这是C++11新特性介绍的第六部分,涉及到Class的相关内容。
不想看toy code的读者可以直接拉到文章最后看这部分的总结。
sizeof
新标准中,sizeof可以直接用于获取Class::member的大小,而不用通过Class的实例。
class TestClass
{public: int member_i; char member_c;
};cout<<"test sizeof class member:\n";cout<<sizeof(TestClass::member_i)<<"\t"<<sizeof(TestClass::member_c)<<endl;
default constructor
新标准中,可以通过=default强制编译器生成一个默认constructor。
class TestClass
{public:
TestClass() = default;
TestClass(const int i, const char c): member_i(i), member_c(c) {} int member_i; char member_c;
};cout<<"test =default class construct:\n";
TestClass tc; // may cause error if no default construct.cout<<tc.member_i<<'\t'<<(short)tc.member_c<<endl;cout<<"test =default done."<<endl;
在上面的代码中,如果我们不提供默认constructor的话,无法通过TestClass tc定义一个实例。
delegate constructor
新标准中,可以在初始化列表中将一个constructor初始化的工作委托给另一个constructor。
class TestClass
{public:
TestClass() = default;
TestClass(const int i, const char c): member_i(i), member_c(c) {}
TestClass(const int i): TestClass(i, 0) { member_c = 'T';} int member_i; char member_c;
};cout<<"test delegating constructor:\n";TestClass tc2(2);cout<<tc2.member_i<<'\t'<<tc2.member_c<<endl;
allocator.construct
新标准中,allocator.construct可以使用任意的构造函数。
class TestClass
{public:
TestClass() = default;
TestClass(const int i, const char c): member_i(i), member_c(c) {}
TestClass(const int i): TestClass(i, 0) { member_c = 'T';} int member_i; char member_c;
};cout<<"test allocator:\n";
allocator<TestClass> alloc;auto p = alloc.allocate(10);
alloc.construct(p, 10);cout<<p->member_i<<'\t'<<p->member_c<<endl;
copy constructor
新标准中,可以通过=default要求编译器合成默认的拷贝/赋值构造函数。
class TestClass
{public:
TestClass() = default;
TestClass(const int i, const char c): member_i(i), member_c(c) {}
TestClass(const int i): TestClass(i, 0) { member_c = 'T';}
TestClass(const TestClass&) = default;
TestClass& operator=(const TestClass&); int member_i; char member_c;
};cout<<"test =default class copy construct:\n";TestClass tc3(tc2);
TestClass tc4 = tc2;cout<<tc3.member_i<<'\t'<<tc3.member_c<<endl;cout<<tc4.member_i<<'\t'<<tc4.member_c<<endl;
同样,新标准中也允许用=delete禁止拷贝。
class TestClass
{public:
TestClass() = default;
TestClass(const int i, const char c): member_i(i), member_c(c) {}
TestClass(const int i): TestClass(i, 0) { member_c = 'T';}
TestClass(const TestClass&) = delete;
TestClass& operator=(const TestClass&); int member_i; char member_c;
};
TestClass& TestClass::operator=(const TestClass&) = default;cout<<"test =delete class copy construct:\n";//TestClass tc5(tc2); // error: use of deleted function ‘TestClass::TestClass(const TestClass&)’//cout<<tc5.member_i<<'\t'<<tc5.member_c<<endl;cout<<"test =delete done."<<endl;
override和final
新标准中提供了override和final两个关键字,用于标识子类对父类中虚函数的重写(override)或禁止重写(final)。
class TestClass
{public:
TestClass() = default;
TestClass(const int i, const char c): member_i(i), member_c(c) {}
TestClass(const int i): TestClass(i, 0) { member_c = 'T';}
TestClass(const TestClass&) = default;
TestClass& operator=(const TestClass&); virtual void print_msg() {cout<<member_i<<'\t'<<member_c<<endl;} virtual void final_foo() final {} int member_i; char member_c;
};
TestClass& TestClass::operator=(const TestClass&) = default;class SubTestClass final: public TestClass
{ public: using TestClass::TestClass;
SubTestClass(const int i): TestClass(i, 'S') {} void print_msg() override; //void print_msg(char c) override;
//‘void SubTestClass::print_msg(char)’ marked override, but does not override
//void final_foo() {}
//overriding final function ‘virtual void TestClass::final_foo()’};//class SubSubTestClass: public SubTestClass {}; // cannot derive from ‘final’ base ‘SubTestClass’ in derived type ‘SubSubTestClass’void SubTestClass::print_msg()
{ cout<<"i: "<<member_i<<'\t'<<"c: "<<member_c<<endl;
}cout<<"test override:\n";
TestClass *stc_ptr = new SubTestClass(10);
stc_ptr->print_msg();SubTestClass stc(10);
TestClass tc6 = (TestClass)stc;
tc6.print_msg();
如果标识了override的函数实际上没有重写父类中的函数,或者标识final的函数被子类重写,编译器都会报错。
通样的,标识为final的类也不允许作为父类被继承。
委托父类构造函数
新标准中,也支持子类在初始化列表中直接委托父类的构造函数完成初始化。
class SubTestClass final: public TestClass
{ public: using TestClass::TestClass;
SubTestClass(const int i): TestClass(i, 'S') {} void print_msg() override;
