr,...) in array-name
where a relop is any of the six relational operators in C, and a matchop is either ~ (matches) or !~
(does not match). A conditional is an arithmetic expression, a relational expression, or a Boolean
combination of these.
The special patterns BEGIN and END may be used to capture control before the first input line is read
and after the last. BEGIN and END do not combine with other patterns.
Variable names with special meanings:
CONVFMT
conversion format used when converting numbers (default %.6g)
FS regular expression used to separate fields; also settable by option -Ffs.
NF number of fields in the current record
NR ordinal number of the current record
FNR ordinal number of the current record in the current file
FILENAME
the name of the current input file
RS input record separator (default newline)
OFS output field separator (default blank)
ORS output record separator (default newline)
OFMT output format for numbers (default %.6g)
SUBSEP separates multiple subscripts (default 034)
ARGC argument count, assignable
ARGV argument array, assignable; non-null members are taken as filenames
ENVIRON
array of environment variables; subscripts are names.
Functions may be defined (at the position of a pattern-action statement) thus:
function foo(a, b, c) { ...; return x }
Parameters are passed by value if scalar and by reference if array name; functions may be called
recursively. Parameters are local to the function; all other variables are global. Thus local vari-
ables may be created by providing excess parameters in the function definition.
EXAMPLES
length($0) > 72
Print lines longer than 72 characters.
{ print $2, $1 }
Print first two fields in opposite order.
BEGIN { FS = ",[ \t]*|[ \t]+" }
{ print $2, $1 }
Same, with input fields separated by comma and/or blanks and tabs.
{ s += $1 }
END { print "sum is", s, " average is", s/NR }
Add up first column, print sum and average.
/start/, /stop/
Print all lines between start/stop pairs.
BEGIN { # Simulate echo(1)
for (i = 1; i < ARGC; i++) printf "%s ", ARGV[i]
printf "\n"
exit }
SEE ALSO
lex(1), sed(1)
A. V. Aho, B. W. Kernighan, P. J. Weinberger, The AWK Programming Language, Addison-Wesley, 1988.
ISBN 0-201-07981-X
BUGS
There are no explicit conversions between numbers and strings. To force an expression to be treated
as a number add 0 to it; to force it to be treated as a string concatenate "" to it.
The scope rules for variables in functions are a botch; the syntax is worse.
AWK
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