举例说明：
import numpy as np
a = np.zeros((3, 4), dtype=int)
a
array([[0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0]])
# pad(array, pad_width, mode, **kwargs)
# array: array_like
# pad_width: ((1, 2), (3, 4))
# 1: width of top
# 2: width of bottom
# 3: width of left
# 4: width of right
# mode: str or function
# 'constant': Pads with a constant value
# constant_values: Used in 'constant'. The values to set the padded values for each axis.
# ((1, 2), (3, 4))
# 1: value of top
# 2: value of bottom
# 3: vlaue of left
# 4: vlaue of right
np.pad(a, ((1, 2), (3, 4)), 'constant', constant_values=((1, 2), (3, 4)))
array([[3, 3, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 4, 4, 4, 4],
[3, 3, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 4, 4, 4],
[3, 3, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 4, 4, 4],
[3, 3, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 4, 4, 4],
[3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4],
[3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4]])
# (1, 2)
# top:bottom=1:2
# left:right=1:2
np.pad(a, (1, 2), 'constant', constant_values=(1, 2))
array([[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2],
[1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2],
[1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2],
[1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2],
[1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2],
[1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2]])
a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
np.pad(a, (2, 3), 'constant', constant_values=(4, 6))
array([4, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 6, 6])
# mode: 'edge': Pads with the edge values of array
np.pad(a, (2, 3), 'edge')
array([1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5])
np.pad(a, (2, 3), 'linear_ramp', end_values=(5, 1))
array([5, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 4, 2, 1])
np.pad(a, (2, 3), 'maximum')
array([5, 5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5])
np.pad(a, (2, 3), 'mean')
array([3, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 3, 3, 3])
np.pad(a, (2, 3), 'median')
array([3, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 3, 3, 3])
a = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
np.pad(a, (2, 3), 'minimum')
array([[1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1],
[1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1],
[1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1],
[3, 3, 3, 4, 3, 3, 3],
[1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1],
[1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1],
[1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1]])
语法说明：
>>> help(np.pad)
Help on function pad in module numpy.lib.arraypad:
pad(array, pad_width, mode, **kwargs)
Pads an array.
Parameters
----------
array : array_like of rank N
Input array
pad_width : {sequence, array_like, int}
Number of values padded to the edges of each axis.
((before_1, after_1), ... (before_N, after_N)) unique pad widths
for each axis.
((before, after),) yields same before and after pad for each axis.
(pad,) or int is a shortcut for before = after = pad width for all
axes.
mode : str or function
One of the following string values or a user supplied function.
'constant'
Pads with a constant value.
'edge'
Pads with the edge values of array.
'linear_ramp'
Pads with the linear ramp between end_value and the
array edge value.
'maximum'
Pads with the maximum value of all or part of the
vector along each axis.
'mean'
Pads with the mean value of all or part of the
vector along each axis.
'median'
Pads with the median value of all or part of the
vector along each axis.
'minimum'
Pads with the minimum value of all or part of the
vector along each axis.
'reflect'
Pads with the reflection of the vector mirrored on
the first and last values of the vector along each
axis.
'symmetric'
Pads with the reflection of the vector mirrored
along the edge of the array.
'wrap'
Pads with the wrap of the vector along the axis.
The first values are used to pad the end and the
end values are used to pad the beginning.
<function>
Padding function, see Notes.
stat_length : sequence or int, optional
Used in 'maximum', 'mean', 'median', and 'minimum'. Number of
values at edge of each axis used to calculate the statistic value.
((before_1, after_1), ... (before_N, after_N)) unique statistic
lengths for each axis.
((before, after),) yields same before and after statistic lengths
for each axis.
(stat_length,) or int is a shortcut for before = after = statistic
length for all axes.
Default is ``None``, to use the entire axis.
constant_values : sequence or int, optional
Used in 'constant'. The values to set the padded values for each
axis.
((before_1, after_1), ... (before_N, after_N)) unique pad constants
for each axis.
((before, after),) yields same before and after constants for each
axis.
