微软有了Webservice和WCF，为什么还要有WebAPI？
用过WCF的人应该都清楚，面对那一大堆复杂的配置文件，有时候一出问题，真的会叫人抓狂。而且供不同的客户端调用不是很方便。不得不承认WCF的功能确实非常强大，可是有时候我们通常不需要那么复杂的功能，只需要简单的仅通过使用Http或Https来调用的增删改查功能，这时，WebAPI应运而生。那么什么时候考虑使用WebAPI呢？
当你遇到以下这些情况的时候，就可以考虑使用Web API了。
- 需要Web Service但是不需要SOAP
- 需要在已有的WCF服务基础上建立non-soap-based http服务
- 只想发布一些简单的Http服务，不想使用相对复杂的WCF配置
- 发布的服务可能会被带宽受限的设备访问
- 希望使用开源框架，关键时候可以自己调试或者自定义一下框架
熟悉MVC的朋友你可能会觉得Web API 与MVC很类似。
Demo
1、新建项目，WebApi
2、新建类Product
1 public class Product
2 {
3 public int Id { get; set; }
4 public string Name { get; set; }
5 public string Category { get; set; }
6 public decimal Price { get; set; }
7 }
3、新建控制器Products，为了演示，我这里不连接数据库，直接代码中构造假数据
1 using System.Net.Http;
2 using System.Web.Http;
3
4 public class ProductsController : ApiController
5 {
6 Product[] products = new Product[]
7 {
8 new Product { Id = 1, Name = "Tomato Soup", Category = "Groceries", Price = 1 },
9 new Product { Id = 2, Name = "Yo-yo", Category = "Toys", Price = 3.75M },
10 new Product { Id = 3, Name = "Hammer", Category = "Hardware", Price = 16.99M }
11 };
12
13 public IEnumerable<Product> GetAllProducts()
14 {
15 return products;
16 }
17
18 public IHttpActionResult GetProduct(int id)
19 {
20 var product = products.FirstOrDefault((p) => p.Id == id);
21 if (product == null)
22 {
23 return NotFound();
24 }
25 return Ok(product);
26 }
27 }
4、新建Index.html来测试WebAPI的调用，代码如下：
1 <!DOCTYPE html>
2 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
3 <head>
4 <title>Product App</title>
5 </head>
6 <body>
7
8 <div>
9 <h2>All Products</h2>
10 <ul id="products" />
11 </div>
12 <div>
13 <h2>Search by ID</h2>
14 <input type="text" id="prodId" size="5" />
15 <input type="button" value="Search" οnclick="find();" />
16 <p id="product" />
17 </div>
18
19 <script src="http://ajax.aspnetcdn.com/ajax/jQuery/jquery-2.0.3.min.js"></script>
20 <script>
21 var uri = 'api/products';
22
23 $(document).ready(function () {
24 $.getJSON(uri)
25 .done(function (data) {
26 $.each(data, function (key, item) {
27 $('<li>', { text: formatItem(item) }).appendTo($('#products'));
28 });
29 });
30 });
31
32 function formatItem(item) {
33 return item.Name + ': $' + item.Price;
34 }
35
36 function find() {
37 var id = $('#prodId').val();
38 $.getJSON(uri + '/' + id)
39 .done(function (data) {
40 $('#product').text(formatItem(data));
41 })
42 .fail(function (jqXHR, textStatus, err) {
43 $('#product').text('Error: ' + err);
44 });
45 }
46 </script>
47 </body>
48 </html>
运行结果如下：
WebAPI授权
1、新建授权过滤器类
/* ==============================================================================
* 功能描述：APIAuthorizeAttribute
* 创 建 者：Eason-deng
* 创建日期：2016/04/28 11:37:45
* 模仿练习
==============================================================================*/
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Net;
using System.Net.Http;
using System.Security.Principal;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.Http.Filters;
using Uuch.HP.WebAPI.Helper;
namespace Uuch.HP.WebAPI.Filter
{
public class APIAuthorizeAttribute : AuthorizationFilterAttribute
{
public override void OnAuthorization(System.Web.Http.Controllers.HttpActionContext actionContext)
{
//如果用户使用了forms authentication，就不必在做basic authentication了
if (Thread.CurrentPrincipal.Identity.IsAuthenticated)
{
return;
}
var authHeader = actionContext.Request.Headers.Authorization;
if (authHeader != null)
{
if (authHeader.Scheme.Equals("basic", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) &&
!String.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(authHeader.Parameter))
{
var credArray = GetCredentials(authHeader);
var userName = credArray[0];
var key = credArray[1];
string ip = System.Web.HttpContext.Current.Request.UserHostAddress;
