【读书笔记】Ruby 中的 Array 和 Hash

Array

Define Arrays

• 字面值直接定义

  a = [3.14, 'pie', 159]
  

• 创建一个 Array Object

  rubyb = Array.new
  

• 创建字符串数组的简便方式

  rubya = %w(abc de fg hello world) # => ['abc', 'de', 'fg', 'hello', 'world']
  

Index Array

• Array 可通过 [] 操作符，使用整数来索引。

  

  rubya = [1,3,5,7,9]
  a[-1]    # => 9
  a[0]     # => 1
  a[-99]   # => nil         
  

• 使用 Range 来索引， 返回一个区间的数组值

  rubya = ["one","two","three","four", "five"]
  a[2]      # => "three"
  a[-2]     # => "four"
  a[0..2]   # => ["one", "two", "three"]
  a[0...2]  # => ["one", "two"]
  a[-3..-1] # => ["three", "four","five"]
  a[1..-2]  # => ["two", "three", "four"]  
  
  

• [start,count] 返回起点至距离起点一定距离区间内的数组织,起点处为距离1

  rubya = [1,3,5,7,9]
  a[1,3]    # => [3,5,7]
  a[3,1]    # => [7]
  a[-3,2]   # => [5,7]
  a[1,0]    # => []    
  
  

Set elements in Array

• 只改变一个元素的值

  rubya = [1,3,5,7,9]
  a[1] = 'bat'     # => [1, 'bat', 5, 7, 9]
  a[-3] = 'cat'    # => [1, 'bat', 'cat', 7, 9]
  a[3] = [9, 8]    # => [1, 'bat', 'cat', [9,8], 9]
  a[6]             # => [1, 'bat', 'cat', [9,8],9 nil, 99]
  

• 改变数组中多个元素的值

  rubya = [1,3,5,7,9]
  a[2,2] = 'cat'    # => [1,3,'cat',9]
  a[2,0] = 'dog'    # => [1,3,'dog','cat', 9]
  a[1,1] = [9,8,7]  # => [1,9,8,7,'dog','cat',9]
  a[0..3] = []      # => ['dog','cat',9]
  a[5..6] = 99, 98  # => ['dog','cat',9,nil,nil,99,98]
  

Use array as stack and queue

• Stack

  rubystack = []
  stack.push "red"
  stack.push "green"
  stack.push "blue"
  stack            # => ["red", "green", "blue"]
  
  stack.pop        # => "blue"
  stack.pop        # => "green"
  stack.pop        # => "red"
  stack            # => []         
  

• Queue

  rubyqueue = []
  queue.push "red"
  queue.push "green"
  queue.shift # => red
  queue.shift # => green
  

Return first and last n entries in array (but don't remove them)

rubyarray = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]
array.first(2) # => [1,2]
array.last(2)  # => [8,9]

Hash

Definition

Hash 里面存放的是键值对，可以通过键（key）来索引出值（value），与 Array 不同的是，Hash 的 key 可以是任意类型的。如：symbols, string, regular expressions 等。

• 一般书写方式

rubyh = { 'dog' => 'canine', 'cat' => 'feline', 'donkey' => 'asinine'  }

• 当 Key 为 symbol 时，可以有简写方式

rubyh = { :dog => 'canine', :cat => 'feline', :donkey => 'asinine' }

h = { dog: 'canine', cat: 'feline', donkey: 'asinine' }

取值，赋值

rubyh = { dog: 'canine', cat: 'feline', donkey: 'asinine' }

h[:dog]             # => 'canine'
h[:cat] = 'feline2' # => { dog: 'canine', cat: 'feline2', donkey: 'asinine'  }