(constant,) or int is a shortcut for before = after = constant for
all axes.
Default is 0.
end_values : sequence or int, optional
Used in 'linear_ramp'. The values used for the ending value of the
linear_ramp and that will form the edge of the padded array.
((before_1, after_1), ... (before_N, after_N)) unique end values
for each axis.
((before, after),) yields same before and after end values for each
axis.
(constant,) or int is a shortcut for before = after = end value for
all axes.
Default is 0.
reflect_type : {'even', 'odd'}, optional
Used in 'reflect', and 'symmetric'. The 'even' style is the
default with an unaltered reflection around the edge value. For
the 'odd' style, the extended part of the array is created by
subtracting the reflected values from two times the edge value.
Returns
-------
pad : ndarray
Padded array of rank equal to `array` with shape increased
according to `pad_width`.
Notes
-----
.. versionadded:: 1.7.0
For an array with rank greater than 1, some of the padding of later
axes is calculated from padding of previous axes. This is easiest to
think about with a rank 2 array where the corners of the padded array
are calculated by using padded values from the first axis.
The padding function, if used, should return a rank 1 array equal in
length to the vector argument with padded values replaced. It has the
following signature::
padding_func(vector, iaxis_pad_width, iaxis, kwargs)
where
vector : ndarray
A rank 1 array already padded with zeros. Padded values are
vector[:pad_tuple[0]] and vector[-pad_tuple[1]:].
iaxis_pad_width : tuple
A 2-tuple of ints, iaxis_pad_width[0] represents the number of
values padded at the beginning of vector where
iaxis_pad_width[1] represents the number of values padded at
the end of vector.
iaxis : int
The axis currently being calculated.
kwargs : dict
Any keyword arguments the function requires.
Examples
--------
>>> a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> np.pad(a, (2,3), 'constant', constant_values=(4, 6))
array([4, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 6, 6])
>>> np.pad(a, (2, 3), 'edge')
array([1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5])
>>> np.pad(a, (2, 3), 'linear_ramp', end_values=(5, -4))
array([ 5, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 2, -1, -4])
>>> np.pad(a, (2,), 'maximum')
array([5, 5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5])
>>> np.pad(a, (2,), 'mean')
array([3, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 3, 3])
>>> np.pad(a, (2,), 'median')
array([3, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 3, 3])
>>> a = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
>>> np.pad(a, ((3, 2), (2, 3)), 'minimum')
array([[1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1],
[1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1],
[1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1],
[1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1],
[3, 3, 3, 4, 3, 3, 3],
[1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1],
[1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1]])
>>> a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> np.pad(a, (2, 3), 'reflect')
array([3, 2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 4, 3, 2])
>>> np.pad(a, (2, 3), 'reflect', reflect_type='odd')
array([-1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8])
>>> np.pad(a, (2, 3), 'symmetric')
array([2, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 4, 3])
>>> np.pad(a, (2, 3), 'symmetric', reflect_type='odd')
array([0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 7])
>>> np.pad(a, (2, 3), 'wrap')
array([4, 5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1, 2, 3])
>>> def pad_with(vector, pad_width, iaxis, kwargs):
... pad_value = kwargs.get('padder', 10)
... vector[:pad_width[0]] = pad_value
... vector[-pad_width[1]:] = pad_value
... return vector
>>> a = np.arange(6)
>>> a = a.reshape((2, 3))
>>> np.pad(a, 2, pad_with)
array([[10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10],
[10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10],
[10, 10, 0, 1, 2, 10, 10],
[10, 10, 3, 4, 5, 10, 10],
[10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10],
[10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10]])
>>> np.pad(a, 2, pad_with, padder=100)
array([[100, 100, 100, 100, 100, 100, 100],
[100, 100, 100, 100, 100, 100, 100],
[100, 100, 0, 1, 2, 100, 100],
[100, 100, 3, 4, 5, 100, 100],
[100, 100, 100, 100, 100, 100, 100],
[100, 100, 100, 100, 100, 100, 100]])
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