//if (IsResourceOwner(userName, actionContext))
//{
//You can use Websecurity or asp.net memebrship provider to login, for
//for he sake of keeping example simple, we used out own login functionality
if (APIAuthorizeInfoValidate.ValidateApi(userName,key,ip))//Uuch.HPKjy.Core.Customs.APIAuthorizeInfo.GetModel(userName, key, ip) != null
{
var currentPrincipal = new GenericPrincipal(new GenericIdentity(userName), null);
Thread.CurrentPrincipal = currentPrincipal;
return;
}
//}
}
}
HandleUnauthorizedRequest(actionContext);
}
private string[] GetCredentials(System.Net.Http.Headers.AuthenticationHeaderValue authHeader)
{
//Base 64 encoded string
var rawCred = authHeader.Parameter;
var encoding = Encoding.GetEncoding("iso-8859-1");
var cred = encoding.GetString(Convert.FromBase64String(rawCred));
var credArray = cred.Split(':');
return credArray;
}
private bool IsResourceOwner(string userName, System.Web.Http.Controllers.HttpActionContext actionContext)
{
var routeData = actionContext.Request.GetRouteData();
var resourceUserName = routeData.Values["userName"] as string;
if (resourceUserName == userName)
{
return true;
}
return false;
}
private void HandleUnauthorizedRequest(System.Web.Http.Controllers.HttpActionContext actionContext)
{
actionContext.Response = actionContext.Request.CreateResponse(HttpStatusCode.Unauthorized);
actionContext.Response.Headers.Add("WWW-Authenticate",
"Basic Scheme='eLearning' location='http://localhost:8323/APITest'");
}
}
}
2、添加验证方法类APIAuthorizeInfoValidate.cs
using Newtonsoft.Json;
/* ==============================================================================
* 功能描述：APIAuthorizeInfoValidate
* 创 建 者：Zouqj
* 创建日期：2015/11/3 16:26:10
==============================================================================*/
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;
namespace Uuch.HP.WebAPI.Helper
{
public class APIAuthorizeInfo
{
public string UserName { get; set; }
public string Key { get; set; }
}
public class APIAuthorizeInfoValidate
{
public static bool ValidateApi(string username, string key, string ip)
{
var _APIAuthorizeInfo = JsonConvert.DeserializeObject <List<APIAuthorizeInfo>>(WebConfigHelper.ApiAuthorize);
var ips = WebConfigHelper.IPs.Contains(",") ? WebConfigHelper.IPs.Split(',') : new string[] { WebConfigHelper.IPs };
if (_APIAuthorizeInfo != null && _APIAuthorizeInfo.Count > 0)
{
foreach (var v in _APIAuthorizeInfo)
{
if (v.UserName == username && v.Key == key && ips.Contains(ip))
{
return true;
}
}
}
return false;
}
}
}
3、把添加到全局过滤器中，这里要注意了，不要添加到FilterConfig.cs，而要添加到WebApiConfig.cs，因为FilterConfig是MVC用的，我们这里是WebAPI。
public static class WebApiConfig
{
public static void Register(HttpConfiguration config)
{
config.Routes.MapHttpRoute(
name: "DefaultApi",
routeTemplate: "api/{controller}/{id}",
defaults: new { id = RouteParameter.Optional }
);
config.Filters.Add(new APIAuthorizeAttribute());
}
}
使用C#来调用WebAPI
以下用到的几个类，已经封装好了，可以直接使用。
1、新建webAPI站点，然后新建控制器RProducts
public class RProductsController : ApiController
{
/// <summary>
/// 备案商品回执记录回调接口
/// </summary>
/// <param name="lst"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
public int Put(List<RProduct> lst)
{
return ReceiptInfo.UpdateReceiptProductInfo(lst);
}
}
2、新建类WebApiClient.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Net;
using System.Net.Http;
using System.Net.Http.Headers;
using System.Text;
using DBHelper.Entitys;
namespace DBHelper
{
public static class WebApiClient<T>
{
static void SetBasicAuthorization(HttpClient client)
{
HttpRequestHeaders header=client.DefaultRequestHeaders;
string user = ConfigHelper.UserName;
string key = ConfigHelper.Key;
Encoding encoding = Encoding.UTF8;
// Add an Accept header for JSON format.
