初识RabbitMQ
rabbitMQ是一个开源的消息代理和队列服务器,用于通过普通协议在完全不同的应用之间共享数据,RabbitMQ是使用Erlang语言来编写的,并且RabbitMQ是基于AMQP协议的。
哪些大厂在用RabbitMQ,为什么?
- 滴滴、美团、头条、去哪儿、ppmoney
- 开源、性能优秀,稳定性保障
- 提供可靠的消息投递模式(confirm)、返回模式(return)
- 与SpringAMQP完美的整合,API丰富
- 集群模式丰富,表达式配置,HA模式,镜像队列模型
- 保证消息数据不丢失的前提做到高可靠性、可用性
RabbitMQ高性能的原因
- Erlang语言最初是用于交换机领域的架构模式,这样的话RabbitMQ在Broker之间进行数据交互的性能是优秀的。
- Erlang语言的特点:Erlang有着和原生Socket一样的延迟
什么是AMQP高级消息队列协议?
AMQP定义:是具有现代特征的二进制协议。是一个提供统一消息服务的应用层标准高级消息队列协议,是应用层协议的一个开放标准,为面向消息的中间件设计,是一个规范,RabbitMQ就是这个规范的一种实现。
AMQP协议模型
AMQP核心概念
- Server:又称Broker,接受客户端的连接,实现AMQP实体服务
- Connection:连接,应用程序与Broker的网络连接
- Channel:网络信道,几乎所有的操作都在Channel中进行,Channel是进行消息读写的通道。客户端可建立多个Channel,每个Channel代表一个会话任务。
- Message:消息,服务器与应用程序之间传递的数据,由Properties和Body组成。Properties可以对消息进行修饰,比如消息的优先级,延迟等高级特性;Body则是消息体内容。
- Virtual host:虚拟地址,用于进行逻辑隔离,最上层的消息路由。一个Virtual host里面可以有若干个Exchange和Queue,同一个Virtual host里面不能有相同名称的Exchange和Queue(例如:redis有16个数据库,也是逻辑隔离的概念)
- Exchange:交换机,接受消息,根据路由键转发消息到绑定的队列
- Binding:Exchange和Queue之间的虚拟连接,binding中可以包含routing key
- Routing key:一个路由规则,虚拟机可以用它来确定如何路由一个特定消息
- Queue:也称为Message Queue,消息队列,保存消息并将它们转发给消费者
RabbitMQ的整体架构
生产者只需要关注把消息投递到指定的exchange即可,消费者监听指定的队列就可以了。通过这个图可以发现,生产者不关心我把消息投递到哪个队列,消费者也不关系我这个队列的消息是从哪个exchange来的,这两者完全没有耦合的情况。那么它们是怎么流转的,是通过exchange和queue的绑定关系。消息流转图
RabbitMQ的安装
rabbitMQ之安装和配置(一)
rabbitmq之配置文件详解(二)
安装完成之后我们可以看到有三个与rabbitmq相关的命令
服务的启动:rabbitmq-server start &
服务的停止:rabbitmqctl stop_app
管理插件: rabbitmq-plugins enable rabbitmq_management
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验证是否启动成功,出现如下内容则为成功
使用
rabbitmq-plugins list
命令查看所有已经存在的插件
查看管理控制台页面
命令行与管控台的关系
基本操作
rabbitmqctl stop_app #关闭应用
rabbitmqctl start_app #启动应用
rabbitmqctl status #节点状态
rabbitmqctl add_user username password #增加用户
rabbitmqctl list_users #列出所有用户
rabbitmqctl delete_user username #删除用户
rabbitmqctl clear_permissions -p vhostpath username #清除用户权限
rabbitmqctl list_user_permissions username #列出用户权限
rabbitmqctl change_password username newpassword #修改密码
# 设置用户权限
rabbitmqctl set_permissions -p vhostpath username ".*"".*"".*"
rabbitmqctl add_vhost vhostpath #创建虚拟主机
rabbitmqctl list_vhosts #列出所有虚拟主机
rabbitmqctl list_permissions -p vhostpath #列出虚拟主机上所有权限
rabbitmqctl delete_vhost vhostpath #删除虚拟主机
rabbitmqctl list_queues #查看所有队列信息
rabbitmqctl -p vhostpath purge_queue blue #清除队列里的消息
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高级操作
#移除所有数据,要在rabbitmqctl stop_app 之后使用
rabbitmqctl reset
#[--ram] 指定节点的存储模式,ram是内存基本存储
rabbitmqctl join_cluster <clusternode> [--ram] #组成集群命令
rabbitmqctl cluster_status #查看集群状态
# 修改集群节点的存储形式 disc磁盘 ram内存
rabbitmqctl change_cluster_node_type disc|ram
# 忘记节点(摘除节点)
rabbitmqctl forget_cluster_node [--offline]
#修改节点名称
rabbitmqctl rename_cluster_node oldnode1 newnode1 [oldnode2] [newnode2...]
