java8中提供的很多新特性可以用来重构传统设计模式中的写法,下面是一些示例:
一、策略模式
上图是策略模式的类图,假设我们现在要保存订单,OrderService接口定义要做什么,而NoSqlSaveOrderStragegy以及MySqlSaveOrderStrategy则提供了二种策略,分别是保存到nosql数据库,以及传统的mysql关系型数据库,最后在OrderServiceExecutor中通过构造函数注入最终要使用的策略。
传统写法,这个场景至少得4个类,代码如下:
OrderService接口:
public interface OrderService {
void saveOrder(String orderNo);
}
Mysql策略实现:
public class MySqlSaveOrderStrategy implements OrderService {
@Override
public void saveOrder(String orderNo) {
System.out.println("order:" + orderNo + " save to mysql");
}
}
Nosql策略实现
public class NoSqlSaveOrderStrategy implements OrderService {
@Override
public void saveOrder(String orderNo) {
System.out.println("order:" + orderNo + " save to nosql");
}
}
使用策略的辅助"容器"
public class OrderServiceExecutor {
private final OrderService service;
public OrderServiceExecutor(OrderService service) {
this.service = service;
}
public void save(String orderNo) {
this.service.saveOrder(orderNo);
}
}
运行测试类:
public class OrderServiceTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
OrderServiceExecutor executor1 = new OrderServiceExecutor(new MySqlSaveOrderStrategy());
executor1.save("001");
OrderServiceExecutor executor2 = new OrderServiceExecutor(new NoSqlSaveOrderStrategy());
executor2.save("002");
}
}
重构后,可以省去2个策略实现类,代码如下:
public static void main(String[] args) {
OrderServiceExecutor executor1 = new OrderServiceExecutor((String orderNo) -> System.out.println("order:" + orderNo + " save to mysql"));
executor1.save("001");
OrderServiceExecutor executor2 = new OrderServiceExecutor((String orderNo) -> System.out.println("order:" + orderNo + " save to nosql"));
executor2.save("002");
}
二、模板方法
类图如下,核心思路是把一些通用的标准方法,在抽象父类里仅定义方法签名,实现逻辑交给子类。比如:会员系统中,每个商家都会有一些营销活动,需要推送某种信息给会员,但是不同的商家推送的内容可能不同,有些需要推送优惠券,有些需要积分通知。
抽象模板类:
public abstract class AbstractPushTemplate {
public void push(int customerId, String shopName) {
System.out.println("准备推送...");
execute(customerId, shopName);
System.out.println("推送完成\n");
}
abstract protected void execute(int customerId, String shopName);
}
优惠券的具体模板
public class PushCouponTemplate extends AbstractPushTemplate {
@Override
protected void execute(int customerId, String shopName) {
System.out.println("会员:" + customerId + ",你好," + shopName + "送您一张优惠券");
}
}
积分的具体模板
public class PushScoreTemplate extends AbstractPushTemplate {
@Override
protected void execute(int customerId, String shopName) {
System.out.println("会员:" + customerId + ",你好," + shopName + "送您10个积分");
}
}
使用示例:
AbstractPushTemplate template1 = new PushCouponTemplate();
template1.push(1, "糖果店");
AbstractPushTemplate template2 = new PushScoreTemplate();
template2.push(1, "服装店");
显然如果模板的实现方式越多,子类就越多。使用java8重构后,可以把上面的3个模板(包括抽象类模板)减少到1个,参考下面:
public class PushTemplateLambda {
public void push(int customerId, String shopName, Consumer<Object[]> execute) {
System.out.println("准备推送...");
Object[] param = new Object[]{customerId, shopName};
execute.accept(param);
System.out.println("推送完成\n");
}
}
借助Consumer<T>这个function interface,可以省去实现子类,具体的实现留到使用时再来决定,如:
new PushTemplateLambda().push(1, "糖果店", (Object[] obj) -> {
System.out.println("会员:" + obj[0] + ",你好," + obj[1] + "送您一张优惠券");
});
new PushTemplateLambda().push(1, "服装店", (Object[] obj) -> {
System.out.println("会员:" + obj[0] + ",你好," + obj[1] + "送您10个积分");
});
三、观察者模式
