上周作业
1 '''''' 2 ''' 3 爬取豆瓣TOP250电影信息 4 5 主页: 6 第一页: 7 https://movie.douban.com/top250?start=0&filter= 8 第二页: 9 https://movie.douban.com/top250?start=25&filter= 10 第三页: 11 https://movie.douban.com/top250?start=50&filter= 12 第四页: 13 https://movie.douban.com/top250?start=75&filter= 14 第十页: 15 https://movie.douban.com/top250?start=225&filter= 16 17 GET 18 User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/65.0.3325.146 Safari/537.36 19 20 re正则: 21 # 电影详情页url、图片链接、电影名称、导演、主演、电影上映时间、电影评分、评价人数、简介 22 <div class="item">.*?href="(.*?)">.*?src="(.*?)" class="">.*?<span class="title">(.*?)</span>.*?<div class="bd">.*?导演:(.*?)<br>(.*?)</p>.*?<span class="rating_num".*?>(.*?)</span>.*?<span>(.*?)人评价.*?<span class="inq">(.*?)</span> 23 ''' 24 import requests 25 import re 26 27 28 headers = { 29 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/65.0.3325.146 Safari/537.36' 30 } 31 base_url = 'https://movie.douban.com/top250?start={}&filter=' 32 33 n = 0 34 for line in range(10): 35 url = base_url.format(n) 36 print(type(n)) 37 n += 25 38 print(url) 39 40 # 1、往豆瓣TOP250发送请求获取响应数据 41 response = requests.get(url, headers=headers) 42 43 # print(response.text) 44 45 # 2、通过正则解析提取数据 46 # 电影详情页url、图片链接、电影名称、电影评分、评价人数 47 movie_content_list = re.findall( 48 # 正则规则 49 # '<div class="item">.*?href="(.*?)">.*?src="(.*?)".*?<span class="title">(.*?)</span>.*?<span class="rating_num".*?>(.*?)</span>.*?<span>(.*?)人评价', 50 '<div class="item">.*?href="(.*?)">.*?src="(.*?)" class="">.*?<span class="title">(.*?)</span>.*?<div class="bd">.*?导演:(.*?)<br>(.*?)</p>.*?<span class="rating_num".*?>(.*?)</span>.*?<span>(.*?)人评价.*?<span class="inq">(.*?)</span>', 51 52 # 解析文本 53 response.text, 54 55 # 匹配模式 56 re.S) 57 58 for movie_content in movie_content_list: 59 # 解压赋值每一部电影 60 detail_url, movie_jpg, name, daoyan, timer,point, num, desc= movie_content 61 data = f'电影名称:{name}, 详情页url:{detail_url}, 图片url:{movie_jpg}, 导演: {daoyan} 上映时间: {timer}评分: {point}, 评价人数: {num} 简介:{desc}\n' 62 print(data) 63 64 # 3、保存数据，把电影信息写入文件中 65 with open('douban.txt', 'a', encoding='utf-8') as f: 66 f.write(data)
requests之post请求
1 '''''' 2 ''' 3 post请求登陆github 4 ''' 5 import requests 6 import re 7 8 # 一 访问login页获取token信息 9 ''' 10 请求url: 11 https://github.com/login 12 请求方式: 13 GET 14 响应头: 15 Set-Cookie 16 请求头: 17 Cookie 18 User-Agent 19 ''' 20 headers = { 21 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/65.0.3325.146 Safari/537.36' 22 } 23 24 response = requests.get(url='https://github.com/login', headers=headers) 25 # print(response.text) 26 # 把login页返回的cookies信息转换成字典 27 login_cookies = response.cookies.get_dict() 28 29 authenticity_token = re.findall('<input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="(.*?)" />', response.text, re.S)[0] 30 31 print(authenticity_token) 32 33 34 35 # 二 往sessionurl发送POST请求 36 ''' 37 38 请求url: 39 https://github.com/session 40 41 请求方式: 42 POST 43 44 请求头: 45 # 上一次请求从哪里来 46 Referer: https://github.com/login 47 Cookie:... 48 User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/65.0.3325.146 Safari/537.36 49 50 请求体: 51 只有POST请求才会有请求体。 