1.关于在字符串中包含单引号
字符串是引用字符串的,如果字符串本身就包含单引号怎么办?
用2个单引号表示或者以q或Q开头,然后后面是字符串,字符串的第1个字符和最后结束的字符是分割符号,中间的引号随便写,如果开始是[,<,(,{结束一定要是],>,),}.但是开始如果是],>,),}那么结束要和开始相同,其他的符号,+,|,或字母a,A,等,开始和结束相同,包括大小写。
例子如下:
SQL> select 'you are'' beautiful' from dual;
'YOUARE''BEAUTIFUL
------------------
you are' beautiful
select q'[you are' beautiful]' from dual;
Q'[YOUARE'BEAUTIFU
----------------------
you are' beautiful
SQL> select q'+it's a cat+' from dual
2 /
Q'+IT'SACAT+'
-------------
it's a cat
SQL> select Q'Ait's a cata' from dual
2 /
select Q'Ait's a cata' from dual
ORA-01756: 引号内的字符串没有正确结束
2.where子句中不能使用别名
在where字句中是不能使用别名的,但在order by 字句中是可以使用的,如下
SQL> select employee_id,last_name,job_id,department_id
2 from employees
3 where department_id=90;
EMPLOYEE_ID LAST_NAME JOB_ID DEPARTMENT_ID
---------------------- ------------------ ---------- ------------
100 King AD_PRES 90
101 Kochhar AD_VP 90
102 De Haan AD_VP 90
SQL> select employee_id,last_name,job_id,department_id dd
2 from employees where dd=90;
from employees where dd=90
*
ERROR at line 2:
ORA-00904: "DD": invalid identifier
order by 自己可以用别名
SQL> select employee_id,last_name,salary*12 annsal from employees
2 order by annsal;
EMPLOYEE_ID LAST_NAME ANNSAL
-------------- ---------------------- ----------
132 Olson 25200
136 Philtanker 26400
128 Markle 26400
127 Landry 28800
135 Gee 28800
191 Perkins 30000
119 Colmenares 30000
140 Patel 30000
144 Vargas 30000
182 Sullivan 30000
131 Marlow 30000
为什么呢?因为select语句有个执行顺序,where子句是在select之前进行处理的,而order by字句是在select之后处理。列的别名是在select时生成,所以where字句根本看不到别名,故无法引用,order by 字句则可以。
3.关于NULL值
NULL is a value that is unavaiable,unassigned,unknown or inapplicable.在算术表达式中有NULL值,则结果为NULL值;在字符串的表达式中,则保持原有的字符串。
NULL值在排序中:在升序中NULL值放在最后,在降序中放在开始,即放在最大的位置,可以改变位置,在语句末尾加上nulls first或者nulls last.
select语句默认为升序排列,以department_id排序NULL在最后位置
SQL> select last_name, department_id from employees order by department_id;
LAST_NAME DEPARTMENT_ID
------------------ -----------------
Greenberg 100
Sciarra 100
Urman 100
Popp 100
Faviet 100
Gietz 110
Higgins 110
Grant
以降序排列,NULL在第一个位置
SQL> select last_name, department_id from employees order by department_id desc;
LAST_NAME DEPARTMENT_ID
------------------------- -------------
Grant
Higgins 110
Gietz 110
Urman 100
Faviet 100
Chen 100
Popp 100
Greenberg 100
Sciarra 100
De Haan 90
Kochhar 90
在末尾加上nulls last改变了NULL值的位置
SQL> select last_name, department_id from employees order by department_id desc nulls last;
LAST_NAME DEPARTMENT_ID
------------------------- -------------
Himuro 30
Tobias 30
Raphaely 30
Baida 30
Fay 20
Hartstein 20
Whalen 10
Grant
http://oracle.chinaitlab.com/induction/934410.html
转载于:https://blog.51cto.com/guerrilla/1349308