思路:基于某个Subject主题,然后一堆观察者Observer注册到主题上,有事件发生时,subject根据注册列表,去通知所有的observer。
Observer接口:
public interface Observer {
void notify(String orderNo);
}
Subject接口:
public interface Subject {
void registerObserver(Observer o);
void notifyAllObserver(String orderNo);
}
Subject接口实现:
public class SubjectImpl implements Subject {
private final List<Observer> list = new ArrayList<>();
@Override
public void registerObserver(Observer o) {
list.add(o);
}
@Override
public void notifyAllObserver(String orderNo) {
list.forEach(c -> c.notify(orderNo));
}
}
观察者的二个实现:
OrderObserver:
public class OrderObserver implements Observer {
@Override
public void notify(String orderNo) {
System.out.println("订单 " + orderNo + " 状态更新为【已支付】");
}
}
StockObserver:
public class StockObserver implements Observer {
@Override
public void notify(String orderNo) {
System.out.println("订单 " + orderNo + " 已通知库房发货!");
}
}
测试一把:
static void test1() {
Subject subject = new SubjectImpl();
subject.registerObserver(new OrderObserver());
subject.registerObserver(new StockObserver());
subject.notifyAllObserver("001");
}
用java8重构后,接口可以提供默认实现方法,我们弄一个新的主题接口
public interface NewSubject {
List<Observer> list = new ArrayList<>();
default void registerObserver(Observer o) {
list.add(o);
}
default void nofityAllObserver(String orderNo) {
list.forEach(c -> c.notify(orderNo));
}
}
使用:
static void test2() {
NewSubject subject = new NewSubject() {
};
subject.registerObserver((String orderNo) -> System.out.println("订单 " + orderNo + " 状态更新为【已支付】"));
subject.registerObserver((String orderNo) -> System.out.println("订单 " + orderNo + " 已通知库房发货!"));
subject.nofityAllObserver("002");
}
只用2个接口实现了观察者模式。
四、责任链/职责链模式
核心思想:每个处理环节,都有一个“指针”指向下一个处理者,类似链表一样。
Processor接口:
public interface Processor {
Processor getNextProcessor();
void process(String param);
}
抽象实现类
public abstract class AbstractProcessor implements Processor {
private Processor next;
public AbstractProcessor(Processor processor) {
this.next = processor;
}
@Override
public Processor getNextProcessor() {
return next;
}
@Override
public abstract void process(String param);
}
定义2个具体的实现
public class ProcessorImpl1 extends AbstractProcessor {
public ProcessorImpl1(Processor processor) {
super(processor);
}
@Override
public void process(String param) {
System.out.println("processor 1 is processing:" + param);
if (getNextProcessor() != null) {
getNextProcessor().process(param);
}
}
}
及
public class ProcessorImpl2 extends AbstractProcessor {
public ProcessorImpl2(Processor next) {
super(next);
}
@Override
public void process(String param) {
System.out.println("processor 2 is processing:" + param);
if (getNextProcessor() != null) {
getNextProcessor().process(param);
}
}
}
使用示例:
static void test1() {
Processor p1 = new ProcessorImpl1(null);
Processor p2 = new ProcessorImpl2(p1);
p2.process("something happened");
}
用java8重构后,只需要一个新接口
@FunctionalInterface
public interface NewProcessor {
Consumer<String> process(String param);
}
同样的效果,可以写得很简洁:
static void test2() {
Consumer<String> p1 = param -> System.out.println("processor 1 is processing:" + param);
Consumer<String> p2 = param -> System.out.println("processor 2 is processing:" + param);
p2.andThen(p1).accept("something happened");
}
andThen天然就是getNextProcessor的另一种表达。
重要提示:什么时候该用lambda,什么时候不用,这是要看情况的,如果处理逻辑相对比较简单,可以用lamdba来重构,以便让代码更简洁易读,如果处理逻辑很复杂,应该还是用“类”。