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作者：buaadallas
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包括我自己在内，很多人对内核，进程，线程同步都不是很清楚，下面稍微总结一下：
 
内核同步：
主要是防止多核处理器同时访问修改某段代码，或者在对设备驱动程序进行临界区保护。主要有一下几种方式：
1、Mutex（互斥）
头文件：
#include <linux/mutex.h>
初始化方法：
DEFINE_MUTEX(name);
或者
void mutex_init (struct mutex *lock);
使用方法：
void mutex_lock (struct mutex *lock);
尝试得到互斥量，否则进入睡眠，不能被中断，否则会导致进程无法杀死。
 
int mutex_lock_interruptible(struct mutex *lock);
Same, but can be interrupted. If interrupted, returns a non zero value 
and doesn't hold the lock.
Test the return value!!!
可以被中断
 
int mutex_trylock (struct mutex *lock);
Never waits. Returns a non zero value if the mutex is not avaiable. 
无等待
 
int mutex_is_locked(struct mutex *lock);
Just tells whether the mutex is locked or not.
 
void mutex_unlock(struct mutex *lock);
Releases the lock. Make sure you do it as quickly as possible!
 
2、Reader/writer semphopres 读写信号量
Allow shared access by unlimited readers, or by only 1 writer. Writers get priority.
 
允许有限数量的读访问，但是只能有一个写访问。
void init_rwsem(struct rw_semaphore *sem);
void down_read(struct rw_semaphore *sem);
int down_read_trylock(struct rw_semaphore *sem);
int up_read(struct rw_semaphore *sem);
void down_write(struct rw_semaphore *sem);
int down_write_trylock(struct rw_semaphore *sem);
int up_write(struct rw_semaphore * sem);
Well suited for rare writes, holding the semaphore briefly. 
Otherwise, readers get starved, waiting too long for the semaphore to be released.
 
3、Sinlocks自旋锁
初始化：
Static
sinlock_t my_lock = SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED;
Dynamic
void spin_lock_init(spinlock_t * lock);
使用：
void spin_[un]lock(spinlock_t * lock);
Doesn't disable interrupts. 
Used for locking in process context 
(critical sections in which you do not want to sleep).
void spin_lock_irqsave / spin_unlock_irqrestore(spinlock_t *lock, unsigned long flags);
Disables / restores IRQs on the local CPU.
Typically used when the lock can be accessed in both process and interrupt context, 
to prevent preemption by interrupts.
 
进程同步/通信
1、Semaphore信号量
semaphore sv = 1;
loop forever {
P(sv);
critical code section;
V(sv);
noncritical code section;
}
头文件以及函数：
#include <sys/sem.h>
int semctl(int sem_id, int sem_num, int command, ...);
int semget(key_t key, int num_sems, int sem_flags);
int semop(int sem_id, struct sembuf *sem_ops, size_t num_sem_ops);
 
2、Share Memory共享内存
头文件以及函数
#include <sys/shm.h>
void * shmat(int shm_id, const void * shm_addr, int shmflag);
int shmctl(int shm_id, int cmd, struct shmid_ds *buf);
int shmdt(const void * shm_addr);
int shmget(key_t key, size_t size, int shmflg);
 
3、Message Queues消息队列
头文件以及函数
#include <sys/msg.h>
int msgctl(int msqid, int cmd, struct msqid_ds *buf);
int msgget(key_t key, int msgflg);
int msgrcv(int msqid, void *msg_ptr, size_t msg_sz, long int msgtype, int msgflg);
int msgnd(int msgid, const void *msg_ptr, size_t msg_sz, int msgflg);
 
线程同步
1、semophore信号量
简单用法：
#include <semaphore.h>
sem_t bin_sem;
res = sem_init(&bin_sem, 0, 0);
sem_wait(&bin_sem);
sem_post(&bin_sem);
sem_destory(&bin_sem);
 
2、Mutex互斥
头文件以及函数
#include <pthread.h>
int pthread_mutex_init(pthread_mutex_t * mutex, const pthread_mutexattr_t * mutexattr);
int pthread_mutex_lock(pthread_mutex_t * mutex);
int pthread_mutex_unlock(pthread_mutex_t * mutex);
int pthread_mutex_destroy(pthread_mutex_t * mutex);
 
3、读写锁
头文件以及函数
#include <pthread.h>
int pthread_rwlock_init(pthread_rwlock_t * restrict rwlock, const pthread_rwlockattr_t * restrict attr);
int pthread_rwlock_destroy(pthread_rwlock_t * rwlock);
int pthread_rwlock_rdlock(pthread_rwlock_t * rwlock);
int pthread_rwlock_wrlock(pthread_rwlock_t * rwlock);
int pthread_rwlock_unlock(pthread_rwlock_t * rwlock);
int pthread_rwlock_tryrdlock(pthread_rwlock_t * rwlock);
int pthread_rwlock_trywrlock(pthread_rwlock_t * rwlock);
 
4、条件变量
#include <pthread.h>
pthread_cond_t cond = PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER;
int pthread_cond_init(pthread_cond_t * cond, pthread_condattr_t * cond_attr);
int pthread_cond_signal(pthread_cond_t * cond);
int pthread_cond_broadcast(pthread_cond_t * cond);
int pthread_cond_wait(pthread_cond_t * cond, pthread_mutex_t * mutex);
int pthread_cond_timedwait(pthread_cond_t * cond, pthread_mutex_t * mutex, const struct timespec * abstime);
int pthread_cond_destroy(pthread_cond_t * cond);