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DLOPEN(3)     Linux Programmer's Manual  DLOPEN(3)
 
NAME
       dladdr, dlclose, dlerror, dlopen, dlsym, dlvsym - program-
       ming interface to dynamic linking loader
SYNOPSIS
       #include <dlfcn.h>
       void *dlopen(const char *filename, int flag);
       char *dlerror(void);
       void *dlsym(void *handle, const char *symbol);
       int dlclose(void *handle);
DESCRIPTION
       The four functions dlopen(), dlsym(), dlclose(), dlerror()
       implement the interface to the dynamic linking loader.
   dlerror
       The  function  dlerror()  returns  a human readable string
       describing the most recent error that occurred from any of
       the  dl routines (dlopen, dlsym or dlclose) since the last
       call to dlerror().  It returns  NULL  if  no  errors  have
       occurred since initialization or since it was last called.
   dlopen
       The function dlopen() loads the dynamic library file named
       by  the null-terminated  string  filename  and returns an
       opaque "handle" for the dynamic library.  If  filename  is
       NULL,  then  the  returned handle is for the main program.
       If filename contains a slash ("/"), then it is interpreted
       as  a  (relative  or  absolute) pathname.  Otherwise, the
       dynamic linker searches for the library as  follows  (see
       ld.so(8) for further details):
       o      (ELF  only)  If the executable file for the calling
       program contains a DT_RPATH tag, and does not  con-
       tain  a DT_RUNPATH tag, then the directories listed
       in the DT_RPATH tag are searched.
       o      If  the  environment  variable  LD_LIBRARY_PATH  is
       defined to contain a colon-separated list of direc-
       tories, then these are searched.  (As  a  security
       measure  this  variable  is ignored for set-UID and
       set-GID programs.)
       o      (ELF only) If the executable file for  the  calling
       program  contains a DT_RUNPATH tag, then the direc-
       tories listed in that tag are searched.
       o      The  cache  file /etc/ld.so.cache  (maintained  by
       ldconfig(8))  is checked to see whether it contains
       an entry for filename.
       o      The directories /lib and /usr/lib are searched  (in
       that order).
       If the library has dependencies on other shared libraries,
       then these are also automatically loaded  by  the  dynamic
       linker  using  the  same  rules.   (This process may occur
       recursively, if those libraries in turn have dependencies,
       and so on.)
       The  value  of  flag  can be either RTLD_LAZY or RTLD_NOW.
       When RTLD_NOW is specified, or  the  environment  variable
       LD_BIND_NOW  is set  to a non-empty string, all undefined
       symbols in  the  library  are  resolved  before  dlopen()
       returns.  If  this  cannot  be done, an error is returned.
       Otherwise  binding  is  lazy:  symbol  values  are   first
       resolved when needed.
       Optionally,  RTLD_GLOBAL  may be or'ed into flag, in which
       case the external symbols defined in the library  will  be
       made  available for  symbol  resolution  of  subsequently
       loaded  libraries.   (The  converse  of  RTLD_GLOBAL   is
       RTLD_LOCAL.  This is the default.)
       If filename is a NULL pointer, then the returned handle is
       for the main program.  When given to dlsym(), this  handle
       causes a search for a symbol in the main program, followed
       by all shared libraries loaded  at  program  startup,  and
       then all shared libraries loaded by dlopen() with the flag
       RTLD_GLOBAL.
       External references in the library are resolved using  the
       libraries  in that library's dependency list and any other
       libraries previously opened with the RTLD_GLOBAL flag.  If
       the  executable was linked with the flag "-rdynamic" (or,
       synonymously, "--export-dynamic"), then the global symbols
       in  the executable will also be used to resolve references
       in a dynamically loaded library.
       If the same library is loaded  again  with  dlopen(),  the
       same  file  handle  is  returned. The dl library maintains
       reference counts for library handles, so a dynamic library
       is  not deallocated until dlclose() has been called on it
       as many times as dlopen() has succeeded on it.  The  _init
       routine, if present, is only called once. But a subsequent
       call with RTLD_NOW  may force  symbol  resolution  for a
       library earlier loaded with RTLD_LAZY.
       If dlopen() fails for any reason, it returns NULL.
   dlsym
       The function dlsym() takes a "handle" of a dynamic library
       returned by dlopen and  the  NUL-terminated  symbol  name,
       returning  the  address where  that symbol is loaded into
       memory. If the symbol is  not  found,  in  the specified
       library or  any  of the libraries that were automatically
       loaded by dlopen() when that library was  loaded,  dlsym()
       returns NULL.  (The search performed by dlsym() is breadth
       first through the dependency  tree  of  these  libraries.)
       Since  the  value of the symbol could actually be NULL (so
       that a NULL return  from  dlsym()  need not  indicate  an
       error), the  correct  way to test for an error is to call
       dlerror() to clear any old  error  conditions,  then  call
       dlsym(),  and then call dlerror() again, saving its return
       value into a variable, and check whether this saved  value
       is not NULL.
       There  are  two special  pseudo-handles, RTLD_DEFAULT and
       RTLD_NEXT.  The former will find the first  occurrence  of
       the desired symbol using the default library search order.
       The latter will find the next occurrence of a function  in
       the  search  order after the current library.  This allows
       one to provide a wrapper  around  a  function  in  another
       shared library.
   dlclose
       The  function  dlclose() decrements the reference count on
       the dynamic library handle handle.  If the reference count
       drops to zero and no other loaded libraries use symbols in
       it, then the dynamic library is unloaded.
       The function dlclose() returns 0 on success, and  non-zero
       on error.
   The obsolete symbols _init and _fini
       The linker recognizes special symbols _init and _fini.  If
       a dynamic library exports a routine named _init, then that
       code  is  executed  after  the  loading,  before  dlopen()
       returns. If the dynamic library exports a  routine  named
       _fini, then that routine is called just before the library
       is unloaded.  In case you  need to  avoid  linking against
       the  system  startup files, this can be done by giving gcc
       the "-nostartfiles" parameter on the command line.
       Using these routines, or the gcc -nostartupfiles or -nost-
       dlib  options, is not recommended. Their use may result in
       undesired behavior, since the constructor/destructor  rou-
       tines  will  not  be executed (unless special measures are
       taken).
       Instead,  libraries  should  export  routines  using   the
       __attribute__((constructor))  and  __attribute__((destruc-
       tor)) function attributes.  See the  gcc  info  pages  for
       information  on these. Constructor routines are executed
       before dlopen returns, and destructor  routines are  exe-
       cuted before dlclose returns.
GNU EXTENSIONS
       Glibc adds two functions not described by POSIX, with pro-
       totypes
       #define GNU_SOURCE
       #include <dlfcn.h>
       int dladdr(void *addr, Dl_info *info);
       void *dlvsym(void *handle, char *symbol, char *version);
       The function dladdr() takes a function pointer  and  tries
       to  resolve name and file where it is located. Information
       is stored in the Dl_info structure:
       typedef struct {
  const char *dli_fname;/* File name of defining object */
  void *dli_fbase;      /* Load address of that object */
  const char *dli_sname;/* Name of nearest lower symbol */
  void *dli_saddr;      /* Exact value of nearest symbol */
       } Dl_info;
       dladdr() returns 0 on error, and non-zero on success.
       The function dlvsym() does the same as dlsym() but takes a
       version string as additional argument.

