14种16阶群、13种60阶群的结构与表示(附GAP软件的使用)

于 2017-06-27 19:57:00 发布
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原文链接：https://my.oschina.net/u/2245781/blog/1036963
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2019独角兽企业重金招聘Python工程师标准>>> hot3.png

共有14个不同的16阶群，其中交换群有5个，其余9个为非交换群。
gap> L:=Factors(16);
[ 2, 2, 2, 2 ]
gap> G:=AbelianGroup(L);;IdGroup(G);AbelianInvariants(G);
[ 16, 14 ]
[ 2, 2, 2, 2 ]
gap> L1:=[L[1],L[2],L[3]*L[4]];
[ 2, 2, 4 ]
gap> G:=AbelianGroup(L1);;IdGroup(G);AbelianInvariants(G);
[ 16, 10 ]
[ 2, 2, 4 ]
gap> L2:=[L[1]*L[2],L[3]*L[4]];
[ 4, 4 ]
gap> G:=AbelianGroup(L2);;IdGroup(G);AbelianInvariants(G);
[ 16, 2 ]
[ 4, 4 ]
gap> L3:=[L[1]*L[2]*L[3]*L[4]];
[ 16 ]
gap> G:=AbelianGroup(L3);;IdGroup(G);AbelianInvariants(G);
[ 16, 1 ]
[ 16 ]
gap> L4:=[L[1],L[2]*L[3]*L[4]];
[ 2, 8 ]
gap> G:=AbelianGroup(L4);;IdGroup(G);AbelianInvariants(G);
[ 16, 5 ]
[ 2, 8 ]
20151029：陈松良等人的《论60阶群的构造》一文证明了60阶群是单群的充要条件是它的Sylow 5-子群不正规，其余的12个60阶非单群的Sylow 5-子群正规。原文中漏掉了2种60阶群：GAP4[60,7]、GAP4[60,8]。
gap> F:=FreeGroup(1);;G1:=F/[F.1^60];;StructureDescription(G1);IdGroup(G1);
"C60"
[ 60, 4 ]
gap> F:=FreeGroup(2);;G2:=F/[F.1^12, F.2^5,F.1^(-1) * F.2 * F.1*F.2];;StructureDescription(G2);IdGroup(G2);
"C3 x (C5 : C4)"
[ 60, 2 ]
gap> F:=FreeGroup(2);;G3:=F/[F.1^12, F.2^5,F.1^(-1) * F.2 * F.1*(F.2^2)^(-1)];;StructureDescription(G3);IdGroup(G3);
"C3 x (C5 : C4)"
[ 60, 6 ]
gap> F:=FreeGroup(2);;G4:=F/[F.1^30, F.2^2,F.2^(-1) * F.1 * F.2*(F.1)^(-1)];;StructureDescription(G4);IdGroup(G4);
"C30 x C2"
[ 60, 13 ]
gap> F:=FreeGroup(3);;G5:=F/[F.1^6, F.2^2,F.3^5,F.1^(-1) * F.2 * F.1*(F.2)^(-1),F.3^(-1) * F.2 * F.3*(F.2)^(-1),F.1^(-1) * F.3 * F.1*F.3];;StructureDescription(G5);IdGroup(G5);
"C6 x D10"
[ 60, 10 ]
gap> F:=FreeGroup(4);;G6:=F/[F.1^2, F.2^2,F.3^3,F.4^5,F.2^(-1) * F.1 * F.2*(F.1)^(-1),F.3^(-1) * F.1 * F.3*(F.2)^(-1),F.3^(-1) * F.2 * F.3*(F.1*F.2)^(-1),F.1^(-1)*F.4*F.1*F.4^(-1),F.2^(-1)*F.4*F.2*F.4^(-1),F.3^(-1)*F.4*F.3*F.4^(-1)];;StructureDescription(G6);IdGroup(G6);
"C5 x A4"
[ 60, 9 ]
gap> F:=FreeGroup(3);;G7:=F/[F.1^6, F.2^2,F.3^5,F.1^(-1) * F.3 * F.1*(F.3)^(-1),F.2^(-1) * F.3 * F.2*(F.3)^(-1),F.2^(-1) * F.1 * F.2*F.1];;StructureDescription(G7);IdGroup(G7);
"C10 x S3"
[ 60, 11 ]
gap> F:=FreeGroup(2);;G8:=F/[F.1^30, F.2^2,F.2^(-1) * F.1 * F.2*F.1];;StructureDescription(G8);IdGroup(G8);
"D60"
[ 60, 12 ]
gap> F:=FreeGroup(3);;G9:=F/[F.1^6, F.2^2*(F.1^3)^(-1),F.3^5,F.1^(-1) * F.3 * F.1*(F.3)^(-1),F.2^(-1) * F.3 * F.2*(F.3)^(-1),F.2^(-1) * F.1 * F.2*F.1];;StructureDescription(G9);IdGroup(G9);
"C5 x (C3 : C4)"
[ 60, 1 ]