// 为JSON格式添加一个Accept报头
client.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new MediaTypeWithQualityHeaderValue("application/json"));
//Base64编码
var data = Convert.ToBase64String(encoding.GetBytes(user + ":" + key));
//设置AuthenticationHeaderValue
header.Authorization = new AuthenticationHeaderValue("Basic", data);
//通过HttpRequestHeaders.Add
//header.Add("Authorization", "Basic " + data);
}
public static List<T> GetAll(string url)
{
List<T> li = new List<T>();
HttpClient client = new HttpClient();
SetBasicAuthorization(client);
// List all products.
// 列出所有产品
HttpResponseMessage response = client.GetAsync(url).Result;// Blocking call（阻塞调用）!
if (response.IsSuccessStatusCode)
{
// Parse the response body. Blocking!
// 解析响应体。阻塞！
li = response.Content.ReadAsAsync<List<T>>().Result;
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("{0} ({1})", (int)response.StatusCode, response.ReasonPhrase);
}
return li;
}
public static T GetByFilter(string url)
{
T entity = default(T);
HttpClient client = new HttpClient();
SetBasicAuthorization(client);
// List all products.
// 列出所有产品
HttpResponseMessage response = client.GetAsync(url).Result;// Blocking call（阻塞调用）!
if (response.IsSuccessStatusCode)
{
// Parse the response body. Blocking!
// 解析响应体。阻塞！
entity = response.Content.ReadAsAsync<T>().Result;
}
return entity;
}
public static T Get(string url,string id)
{
T entity=default(T);
HttpClient client = new HttpClient();
SetBasicAuthorization(client);
// List all products.
// 列出所有产品
HttpResponseMessage response = client.GetAsync(string.Format("{0}/{1}",url,id)).Result;// Blocking call（阻塞调用）!
if (response.IsSuccessStatusCode)
{
// Parse the response body. Blocking!
// 解析响应体。阻塞！
entity = response.Content.ReadAsAsync<T>().Result;
}
return entity;
}
public static bool Edit(string url,List<int> value)
{
HttpClient client = new HttpClient();
SetBasicAuthorization(client);
var response = client.PutAsJsonAsync(url,value).Result;
if (response.IsSuccessStatusCode)
{
return true;
}
else
{
return false;
}
}
public static bool Edit(string url, Dictionary<int, string> dic)
{
HttpClient client = new HttpClient();
SetBasicAuthorization(client);
var response = client.PutAsJsonAsync(url, dic).Result;
if (response.IsSuccessStatusCode)
{
return true;
}
else
{
return false;
}
}
public static bool EditModel(string url, List<T> value)
{
HttpClient client = new HttpClient();
SetBasicAuthorization(client);
var response = client.PutAsJsonAsync(url, value).Result;
if (response.IsSuccessStatusCode)
{
return true;
}
else
{
return false;
}
}
public static List<TI> GetList<TI>(string url, List<int> value)
{
List<TI> list = new List<TI>();
HttpClient client = new HttpClient();
SetBasicAuthorization(client);
var response = client.PostAsJsonAsync(url, value).Result;
if (response.IsSuccessStatusCode)
{
list = response.Content.ReadAsAsync<List<TI>>().Result;
}
else
{
list = new List<TI>();
}
return list;
}
}
}
3、新建类BaseEntity.cs
using NHibernate;
using NHibernate.Criterion;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Configuration;
using System.Data.Common;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
namespace DBHelper
{
public abstract class BaseEntity<T, TID> where T : BaseEntity<T, TID>
{
#region 属性
/// <summary>
/// 编号
/// </summary>
public string V_PreInvtId { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// 回执状态
/// </summary>
public int V_OpResult { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// 操作时间
/// </summary>
public DateTime D_optime { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// 备注
/// </summary>
public string V_NoteS { get; set; }
#endregion
public virtual TID ID { get; set; }
#region
/// <summary>
/// Session配置文件路径
/// </summary>
protected static readonly string SessionFactoryConfigPath = System.IO.Path.Combine(AppDomain.CurrentDomain.BaseDirectory, "NHibernate.config");
/// <summary>
/// 返回对应的Session.