52 commit: Sign in 53 utf8: ✓ 54 authenticity_token: 55 VX79esFc0YPdR1UFzUM/6MTRZOlYQ0btF5k2/x7uZea0x2E6W4bmRpwHsaCBN+096PaWNkcQjJOsyUzUqsAhIw== 56 LLWlTr0qLcYC74hn7OI7IlyeB9rZei9737Lqtzz0sKTgY7Js7pUUhZ6bNC6lCkS+OHfVukkbTejjd0BnjPvGUg== 57 login: tankjam1 58 password: ***** 59 webauthn-support: unsupported 60 ''' 61 # 拼接请求头信息 62 headers2 = { 63 'Referer': 'https://github.com/login', 64 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/65.0.3325.146 Safari/537.36', 65 } 66 67 # 拼接请求体信息 68 form_data = { 69 "commit": "Sign in", 70 "utf8": "✓", 71 "authenticity_token": authenticity_token, 72 "login": "tankjam", 73 "password": "kermit46709394", 74 "webauthn-support": "unsupported", 75 } 76 77 # 往session地址发送post请求 78 # 携带请求头、请求体、login页的cookies信息 79 response2 = requests.post(url='https://github.com/session', data=form_data, headers=headers2, cookies=login_cookies) 80 print(response2.status_code) 81 # print(response2.text) 82 with open('github.html', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f: 83 f.write(response2.text)
requests响应
1 # import requests 2 # 3 # response = requests.get('https://baidu.com') 4 # # response响应 5 # print(response.status_code) # 获取响应状态码 6 # print(response.url) # 获取url地址 7 # print(response.encoding) # 字符编码 8 # response.encoding = 'utf-8' 9 # print(response.text) # 获取文本 10 # print(response.content) # 获取二进制流 11 # print(response.headers) # 获取页面请求头信息 12 # print(response.history) # 上一次跳转的地址 13 # # 1、返回cookie字典 2、返回cookies对象 14 # print(response.cookies) # 获取cookies信息, 15 # print(response.cookies.get_dict()) # 获取cookies信息转换成字典 16 # print(response.cookies.items()) # 获取cookies信息转换成字典 17 # print(response.encoding) 18 # print(response.elapsed) # 访问时间 19 20 # import requests 21 # # 往音频地址发送get请求 22 # url = 'https://vd3.bdstatic.com/mda-ic4pfhh3ex32svqi/hd/mda-ic4pfhh3ex32svqi.mp4?auth_key=1557973824-0-0-bfb2e69bb5198ff65e18065d91b2b8c8&bcevod_channel=searchbox_feed&pd=wisenatural&abtest=all.mp4' 23 # response = requests.get(url, stream=True) # stream=True 把content设置为一个迭代器对象 24 # print(response.content) 25 # 26 # with open('love_for_GD.mp4', 'wb') as f: 27 # for content in response.iter_content(): 28 # f.write(content)
requests高级用法
1 ''' 2 ''' 3 ''' 4 证书验证(大部分网站都是https) 5 ''' 6 import requests 7 # # 如果是ssl请求,首先检查证书是否合法,不合法则报错,程序终端 8 # response = requests.get('https://www.xiaohuar.com') 9 # print(response.status_code) 10 11 # 改进1:去掉报错,但是会报警告 12 # import requests 13 # response = requests.get('https://www.xiaohuar.com', verify=False) 14 # # 不验证证书,报警告,返回200 15 # print(response.status_code) 16 17 # 改进2:去掉报错,并且去掉警报信息 18 # import requests 19 # import urllib3 20 # urllib3.disable_warnings() # 关闭警告 21 # response = requests.get('https://www.xiaohuar.com', verify=False) 22 # print(response.status_code) 23 24 # 改进3:加上证书 25 # 很多网站都是https,但是不用证书也可以访问,大多数情况都是可以携带也可以不携带证书 26 # 知乎\百度等都是可带可不带 27 # 有硬性要求的,则必须带，比如对于定向的用户,拿到证书后才有权限访问某个特定网站 28 # import requests 29 # import urllib3 30 # # urllib3.disable_warnings() # 关闭警告 31 # # 伪代码 32 # response = requests.get( 33 # 'https://www.xiaohuar.com', 34 # # verify=False, 35 # # /path/server.crt证书的存放目录， /path/key 36 # cert=('/path/server.crt', '/path/key')) 37 # print(response.status_code) 38 39 40 ''' 41 超时设置 42 ''' 43 44 # 超时设置 45 # 两种超时:float or tuple 46 # timeout=0.1 # 代表接收数据的超时时间 47 # timeout=(0.1,0.2) # 0.1代表链接超时 0.2代表接收数据的超时时间 48 49 # import requests 50 # response = requests.get('https://www.baidu.com', 51 # timeout=0.0001) 52 # # print(response.elapsed) 53 # print(response.status_code) 54 55 ''' 56 代理设置:先发送请求给代理,然后由代理帮忙发送(封ip是常见的事情) 57 ''' 58 # import requests 59 # proxies={ 60 # # 带用户名密码的代理,@符号前是用户名与密码 61 # 'http':'http://tank:123@localhost:9527', 62 # 'http':'http://localhost:9527', 63 # 'https':'https://localhost:9527', 64 # } 65 # response=requests.get('https://www.12306.cn', 66 # proxies=proxies) 67 # 68 # print(response.status_code) 69 ''' 70 爬取西刺免费代理： 71 1.