gap> F:=FreeGroup(2);;G10:=F/[F.1^30, F.2^2*(F.1^15)^(-1),F.2^(-1) * F.1 * F.2*F.1];;StructureDescription(G10);IdGroup(G10);
"C15 : C4"
[ 60, 3 ]
gap> F:=FreeGroup(3);;G11:=F/[F.1^3, F.2^3,F.3^3,(F.1 * F.2)^2,(F.1 * F.3)^2,(F.2 * F.3)^2];;StructureDescription(G11);IdGroup(G11);
"A5"
[ 60, 5 ]
gap> for n in [1..13] do G:=SmallGroup(60,n);idn:=IdGroup(G);Print(idn);Print(":");L:=List(Elements(G),Order);;M:=[1,2,3,4,5,6,10,12,15,20,30,60];;for i in M do Print(Size(Positions(L,i)),","); od;Print("是否幂零：",IsNilpotentGroup(G),",","自同构群：",IdGroup(AutomorphismGroup(G)),",",StructureDescription(G),"\n");od;
[ 60, 1 ]:1,1,2,6,4,2,4,0,8,24,8,0,是否幂零：false,自同构群：[ 48, 35 ],C5 x (C3 : C4)
[ 60, 2 ]:1,1,2,10,4,2,4,20,8,0,8,0,是否幂零：false,自同构群：[ 80, 50 ],C3 x (C5 : C4)
[ 60, 3 ]:1,1,2,30,4,2,4,0,8,0,8,0,是否幂零：false,自同构群：[ 240, 195 ],C15 : C4
[ 60, 4 ]:1,1,2,2,4,2,4,4,8,8,8,16,是否幂零：true,自同构群：[ 16, 10 ],C60
[ 60, 5 ]:1,15,20,0,24,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,是否幂零：false,自同构群：[ 120, 34 ],A5
[ 60, 6 ]:1,5,2,10,4,10,0,20,8,0,0,0,是否幂零：false,自同构群：[ 40, 12 ],C3 x (C5 : C4)
[ 60, 7 ]:1,5,2,30,4,10,0,0,8,0,0,0,是否幂零：false,自同构群：[ 120, 36 ],C15 : C4
[ 60, 8 ]:1,23,2,0,4,10,12,0,8,0,0,0,是否幂零：false,自同构群：[ 120, 36 ],S3 x D10
[ 60, 9 ]:1,3,8,0,4,0,12,0,32,0,0,0,是否幂零：false,自同构群：[ 96, 186 ],C5 x A4
[ 60, 10 ]:1,11,2,0,4,22,4,0,8,0,8,0,是否幂零：false,自同构群：[ 80, 50 ],C6 x D10
[ 60, 11 ]:1,7,2,0,4,2,28,0,8,0,8,0,是否幂零：false,自同构群：[ 48, 35 ],C10 x S3
[ 60, 12 ]:1,31,2,0,4,2,4,0,8,0,8,0,是否幂零：false,自同构群：[ 240, 195 ],D60
[ 60, 13 ]:1,3,2,0,4,6,12,0,8,0,24,0,是否幂零：true,自同构群：[ 48, 35 ],C30 x C2
gap> Factors(60);
[ 2, 2, 3, 5 ]
gap> for n in [1..13] do g:=SmallGroup(60,n);;gid:=StructureDescription(g);Print(gid,"是否超可解：",IsSupersolvableGroup(g));s:=Elements(g);;sl2:=SylowSubgroup(g,2);;Print(IdGroup(sl2),IsSubnormal(g,sl2));sl3:=SylowSubgroup(g,3);;sl5:=SylowSubgroup(g,5);;Print(IdGroup(sl3),IsSubnormal(g,sl3),IdGroup(sl5),IsSubnormal(g,sl5),"\n");od;
C5 x (C3 : C4)是否超可解：true[ 4, 1 ]false[ 3, 1 ]true[ 5, 1 ]true
C3 x (C5 : C4)是否超可解：true[ 4, 1 ]false[ 3, 1 ]true[ 5, 1 ]true
C15 : C4是否超可解：true[ 4, 1 ]false[ 3, 1 ]true[ 5, 1 ]true
C60是否超可解：true[ 4, 1 ]true[ 3, 1 ]true[ 5, 1 ]true
A5是否超可解：false[ 4, 2 ]false[ 3, 1 ]false[ 5, 1 ]false
C3 x (C5 : C4)是否超可解：true[ 4, 1 ]false[ 3, 1 ]true[ 5, 1 ]true
C15 : C4是否超可解：true[ 4, 1 ]false[ 3, 1 ]true[ 5, 1 ]true
S3 x D10是否超可解：true[ 4, 2 ]false[ 3, 1 ]true[ 5, 1 ]true
C5 x A4是否超可解：false[ 4, 2 ]true[ 3, 1 ]false[ 5, 1 ]true
C6 x D10是否超可解：true[ 4, 2 ]false[ 3, 1 ]true[ 5, 1 ]true
C10 x S3是否超可解：true[ 4, 2 ]false[ 3, 1 ]true[ 5, 1 ]true