/// </summary>
protected static ISession NHibernateSession
{
get
{
return NHibernateSessionManager.Instance.GetSessionFrom(SessionFactoryConfigPath);
}
}
#endregion
#region common
/// <summary>
/// 根据ID从数据库获取一个类型为T的实例
/// </summary>
public static T GetById(TID id, bool shouldLock)
{
T entity;
if (shouldLock)
{
entity = NHibernateSession.Get<T>(id, LockMode.Upgrade);
}
else
{
entity = NHibernateSession.Get<T>(id);
}
return entity;
}
/// <summary>
/// 根据ID从数据库获取一个类型为T的实例
/// </summary>
public static T GetById(TID id)
{
return GetById(id, false);
}
/// <summary>
/// 获取所有的类型为T的对象
/// </summary>
public static IList<T> GetAll()
{
return GetByCriteria();
}
/// <summary>
/// 根据给定的 <see cref="ICriterion" /> 来查询结果
/// 如果没有传入 <see cref="ICriterion" />, 效果与 <see cref="GetAll" />一致.
/// </summary>
public static IList<T> GetByCriteria(params ICriterion[] criterion)
{
ICriteria criteria = NHibernateSession.CreateCriteria(typeof(T));
foreach (ICriterion criterium in criterion)
{
criteria.Add(criterium);
}
criteria.AddOrder(new Order("ID", false));
return criteria.List<T>();
}
#endregion
#region entity
/// <summary>
/// 根据exampleInstance的属性值来查找对象，返回与其值一样的对象对表。
/// exampleInstance中值为0或NULL的属性将不做为查找条件
/// </summary>
/// <param name="exampleInstance">参考对象</param>
/// <param name="propertiesToExclude">要排除的查询条件属性名</param>
/// <returns></returns>
public virtual IList<T> GetByExample(T exampleInstance, params string[] propertiesToExclude)
{
ICriteria criteria = NHibernateSession.CreateCriteria(exampleInstance.GetType());
Example example = Example.Create(exampleInstance);
foreach (string propertyToExclude in propertiesToExclude)
{
example.ExcludeProperty(propertyToExclude);
}
example.ExcludeNone();
example.ExcludeNulls();
example.ExcludeZeroes();
criteria.Add(example);
criteria.AddOrder(new Order("ID", false));
return criteria.List<T>();
}
/// <summary>
/// 使用<see cref="GetByExample"/>来返回一个唯一的结果，如果结果不唯一会抛出异常
/// </summary>
/// <exception cref="NonUniqueResultException" />
public virtual T GetUniqueByExample(T exampleInstance, params string[] propertiesToExclude)
{
IList<T> foundList = GetByExample(exampleInstance, propertiesToExclude);
if (foundList.Count > 1)
{
throw new NonUniqueResultException(foundList.Count);
}
if (foundList.Count > 0)
{
return foundList[0];
}
else
{
return default(T);
}
}
/// <summary>
/// 将指定的对象保存到数据库，并立限提交，并返回更新后的ID
/// See http://www.hibernate.org/hib_docs/reference/en/html/mapping.html#mapping-declaration-id-assigned.