访问西刺免费代理页面 72 2.通过re模块解析并提取所有代理 73 3.通过ip测试网站对爬取的代理进行测试 74 4.若test_ip函数抛出异常代表代理作废，否则代理有效 75 5.利用有效的代理进行代理测试 76 77 <tr class="odd"> 78 <td class="country"><img src="//fs.xicidaili.com/images/flag/cn.png" alt="Cn"></td> 79 <td>112.85.131.99</td> 80 <td>9999</td> 81 <td> 82 <a href="/2019-05-09/jiangsu">江苏南通</a> 83 </td> 84 <td class="country">高匿</td> 85 <td>HTTPS</td> 86 <td class="country"> 87 <div title="0.144秒" class="bar"> 88 <div class="bar_inner fast" style="width:88%"> 89 90 </div> 91 </div> 92 </td> 93 <td class="country"> 94 <div title="0.028秒" class="bar"> 95 <div class="bar_inner fast" style="width:97%"> 96 97 </div> 98 </div> 99 </td> 100 101 <td>6天</td> 102 <td>19-05-16 11:20</td> 103 </tr> 104 re: 105 <tr class="odd">(.*?)</td>.*?<td>(.*?)</td> 106 107 ''' 108 # import requests 109 # import re 110 # import time 111 # 112 # HEADERS = { 113 # 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/70.0.3538.77 Safari/537.36', 114 # } 115 # 116 # 117 # def get_index(url): 118 # time.sleep(1) 119 # response = requests.get(url, headers=HEADERS) 120 # return response 121 # 122 # 123 # def parse_index(text): 124 # ip_list = re.findall('<tr class="odd">.*?<td>(.*?)</td>.*?<td>(.*?)</td>', text, re.S) 125 # for ip_port in ip_list: 126 # ip = ':'.join(ip_port) 127 # yield ip 128 # 129 # def test_ip(ip): 130 # print('测试ip: %s' % ip) 131 # try: 132 # proxies = { 133 # 'https': ip 134 # } 135 # 136 # # ip测试网站 137 # ip_url = 'https://www.ipip.net/' 138 # 139 # # 使用有效与无效的代理对ip测试站点进行访问，若返回的结果为200则代表当前测试ip正常 140 # response = requests.get(ip_url, headers=HEADERS, proxies=proxies, timeout=1) 141 # 142 # if response.status_code == 200: 143 # print(f'有用的ip：{ip}') 144 # return ip 145 # 146 # # 若ip代理无效则抛出异常 147 # except Exception as e: 148 # print(e) 149 # 150 # # 使用代理爬取nba 151 # def spider_nba(good_ip): 152 # url = 'https://china.nba.com/' 153 # 154 # proxies = { 155 # 'https': good_ip 156 # } 157 # 158 # response = requests.get(url, headers=HEADERS, proxies=proxies) 159 # print(response.status_code) 160 # print(response.text) 161 # 162 # 163 # if __name__ == '__main__': 164 # base_url = 'https://www.xicidaili.com/nn/{}' 165 # 166 # for line in range(1, 3677): 167 # ip_url = base_url.format(line) 168 # 169 # response = get_index(ip_url) 170 # 171 # # 解析西刺代理获取每一个ip列表 172 # ip_list = parse_index(response.text) 173 # 174 # # 循环每一个ip 175 # for ip in ip_list: 176 # # print(ip) 177 # 178 # # 对爬取下来的ip进行测试 179 # good_ip = test_ip(ip) 180 # 181 # if good_ip: 182 # # 真是代理，开始测试 183 # spider_nba(good_ip) 184 185 186 187 ''' 188 认证设置 189 ''' 190 import requests 191 # 通过访问github的api来测试 192 url = 'https://api.github.com/user' 193 HEADERS = { 194 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/70.0.3538.77 Safari/537.36', 195 } 196 197 # 测试1，失败返回401 198 # response = requests.get(url, headers=HEADERS) 199 # print(response.status_code) # 