EXAMPLE
       Load the math library, and print the cosine of 2.0:
       #include <stdio.h>
       #include <dlfcn.h>
       int main(int argc, char **argv) {
    void *handle;
    double (*cosine)(double);
    char *error;
    handle = dlopen ("libm.so", RTLD_LAZY);
    if (!handle) {
        fprintf (stderr, "%s\n", dlerror());
        exit(1);
    }
    dlerror(); /* Clear any existing error */
    *(void **) (&cosine) = dlsym(handle, "cos");
    if ((error = dlerror()) != NULL)  {
        fprintf (stderr, "%s\n", error);
        exit(1);
    }
    printf ("%f\n", (*cosine)(2.0));
    dlclose(handle);
    return 0;
       }
       If  this  program  were in a file named "foo.c", you would
       build the program with the following command:
       gcc -rdynamic -o foo foo.c -ldl
       Libraries exporting _init() and _fini() will  want  to  be
       compiled as follows, using bar.c as the example name:
       gcc -shared -nostartfiles -o bar bar.c
NOTES
       The  symbols  RTLD_DEFAULT  and RTLD_NEXT  are defined by
       <dlfcn.h> only when _GNU_SOURCE was defined before includ-
       ing it.
HISTORY
       The  dlopen interface standard comes from SunOS. That sys-
       tem also has dladdr, but not dlvsym.
CONFORMING TO
       POSIX  1003.1-2003  describes  dlclose, dlerror,  dlopen,
       dlsym.
SEE ALSO
       ld(1),  ldd(1), ld.so(8),  ldconfig(8), ld.so info pages,
       gcc info pages, ld info pages
 
Linux       2003-11-17   DLOPEN(3)