/// </summary>
//public virtual T Save()
//{
// T entity = (T)this;
// NHibernateSession.Save(entity);
// NHibernateSession.Flush();
// return entity;
//}
/// <summary>
/// 将指定的对象保存或更新到数据库，并返回更新后的ID
/// </summary>
//public virtual T Merge()
//{
// T entity = (T)this;
// NHibernateSession.Merge<T>(entity);
// NHibernateSession.Flush();
// return entity;
//}
/ <summary>
/ 从数据库中删除指定的对象
/ </summary>
//public virtual void Delete()
//{
// T entity = (T)this;
// NHibernateSession.Delete(entity);
// NHibernateSession.Flush();
//}
public virtual DbTransaction BeginTransaction()
{
ITransaction tran = NHibernateSession.BeginTransaction();// NHibernateSessionManager.Instance.BeginTransactionOn(SessionFactoryConfigPath);
return new DbTransaction(tran);
}
/// <summary>
/// 提交所有的事务对象，并Flush到数据库
/// </summary>
public virtual void CommitChanges()
{
if (NHibernateSessionManager.Instance.HasOpenTransactionOn(SessionFactoryConfigPath))
{
NHibernateSessionManager.Instance.CommitTransactionOn(SessionFactoryConfigPath);
}
else
{
// 如果不是事务模式，就直接调用Flush来更新
NHibernateSession.Flush();
}
}
#endregion
#region WebApi获取数据
public static string Url
{
get
{
string url = System.Configuration.ConfigurationManager.AppSettings[typeof(T).Name];
if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(url))
{
throw new Exception(string.Format("“{0}”未包含URL配置", typeof(T).Name));
}
return url;
}
}
public static List<T> GetAllBySource()
{
return WebApiClient<T>.GetAll(Url);
}
public static void EditBySource(List<int> value)
{
WebApiClient<T>.Edit(Url, value);
}
public static void EditBySource(Dictionary<int, string> dic)
{
WebApiClient<T>.Edit(Url, dic);
}
public static T GetOneBySource(string id)
{
return WebApiClient<T>.Get(Url, id);
}
public static void EditBySourceByModel(List<T> value)
{
WebApiClient<T>.EditModel(Url, value);
}
#endregion
}
public class DbTransaction : IDisposable
{
ITransaction _transaction;
public DbTransaction(ITransaction transaction)
{
_transaction = transaction;
}
#region IDisposable 成员
public void Dispose()
{
Dispose(true);
GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
}
protected virtual void Dispose(bool disposing)
{
if (disposing)
{
_transaction.Dispose();
_transaction = null;
}
}
#endregion
#region ITransaction 成员
public void Begin(System.Data.IsolationLevel isolationLevel)
{
_transaction.Begin(isolationLevel);
}
public void Begin()
{
_transaction.Begin();
}
public void Commit()
{
_transaction.Commit();
}
public void Enlist(System.Data.IDbCommand command)
{
_transaction.Enlist(command);
}
public bool IsActive
{
get { return _transaction.IsActive; }
}
public void RegisterSynchronization(NHibernate.Transaction.ISynchronization synchronization)
{
_transaction.RegisterSynchronization(synchronization);
}
public void Rollback()
{
_transaction.Rollback();
}
public bool WasCommitted
{
get { return _transaction.WasCommitted; }
}
public bool WasRolledBack
{
get { return _transaction.WasRolledBack; }
}
#endregion
}
}
4、调用代码：
List<EProducts> list = DBHelper.Entitys.EProducts.GetAllBySource();
在调用WebAPI之前，记得先运行WebAPI站点。
当我们的WebAPI站点开发完成之后，我们可以使用Nuget安装一个插件自动生成API文档，这个插件同时还支持WebAPI在线测试的。
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