Singleton
private static Singleton firstInstance = null; public static Singleton getInstance() { if(firstInstance == null) { // This is here to test what happens if threads try // to create instances of this class if(firstThread){ firstThread = false; try { Thread.currentThread(); Thread.sleep(1000); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } // Here we just use synchronized when the first object // is created synchronized(Singleton.class){ if(firstInstance == null) { // If the instance isn't needed it isn't created // This is known as lazy instantiation firstInstance = new Singleton(); // Shuffle the letters in the list Collections.shuffle(firstInstance.letterList); } } } // Under either circumstance this returns the instance return firstInstance; }
In software engineering, the singleton pattern is a design pattern that restricts
the instantiation of a class to one object. This is useful when exactly one object
is needed to coordinate actions across the system. The concept is sometimes generalized
to systems that operate more efficiently when only one object exists, or that restrict
the instantiation to a certain number of objects. The term comes from the mathematical
concept of a singleton.
Factory
// This is a factory thats only job is creating ships // By encapsulating ship creation, we only have one // place to make modifications public class ENEMYSHIPFACTORY{ // This could be used as a static method if we // are willing to give up subclassing it public ENEMYSHIP makeEnemyShip(String newShipType){ //ENEMYSHIP newShip = null; if (newShipType.equals("U")){ return new UFOENEMYSHIP(); } else if (newShipType.equals("R")){ return new ROCKETENEMYSHIP(); } else if (newShipType.equals("B")){ return new BIGUFOENEMYSHIP(); } else return null; } }
When a method returns one of several possible classes that share a commom super class
the factory pattern allows you to create objects without specifying the exact class of
object that will be created.
a virtual function or virtual method is a function or method whose behavior can be overridden within an inheriting class by a function with the same signature. This concept is a very important part of the polymorphism portion of object-oriented programming (OOP).
"A pure virtual function or pure virtual method is a virtual function that is required to be implemented by a derived class that is not abstract" - Wikipedia
So, the virtual function can be overriden and the pure virtual must be implemented.
As the name inheritance suggests an object is able to inherit characteristics from another object. In more concrete terms, an object is able to pass on its state and behaviors to its children. For inheritance to work the objects need to have characteristics in common with each other.
static:
static variables are shared by the entire class, not a specific instance (unlike normal member variables) static methods are also shared by the entire class static can be used around a block of code in a class to specify code that runs when the virtual machine is first started up, before instances of the class are created.
| （计算机编程英语词汇） 算法常用术语中英对照 Data Structures 基本数据结构 Dictionaries 字典 Priority Queues 堆 Graph Data Structures 图 Set Data Structures 集合 Kd-Trees 线段树 Numerical Problems 数值问题 Solving Linear Equations 线性方程组 Bandwidth Reduction 带宽压缩 Matrix Multiplication 矩阵乘法 Determinants and Permanents 行列式 Constrained and Unconstrained Optimization 最值问题 Linear Programming 线性规划 Random Number Generation 随机数生成 Factoring and Primality Testing 因子分解/质数判定 Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic 高精度计算 Knapsack Problem 背包问题 Discrete Fourier Transform 离散Fourier 变换 Combinatorial Problems 组合问题 Sorting 排序 Searching 查找 Median and Selection 中位数 Generating Permutations 排列生成 Generating Subsets 子集生成 Generating Partitions 划分生成 Generating Graphs 图的生成 Calendrical Calculations 日期 Job Scheduling 工程安排 Satisfiability 可满足性 Graph Problems -- polynomial 图论-多项式算法 Connected Components 连通分支 Topological Sorting 拓扑排序 Minimum Spanning Tree 最小生成树 Shortest Path 最短路径 Transitive Closure and Reduction 传递闭包 Matching 匹配 Eulerian Cycle / Chinese Postman