D60是否超可解：true[ 4, 2 ]false[ 3, 1 ]true[ 5, 1 ]true
C30 x C2是否超可解：true[ 4, 2 ]true[ 3, 1 ]true[ 5, 1 ]true
定理：p^n阶群G的自同构群的阶|Aut(G)|恒为|Aut(E(p^n))|的因数。
gap> for n in [1..14] do G:=SmallGroup(16,n);idn:=IdGroup(G);Print(idn);Print(":");L:=List(Elements(G),Order);;M:=[1,2,4,8,16];;for i in M do Print(Size(Positions(L,i)),","); od;Print("秩：",RankPGroup(G),",","是否幂零：",IsNilpotentGroup(G),",","自同构群：",Order(AutomorphismGroup(G)),",",StructureDescription(G),"\n");od;
[ 16, 1 ]:1,1,2,4,8,秩：1,是否幂零：true,自同构群：8,C16
[ 16, 2 ]:1,3,12,0,0,秩：2,是否幂零：true,自同构群：96,C4 x C4
[ 16, 3 ]:1,7,8,0,0,秩：2,是否幂零：true,自同构群：32,(C4 x C2) : C2
[ 16, 4 ]:1,3,12,0,0,秩：2,是否幂零：true,自同构群：32,C4 : C4
[ 16, 5 ]:1,3,4,8,0,秩：2,是否幂零：true,自同构群：16,C8 x C2
[ 16, 6 ]:1,3,4,8,0,秩：2,是否幂零：true,自同构群：16,C8 : C2
[ 16, 7 ]:1,9,2,4,0,秩：2,是否幂零：true,自同构群：32,D16
[ 16, 8 ]:1,5,6,4,0,秩：2,是否幂零：true,自同构群：16,QD16
[ 16, 9 ]:1,1,10,4,0,秩：2,是否幂零：true,自同构群：32,Q16
[ 16, 10 ]:1,7,8,0,0,秩：3,是否幂零：true,自同构群：192,C4 x C2 x C2
[ 16, 11 ]:1,11,4,0,0,秩：3,是否幂零：true,自同构群：64,C2 x D8
[ 16, 12 ]:1,3,12,0,0,秩：3,是否幂零：true,自同构群：192,C2 x Q8
[ 16, 13 ]:1,7,8,0,0,秩：3,是否幂零：true,自同构群：48,(C4 x C2) : C2
[ 16, 14 ]:1,15,0,0,0,秩：4,是否幂零：true,自同构群：20160,C2 x C2 x C2 x C2
gap> for n in [1..14] do G:=SmallGroup(16,n);idn:=IdGroup(G);Print(idn);Print(":");L:=List(Elements(G),Order);;M:=[1,2,4,8,16];;for i in M do Print(Size(Positions(L,i)),","); od;Print("秩：",RankPGroup(G),",","是否幂零：",IsNilpotentGroup(G),",","自同构群：",IdGroup(AutomorphismGroup(G)),",",StructureDescription(G),"\n");od;
[ 16, 1 ]:1,1,2,4,8,秩：1,是否幂零：true,自同构群：[ 8, 2 ],C16
[ 16, 2 ]:1,3,12,0,0,秩：2,是否幂零：true,自同构群：[ 96, 195 ],C4 x C4
[ 16, 3 ]:1,7,8,0,0,秩：2,是否幂零：true,自同构群：[ 32, 27 ],(C4 x C2) : C2
[ 16, 4 ]:1,3,12,0,0,秩：2,是否幂零：true,自同构群：[ 32, 27 ],C4 : C4
[ 16, 5 ]:1,3,4,8,0,秩：2,是否幂零：true,自同构群：[ 16, 11 ],C8 x C2
[ 16, 6 ]:1,3,4,8,0,秩：2,是否幂零：true,自同构群：[ 16, 11 ],C8 : C2
[ 16, 7 ]:1,9,2,4,0,秩：2,是否幂零：true,自同构群：[ 32, 43 ],D16
[ 16, 8 ]:1,5,6,4,0,秩：2,是否幂零：true,自同构群：[ 16, 11 ],QD16
[ 16, 9 ]:1,1,10,4,0,秩：2,是否幂零：true,自同构群：[ 32, 43 ],Q16
[ 16, 10 ]:1,7,8,0,0,秩：3,是否幂零：true,自同构群：[ 192, 1493 ],C4 x C2 x C2
[ 16, 11 ]:1,11,4,0,0,秩：3,是否幂零：true,自同构群：[ 64, 138 ],C2 x D8
[ 16, 12 ]:1,3,12,0,0,秩：3,是否幂零：true,自同构群：[ 192, 955 ],C2 x Q8
[ 16, 13 ]:1,7,8,0,0,秩：3,是否幂零：true,自同构群：[ 48, 48 ],(C4 x C2) : C2
Error, the group identification for groups of size 20160 is not available called from
[ 16, 14 ]:1,15,0,0,0,IdGroup( AutomorphismGroup( G ) ) called from
<function "unknown">( <arguments> )
 called from read-eval loop at line 13 of *stdin*
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