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管控台有的操作,ctl命令行也都有
实例代码操作
maven 依赖
<dependency>
<groupId>com.rabbitmq</groupId>
<artifactId>amqp-client</artifactId>
<version>3.6.5</version>
</dependency>
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生产者发布消息
package com.example.rabbitmq.quickstart;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
public class Procuder {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
// 1 创建一个ConnectionFactory,并进行配置
ConnectionFactory connectionFactory = new ConnectionFactory();
connectionFactory.setHost("127.0.0.1");
connectionFactory.setPort(5672);
connectionFactory.setVirtualHost("/");
//2 通过连接工程创建连接
Connection connection = connectionFactory.newConnection();
// 3 通过connection创建一个channel
Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
String msg = "hello world!";
// 1 exchange 2 routing key
channel.basicPublish("", "test01", null, msg.getBytes());
}
channel.close();
connection.close();
}
}
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消费者订阅处理消息
package com.example.rabbitmq.quickstart;
import com.rabbitmq.client.*;
import com.rabbitmq.client.QueueingConsumer.Delivery;
public class Consumer {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
// 1 创建一个ConnectionFactory,并进行配置
ConnectionFactory connectionFactory = new ConnectionFactory();
connectionFactory.setHost("127.0.0.1");
connectionFactory.setPort(5672);
connectionFactory.setVirtualHost("/");
//2 通过连接工程创建连接
Connection connection = connectionFactory.newConnection();
// 3 通过connection创建一个channel
Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
//4 声明(创建)队列
String queueName = "test01";
channel.queueDeclare(queueName, true, false, false, null);
//5 创建消费者
QueueingConsumer queueingConsumer = new QueueingConsumer(channel);
// 6 设置channel
channel.basicConsume(queueName, true, queueingConsumer);
while (true) {
Delivery delivery = queueingConsumer.nextDelivery();
String msg = new String(delivery.getBody());
System.out.println("消费端消息:" + msg);
Envelope envelope = delivery.getEnvelope();
}
}
}
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exchange交换机
交换机属性- Name: 交换机名称,
- Type: 交换机类型direct、topic、fanout、headers
- Durability: 是否需要持久化,true为持久化
- Auto Delete:当最后一个绑定到Exchange上的队列删除后,自动删除该Exchange
- Internal:当前Exchange是否用于RabbitMQ内部使用,默认为false
- ArgArgumens:扩展参数,用于扩展AMQP协议自制定化使用
Direct Exchange
所有发送到Direct Exchange的消息被转发到RouteKey中指定到Queue
⚠️注意:Direct模式可以使用RabbitMQ自带的Exchange:default Exchange,所以不需要将Exchange进行任何绑定(binding)操作,消息传递时,RouteKey必须完全匹配才会被队列接收,否则该消息会被抛弃。
示例代码
package com.bfxy.rabbitmq.api.exchange.direct;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
import com.rabbitmq.client.QueueingConsumer;
import com.rabbitmq.client.QueueingConsumer.Delivery;
public class ConsumerDirectExchange {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
ConnectionFactory connectionFactory = new ConnectionFactory() ;
connectionFactory.setHost("192.168.11.76");
connectionFactory.setPort(5672);
connectionFactory.setVirtualHost("/");
connectionFactory.setAutomaticRecoveryEnabled(true);
connectionFactory.setNetworkRecoveryInterval(3000);
Connection connection = connectionFactory.newConnection();
Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
//4 声明
String exchangeName = "test_direct_exchange";
String exchangeType = "direct";
String queueName = "test_direct_queue";
String routingKey = "test.direct";
//表示声明了一个交换机
channel.exchangeDeclare(exchangeName, exchangeType, true, false, false, null);
//表示声明了一个队列
channel.queueDeclare(queueName, false, false, false, null);
//建立一个绑定关系:
channel.queueBind(queueName, exchangeName, routingKey);
//durable 是否持久化消息
QueueingConsumer consumer = new QueueingConsumer(channel);
//参数:队列名称、是否自动ACK、Consumer
channel.basicConsume(queueName, true, consumer);
//循环获取消息
while(true){
//获取消息,如果没有消息,这一步将会一直阻塞
Delivery delivery = consumer.nextDelivery();
String msg = new String(delivery.getBody());
System.out.println("收到消息:" + msg);
}
}
}
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package com.bfxy.rabbitmq.api.exchange.direct;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
public class ProducerDirectExchange {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
//1 创建ConnectionFactory
ConnectionFactory connectionFactory = new ConnectionFactory();
connectionFactory.setHost("192.168.11.76");
connectionFactory.setPort(5672);
connectionFactory.setVirtualHost("/");
//2 创建Connection
Connection connection = connectionFactory.newConnection();
//3 创建Channel
Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
//4 声明
String exchangeName = "test_direct_exchange";
String routingKey = "test.direct111";
//5 发送
String msg = "Hello World RabbitMQ 4 Direct Exchange Message 111 ... ";
channel.basicPublish(exchangeName, routingKey , null , msg.getBytes());
}
}
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Topic Exchange
所有发送到Topic Exchange的消息会被转发到所有关心该RouteKey中指定Topic的Queue上
Exchange将RouteKey和某Topic进行模糊匹配,此时队列需要绑定一个Topic
⚠️注意:可以使用通配符进行模糊匹配
符号 "#" 匹配一个或多个词
符号 "*" 匹配不多不少一个词
例如:"log.#" 能够匹配到 "log.info.oa"
"log.*" 只会匹配到 "log.error"
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示例代码
package com.bfxy.rabbitmq.api.exchange.topic;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
import com.rabbitmq.client.QueueingConsumer;
import com.rabbitmq.client.QueueingConsumer.Delivery;
public class ConsumerTopicExchange {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
ConnectionFactory connectionFactory = new ConnectionFactory() ;
connectionFactory.setHost("192.168.11.76");
connectionFactory.setPort(5672);
connectionFactory.setVirtualHost("/");
connectionFactory.setAutomaticRecoveryEnabled(true);
connectionFactory.setNetworkRecoveryInterval(3000);
Connection connection = connectionFactory.newConnection();
Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
//4 声明
String exchangeName = "test_topic_exchange";
String exchangeType = "topic";
String queueName = "test_topic_queue";
//String routingKey = "user.*";
String routingKey = "user.*";
// 1 声明交换机
channel.exchangeDeclare(exchangeName, exchangeType, true, false, false, null);
// 2 声明队列
channel.queueDeclare(queueName, false, false, false, null);
// 3 建立交换机和队列的绑定关系:
channel.queueBind(queueName, exchangeName, routingKey);
//durable 是否持久化消息
QueueingConsumer consumer = new QueueingConsumer(channel);
//参数:队列名称、是否自动ACK、Consumer
channel.basicConsume(queueName, true, consumer);
//循环获取消息
while(true){
//获取消息,如果没有消息,这一步将会一直阻塞
Delivery delivery = consumer.nextDelivery();
String msg = new String(delivery.getBody());
System.out.println("收到消息:" + msg);
}
}
}
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package com.bfxy.rabbitmq.api.exchange.topic;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
public class ProducerTopicExchange {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
//1 创建ConnectionFactory
ConnectionFactory connectionFactory = new ConnectionFactory();
connectionFactory.setHost("192.168.11.76");
connectionFactory.setPort(5672);
connectionFactory.setVirtualHost("/");
//2 创建Connection
Connection connection = connectionFactory.newConnection();
//3 创建Channel
Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
//4 声明
String exchangeName = "test_topic_exchange";
String routingKey1 = "user.save";
String routingKey2 = "user.update";
String routingKey3 = "user.delete.abc";
//5 发送
String msg = "Hello World RabbitMQ 4 Topic Exchange Message ...";
channel.basicPublish(exchangeName, routingKey1 , null , msg.getBytes());
channel.basicPublish(exchangeName, routingKey2 , null , msg.getBytes());
channel.basicPublish(exchangeName, routingKey3 , null , msg.getBytes());
channel.close();
connection.close();
}
}
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Fanout Exchange
- 不处理路由键,只需要简单到将队列绑定到交换机上
- 发送到交换机的消息都会被转发到与该交换机绑定到所有队列上
- Fanout交换机转发消息上最快的
示例代码
package com.bfxy.rabbitmq.api.exchange.fanout;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
import com.rabbitmq.client.QueueingConsumer;
import com.rabbitmq.client.QueueingConsumer.Delivery;
public class ConsumerFanoutExchange {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
ConnectionFactory connectionFactory = new ConnectionFactory() ;
connectionFactory.setHost("192.168.11.76");
connectionFactory.setPort(5672);
connectionFactory.setVirtualHost("/");
connectionFactory.setAutomaticRecoveryEnabled(true);
connectionFactory.setNetworkRecoveryInterval(3000);
Connection connection = connectionFactory.newConnection();
Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
//4 声明
String exchangeName = "test_fanout_exchange";
String exchangeType = "fanout";
String queueName = "test_fanout_queue";
String routingKey = ""; //不设置路由键
channel.exchangeDeclare(exchangeName, exchangeType, true, false, false, null);
channel.queueDeclare(queueName, false, false, false, null);
channel.queueBind(queueName, exchangeName, routingKey);
//durable 是否持久化消息
QueueingConsumer consumer = new QueueingConsumer(channel);
//参数:队列名称、是否自动ACK、Consumer
channel.basicConsume(queueName, true, consumer);
//循环获取消息
while(true){
//获取消息,如果没有消息,这一步将会一直阻塞
Delivery delivery = consumer.nextDelivery();
String msg = new String(delivery.getBody());
System.out.println("收到消息:" + msg);
}
}
}
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package com.bfxy.rabbitmq.api.exchange.fanout;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
public class ProducerFanoutExchange {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
//1 创建ConnectionFactory
ConnectionFactory connectionFactory = new ConnectionFactory();
connectionFactory.setHost("192.168.11.76");
connectionFactory.setPort(5672);
connectionFactory.setVirtualHost("/");
//2 创建Connection
Connection connection = connectionFactory.newConnection();
//3 创建Channel
Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
//4 声明
String exchangeName = "test_fanout_exchange";
//5 发送
for(int i = 0; i < 10; i ++) {
String msg = "Hello World RabbitMQ 4 FANOUT Exchange Message ...";
channel.basicPublish(exchangeName, "", null , msg.getBytes());
}
channel.close();
connection.close();
}
}
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基础概念讲解
Binding-绑定
- Exchange和Exchange、Queue之间的连接关系
- Binding可以包含RoutingKey或者参数
Queue-消息队列
- 消息队列,实际存储消息数据
- Durability:是否持久化,Durable:是,Transient:否
- Auto Delete:如选yes,代表当最后一个监听被移除之后,该Queue会自动被删除
Message-消息
- 服务器与应用程序之间传递当数据
- 本质上就是一段数据,由propertie和Payload(Body)组成
- 常用属性:delivery mode、headers(自定义属性)、content_type、content_enconding、priority、correlation_id、reply_to、expiration、message_id、timestamp、type、user_id、app_id、cluster_id
Virtual host-虚拟主机
- 虚拟地址,用于进行逻辑隔离,最上层当消息路由
- 一个Virtual host里面可以由若干个Exchange和Queue
- 同一个Virtual host里面不能有相同名称的Exchange或Queue
更多内容阅读:
rabbitmq核心概念总结
中文文档