Problem
我想使用for循环来遍历容器的所有元素,或者通过for yield来创建一个新的集合。
Solution
你可以使用for循环遍历所有的Traversable类型(基本上所有的sequency都可以):
scala> val fruits = Traversable("apple", "banana", "orange")
fruits: Traversable[String] = List(apple, banana, orange)
scala> for (f <- fruits) println(f)
apple
banana
orange
scala> for (f <- fruits) println(f.toUpperCase)
APPLE
BANANA
ORANGE
如果你的循环体代码很长,那么你同样可以像正常使用for循环一样,执行多行的代码块:
scala> for (f <- fruits) {
| val s = f.toUpperCase
| println(s)
| }
APPLE
BANANA
ORANGE
使用一个计数器当作下标来访问一个集合:
scala> val fruits = IndexedSeq("apple", "banana", "orange")
fruits: IndexedSeq[String] = Vector(apple, banana, orange)
scala> for (i <- 0 until fruits.size) println(s"element $i is ${fruits(i)}")
element 0 is apple
element 1 is banana
element 2 is orange
你同样可以使用zipWithIndex方法来遍历集合的时候获取当前元素的索引:
scala> for ((elem, count) <- fruits.zipWithIndex) {println(s"element $count is $elem")}
element 0 is apple
element 1 is banana
element 2 is orange
生成一个计数器来获取集合元素下标的另一个方法是zip stream:
scala> for ((elem,count) <- fruits.zip(Stream from 1)) {println(s"element $count is $elem")}
element 1 is apple
element 2 is banana
element 3 is orange
scala> for ((elem,count) <- fruits.zip(Stream from 0)) {println(s"element $count is $elem")}
element 0 is apple
element 1 is banana
element 2 is orange
The for/yield construct
当你想通过一个现有的集合,对其元素进行加工后生成一个新的集合,那么就可以使用for yield这样形式:
scala> val fruits = Array("apple", "banana", "orange")
fruits: Array[String] = Array(apple, banana, orange)
scala> val newArray = for (e <- fruits) yield e.toUpperCase
newArray: Array[String] = Array(APPLE, BANANA, ORANGE)
再看一下这个例子的另外两种形式,一个是当for循环方法体是多行的时候,另一个形式是当你想复用yield后面的操作函数时:
scala> val newArray = for (e <- fruits) yield {
| val s = e.toUpperCase
| s
| }
newArray: Array[String] = Array(APPLE, BANANA, ORANGE)
scala> def upper(s: String):String = {s.toUpperCase}
upper: (s: String)String
scala> val newArray = for (e <- fruits) yield upper(e)
newArray: Array[String] = Array(APPLE, BANANA, ORANGE)
Map
使用for循环来遍历一个Map同样也是非常方便的:
scala> val names = Map("fname" -> "Ed", "lname" -> "Chigliak")
names: scala.collection.immutable.Map[String,String] = Map(fname -> Ed, lname -> Chigliak)
scala> for ((k,v) <- names) println(s"key: $k, value: $v")
key: fname, value: Ed
key: lname, value: Chigliak
Discussion
When using a for loop, the <- symbol can be read as “in,” so the following statement can be read as “for i in 1 to 3, do ...”:
for (i <- 1 to 3) { // more code here ...
在使用for循环来遍历一个集合元素的时候,我们同样可以添加if字句来对元素进行过滤:
for {
file <- files
if file.isFile //file是一个文件
if file.getName.endsWith(".txt") //file后缀名为.txt
} doSomething(file)