401 200 # print(response.text) 201 ''' 202 打印结果: 203 { 204 "message": "Requires authentication", 205 "documentation_url": "https://developer.github.com/v3/users/#get-the-authenticated-user" 206 } 207 ''' 208 # 209 # # 测试2，通过requests.auth内的HTTPBasicAuth进行认证，认证成功返回用户信息 210 # from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth 211 # response = requests.get(url, headers=HEADERS, auth=HTTPBasicAuth('tankjam', 'kermit46709394')) 212 # print(response.text) 213 # 214 215 # 测试3，通过requests.get请求内的auth参数默认就是HTTPBasicAuth，认证成功返回用户信息 216 # response = requests.get(url, headers=HEADERS, auth=('tankjam', 'kermit46709394')) 217 # print(response.text) 218 219 220 ''' 221 上传文件 222 ''' 223 import requests 224 225 # 上传文本文件 226 # files1 = {'file': open('user.txt', 'rb')} 227 # # files参数是POST请求固定参数 228 # response = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', files=files1) 229 # print(response.status_code) # 200 230 # print(response.text) # 200 231 232 # 上传图片文件 233 # files2 = {'jpg': open('一拳.jpg', 'rb')} 234 # response = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', files=files2) 235 # print(response.status_code) # 200 236 # print(response.text) # 200 237 # 238 # 上传视频文件 239 # files3 = {'movie': open('love_for_GD.mp4', 'rb')} 240 # response = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', files=files3) 241 # print(response.status_code) # 200 242 # print(response.text) # 200
selenium初级使用
1 '''''' 2 ''' 3 selenium模块讲解 4 一 什么是selenium？ 5 最初是一个自动化测试工具。可以使用它帮我们驱动浏览器 6 自动去执行某些自定义好的操作。例如在页面中执行JS代码、 7 跳过登录验证。可以使用selenium帮我们实现爬虫。 8 9 二 为什么要使用selenium？ 10 1、优点: 11 使用requests模块登录需要分析大量的复杂通信流程，使用selenium 12 可以轻松跳过登录验证。 13 14 2、缺点: 15 浏览器会加载css、js、图片、视频...数据，爬虫效率相比requests模块要低。 16 17 三 如何使用selenium？ 18 下载selenium模块： 19 pip3 install -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple selenium 20 下载浏览器驱动: 21 http://npm.taobao.org/mirrors/chromedriver/2.38/ 22 ''' 23 24 # selenium之第一次 25 from selenium import webdriver # 用来驱动浏览器的 26 27 # 调用得到一个动作链对象，破解滑动验证码的时候用的，可以拖动图片 28 from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains 29 30 # 按照什么方式查找属性，By.ID, By.CSS_SELECTOR， By.Class 31 from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By 32 33 from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys # 键盘按键操作 34 35 # 和下面WebDriverWait一起用的，EC是expected_conditions的别名 36 from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC 37 38 # 等待页面加载某些元素 39 from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait 40 import time 41 42 # 通过谷歌浏览器驱动打开谷歌浏览器 43 # webdriver.Chrome(r'chromedriver.exe的绝对路径') 44 # chrome = webdriver.Chrome(r'D:\BaiduNetdiskDownload\chromedriver_win32\chromedriver.exe') # 括号内输入chromedriver.exe的绝对路径 45 46 # chromedriver.exe存放于python解释器的Scripts文件夹中 47 48 # chrome是一个驱动对象 49 chrome = webdriver.Chrome() 50 51 ''' 52 实例1 53 ''' 54 # 若try出现异常 55 # try: 56 # # 往tank博客主页发送get请求 57 # # chrome.get('https://www.cnblogs.com/kermitjam/') 58 # 59 # # 参数1: 驱动对象 参数2: 等待时间 60 # wait = WebDriverWait(chrome, 10) 61 # 62 # # 1、访问百度 63 # chrome.get('https://www.baidu.com/') 64 # 65 # # 2、查找input输入框 66 # input_tag = wait.until( 67 # # 调用EC的presence_of_element_located() 68 # EC.presence_of_element_located( 69 # # 此处可以写一个元组 70 # # 参数1: 查找属性的方式 71 # # 参数2: 属性的名字 72 # (By.ID, "kw") 73 # ) 74 # ) 75 # input_tag = wait.until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID, "kw"))) 76 # 77 # # 3、搜索一拳超人 78 # input_tag.send_keys('一拳超人') 79 # 80 # # 4、按键盘回车键 81 # input_tag.send_keys(Keys.ENTER) 82 # 83 # time.sleep(3) 84 # 85 # # 无论发生什么都会关闭浏览器 86 # finally: 87 # # 关闭浏览器 88 # chrome.close() 89 90 91 ''' 92 实例2 93 ''' 94 try: 95 # 往tank博客主页发送get请求 96 # chrome.get('https://www.cnblogs.com/kermitjam/') 97 98 # 参数1: 驱动对象 参数2: 等待时间 99 wait = WebDriverWait(chrome, 10) 100 101 # 1、访问京东主页 102 chrome.get('https://www.jd.com/') 103 104 # 2、查找input输入框 105 input_tag = wait.until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID, "key"))) 106 107 # 3、搜索唐诗三百首 108 input_tag.send_keys('唐诗三百首') 109 110 # 4、根据class属性名称查找标签 111 search_button = wait.until( 112 EC.presence_of_element_located((By.CLASS_NAME, 'button'))) 113 # 5、点击搜索按钮 114 search_button.click() 115 116 time.sleep(3) 117 118 # 无论发生什么都会关闭浏览器 119 finally: 120 # 关闭浏览器 121 chrome.close()
selenium之基本选择器
1 # from selenium import webdriver # 用来驱动浏览器的 2 # import time 3 # 4 # ''' 5 # 隐式等待 6 # ''' 7 # # 获取驱动对象、 8 # driver = webdriver.Chrome() 9 # 10 # try: 11 # # 显式等待: 等待某个元素加载 12 # # 参数1: 驱动对象 参数2: 等待时间 13 # # wait = WebDriverWait(chrome, 10) 14 # 15 # driver.get('https://china.nba.com/') 16 # 17 # # 隐式等待: 等待页面所有元素加载 18 # driver.implicitly_wait(10) 19 # news_tag = driver.find_element_by_class_name('nav-news') 20 # # 获取标签对象 21 # print(news_tag) 22 # # 获取标签的名字 23 # print(news_tag.tag_name) 24 # 25 # 26 # time.sleep(10) 27 # 28 # finally: 29 # driver.close() 30 31 32 from selenium import webdriver # 用来驱动浏览器的 33 import time 34 35 ''' 36 ===============所有方法=================== 37 element是查找一个标签 38 elements是查找所有标签 39 40 1、find_element_by_link_text 通过链接文本去找 41 2、find_element_by_id 通过id去找 42 3、find_element_by_class_name 43 4、find_element_by_partial_link_text 44 5、find_element_by_name 45 6、find_element_by_css_selector 46 7、find_element_by_tag_name 47 ''' 48 # 获取驱动对象、 49 driver = webdriver.Chrome() 50 51 try: 52 53 # 往百度发送请求 54 driver.get('https://www.baidu.com/') 55 driver.implicitly_wait(10) 56 57 # 1、find_element_by_link_text 通过链接文本去找 58 # 根据登录 59 # send_tag = driver.find_element_by_link_text('登录') 60 # send_tag.click() 61 62 # 2、find_element_by_partial_link_text 通过局部文本查找a标签 63 login_button = driver.find_element_by_partial_link_text('登') 64 login_button.click() 65 time.sleep(1) 66 67 # 3、find_element_by_class_name 根据class属性名查找 68 login_tag = driver.find_element_by_class_name('tang-pass-footerBarULogin') 69 login_tag.click() 70 time.sleep(1) 71 72 # 4、find_element_by_name 根据name属性查找 73 username = driver.find_element_by_name('userName') 74 username.send_keys('15622792660') 75 time.sleep(1) 76 77 # 5、find_element_by_id 通过id属性名查找 78 password = driver.find_element_by_id('TANGRAM__PSP_10__password') 79 password.send_keys('*******') 80 time.sleep(1) 81 82 # 6、find_element_by_css_selector 根据属性选择器查找 83 # 根据id查找登录按钮 84 login_submit = driver.find_element_by_css_selector('#TANGRAM__PSP_10__submit') 85 # driver.find_element_by_css_selector('.pass-button-submit') 86 login_submit.click() 87 88 # 7、find_element_by_tag_name 根据标签名称查找标签 89 div = driver.find_element_by_tag_name('div') 90 print(div.tag_name) 91 92 time.sleep(10) 93 94 finally: 95 driver.close()
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