};cout<<"test inherit base class contructor:\n";SubTestClass stc2(1024, 'H');
stc2.print_msg();
多继承与默认constructor
多重继承的子类可以直接继承父类的构造函数,但是如果父类中有形参列表完全相同的构造函数,则会产生冲突,这时需要子类自己定义一个自己版本的构造函数。
class TestClass2
{public:
TestClass2() = default;
TestClass2(const int i) {}
};class MultiSubClass: public TestClass, public TestClass2
{public: using TestClass::TestClass; using TestClass2::TestClass2; // conflicts with version inherited from ‘TestClass’
MultiSubClass(const int i): TestClass(i) {}
MultiSubClass() = default;
};cout<<"test multi inherit constructor:\n";MultiSubClass mtc(1024);
mtc.print_msg();return 0;
总结
sizeof可以直接用于获取Class::member的大小,而不用通过Class的实例。
可以通过=default强制编译器生成一个默认constructor。
可以在初始化列表中将一个constructor初始化的工作委托给另一个constructor,以及父类的constructor。
allocator.construct可以使用任意的构造函数。
可以通过=default要求编译器合成默认的拷贝/赋值构造函数,也可以通过=delete禁止拷贝。
新标准中提供了override和final两个关键字,用于标识子类对父类中虚函数的重写(override)或禁止重写(final),编译会对这两种情况进行检查。final还可以用于类的标识,表示禁止继承。
多重继承的子类可以直接继承父类的构造函数,但是如果父类中有形参列表完全相同的构造函数,则会产生冲突,这时需要子类自己定义一个自己版本的构造函数。
完整代码详见
#include <iostream> | |
using namespace std; | |
class TestClass | |
{ | |
public: | |
TestClass() = default; | |
TestClass(const int i, const char c): member_i(i), member_c(c) {} | |
TestClass(const int i): TestClass(i, 0) { member_c = 'T';} | |
TestClass(const TestClass&) = default; | |
//TestClass(const TestClass&) = delete; | |
TestClass& operator=(const TestClass&); | |
virtual void print_msg() {cout<<member_i<<'\t'<<member_c<<endl;} | |
virtual void final_foo() final {} | |
int member_i = 0; | |
char member_c = '\0'; | |
}; | |
class SubTestClass final: public TestClass | |
{ | |
public: | |
using TestClass::TestClass; | |
SubTestClass(const int i): TestClass(i, 'S') {} | |
void print_msg() override; | |
//void print_msg(char c) override; | |
//‘void SubTestClass::print_msg(char)’ marked override, but does not override | |
//void final_foo() {} | |
//overriding final function ‘virtual void TestClass::final_foo()’ | |
}; | |
//class SubSubTestClass: public SubTestClass {}; | |
// cannot derive from ‘final’ base ‘SubTestClass’ in derived type ‘SubSubTestClass’ | |
void SubTestClass::print_msg() | |
{ | |
cout<<"i: "<<member_i<<'\t'<<"c: "<<member_c<<endl; | |
} | |
TestClass& TestClass::operator=(const TestClass&) = default; | |
class TestClass2 | |
{ | |
public: | |
TestClass2() = default; | |
TestClass2(const int i) {cout<<"construct with i: "<<i<<endl;} | |
}; | |
class MultiSubClass: public TestClass, public TestClass2 | |
{ | |
public: | |
using TestClass::TestClass; | |
using TestClass2::TestClass2; | |
// conflicts with version inherited from ‘TestClass’ | |
MultiSubClass(const int i): TestClass(i) {} | |
MultiSubClass() = default; | |
}; | |
int main() | |
{ | |
cout<<"test sizeof class member:\n"; | |
cout<<sizeof(TestClass::member_i)<<"\t"<<sizeof(TestClass::member_c)<<endl; | |
cout<<"test =default class construct:\n"; | |
TestClass tc; // may cause error if no default construct. | |
cout<<tc.member_i<<'\t'<<(short)tc.member_c<<endl; | |
cout<<"test =default done."<<endl; | |
cout<<"test delegating constructor:\n"; | |
TestClass tc2(2); | |
cout<<tc2.member_i<<'\t'<<tc2.member_c<<endl; | |
cout<<"test allocator:\n"; | |
allocator<TestClass> alloc; | |
auto p = alloc.allocate(10); | |
alloc.construct(p, 10); | |
cout<<p->member_i<<'\t'<<p->member_c<<endl; | |
cout<<"test =default class copy construct:\n"; | |
TestClass tc3(tc2); | |
TestClass tc4 = tc2; | |
cout<<tc3.member_i<<'\t'<<tc3.member_c<<endl; | |
cout<<tc4.member_i<<'\t'<<tc4.member_c<<endl; | |
cout<<"test =delete class copy construct:\n"; | |
//TestClass tc5(tc2); // error: use of deleted function ‘TestClass::TestClass(const TestClass&)’ | |
//cout<<tc5.member_i<<'\t'<<tc5.member_c<<endl; | |
cout<<"test =delete done."<<endl; | |
cout<<"test override:\n"; | |
TestClass *stc_ptr = new SubTestClass(10); | |
stc_ptr->print_msg(); | |
SubTestClass stc(10); | |
TestClass tc6 = (TestClass)stc; | |
tc6.print_msg(); | |
cout<<"test inherit base class contructor:\n"; | |
SubTestClass stc2(1024, 'H'); | |
stc2.print_msg(); | |
cout<<"test multi inherit constructor:\n"; | |
MultiSubClass mtc(1024); | |
mtc.print_msg(); | |
return 0; | |
} |
转载于:https://blog.51cto.com/11496263/1881610