Euler 回路/中国邮路 Edge and Vertex Connectivity 割边/割点 Network Flow 网络流 Drawing Graphs Nicely 图的描绘 Drawing Trees 树的描绘 Planarity Detection and Embedding 平面性检测和嵌入 Graph Problems -- hard 图论-NP 问题 Clique 最大团 Independent Set 独立集 Vertex Cover 点覆盖 Traveling Salesman Problem 旅行商问题 Hamiltonian Cycle Hamilton 回路 Graph Partition 图的划分 Vertex Coloring 点染色 Edge Coloring 边染色 Graph Isomorphism 同构 Steiner Tree Steiner 树 Feedback Edge/Vertex Set 最大无环子图 Computational Geometry 计算几何 Convex Hull 凸包 Triangulation 三角剖分 Voronoi Diagrams Voronoi 图 Nearest Neighbor Search 最近点对查询 Range Search 范围查询 Point Location 位置查询 Intersection Detection 碰撞测试 Bin Packing 装箱问题 Medial-Axis Transformation 中轴变换 Polygon Partitioning 多边形分割 Simplifying Polygons 多边形化简 Shape Similarity 相似多边形 Motion Planning 运动规划 Maintaining Line Arrangements 平面分割 Minkowski Sum Minkowski 和 Set and String Problems 集合与串的问题 Set Cover 集合覆盖 Set Packing 集合配置 String Matching 模式匹配 Approximate String Matching 模糊匹配 Text Compression 压缩 Cryptography 密码 Finite State Machine Minimization 有穷自动机简化 Longest Common Substring 最长公共子串 Shortest Common Superstring 最短公共父串 DP——Dynamic Programming——动态规划 recursion ——递归 编程词汇 A2A integration A2A 整合 abstract 抽象的 abstract base class (ABC)抽象基类 abstract class 抽象类 abstraction 抽象、抽象物、抽象性 access 存取、访问 access level 访问级别 access function 访问函数 account 账户 action 动作 activate 激活 active 活动的 actual parameter 实参 adapter 适配器 add-in 插件 address 地址 address space 地址空间 address-of operator 取地址操作符 ADL (argument-dependent lookup) ADO(ActiveX Data Object)ActiveX 数据对象 advanced 高级的 aggregation 聚合、聚集 algorithm 算法 alias 别名 align 排列、对齐 allocate 分配、配置 allocator 分配器、配置器 angle bracket 尖括号 annotation 注解、评注 API (Application Programming Interface)应用(程序)编程接口 app domain (application domain)应用域 application 应用、应用程序 application framework 应用程序框架 appearance 外观 append 附加 architecture 架构、体系结构 archive file 归档文件、存档文件 argument 引数(传给函式的值)。参见parameter array 数组 arrow operator 箭头操作符 ASP(Active Server Page)活动服务器页面 ASP.NET worker process ASP.NET 工作者进程 assembly 装配件、配件 assembly language 汇编语言 assembly manifest 装配件清单 assert(ion)断言 assign 赋值 assignment 赋值、分配 assignment operator 赋值操作符 associated 相关的、相关联的 associative container 关联式容器(对应sequential container) asynchronous 异步的 atomic 原子的 atomic operation 原子操作 attribute 特性、属性 authentication service 验证服务 authorization 授权 audio 音频 A.I. 人工智能 B2B integration B2B 整合、B2B 集成(business-to-business integration) background 背景、后台(进程) backward compatible 向后兼容、向下兼容 backup 备份 backup device 备份设备 backup file 备份文件 bandwidth 带宽 base class 基类 base type 基类型 batch 批处理 BCL (base class library)基类库 binary 二进制 binary search 二分查找 binary tree 二叉树 binary function 双参函数 binary large object 二进制大对象 binary operator 二元操作符 binding 绑定 bit 位 bitmap 位图 bitwise 按位... bitwise copy 为单元进行复制；位元逐一复制,按位拷 bitwise operation 按位运算 block 块、区块、语句块 bookkeeping 簿记 boolean 布林值(真假值，true 或false) border 边框 bounds checking 边界检查 boxing 装箱、装箱转换 brace (curly brace)大括号、花括号 bracket (square brakcet)中括号、方括号 breakpoint 断点 browser applications 浏览器应用(程序) browser-accessible application 可经由浏览器访问的应用程序 build 编连(专指编译和连接 built-in 内建、内置 bus 总线 business 业务、商务(看场合) business Logic 业务逻辑 business rules 业务规则 buttons 按钮 bug 臭虫 by/through 通过 byte 位元组(由8 bits 组成) cache 高速缓存 calendar 日历 call 调用 callback 回调 call-level interface (CLI)调用级接口(CLI) call operator 调用操作符 candidate key 候选键(for database) cascading delete 级联删除(for database) cascading update 级联更新(for database) casting 转型、造型转换 catalog 目录 chain 链(function calls) character 字符 character format 字符格式 character set 字符集 CHECK constraints CHECK 约束(for database) checkpoint 检查点(for database) check box 复选框 check button 复选按钮 child class 子类 CIL (common intermediate language)通用中间语言、通用中介语言 class 类 class declaration 类声明 class definition 类定义 class derivation list 类继承列表 class factory 类厂 class hierarchy 类层次结构 class library 类库 class loader 类装载器 class template 类模板 class template partial specializations 类模板部分特化 class template specializations 类模板特化 classification 分类 clause 子句 client application 客户端应用程序 client cursor 客户端游标(for database) code page 代码页 cleanup 清理、清除 CLI (Common Language Infrastructure) 通用语言基础设施 client 客户、客户端 |
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