DApp是区块链技术落地应用的主要体现方式,通过将友好的交互设计与其背后的智能合约相结合,就能产生一个个区块链应用。
开发一个DApp需要哪些技能?需要几个人配合?其实,1个人分3步就可以完成一个DApp!
-
首先准备并部署开发环境
-
其次编写并部署智能合约
-
最后测试合约并创建交互
HiBlock区块链社区Bob在自己的摸索与实践中开发了一款基于以太坊的宠物店,开发成功后,总结自己的经验与心得,通过一次线上分享的活动,与区块链爱好者交流探讨。
以下是Bob根据开发过程整理的流程文档。
1
开发环境的准备
本地环境Mac
这个教程会用到的环境:
-
开发环境:node.js, npm (本文用到的node version, v9.11.1 npm version v5.6.0)
-
编译部署环境:truffle (version 4.1.5, solidity 0.4.21)
-
以太坊私链:ganache (version 1.1.0)
问题:
这里碰到第一个坑,以前安装过老版本node.js,提示必须升级新版本,但总提示:brew link error 无法找到:/usr/local/Cellar/
解决方案:
uninstall, install, link 最终解决
安装开发环境
BobJianglocal:pet-shop-tutorial bobjiang$ brew uninstall node --force
BobJianglocal:pet-shop-tutorial bobjiang brew link node BobJianglocal:pet-shop-tutorial bobjiang
安装truffle
BobJianglocal:pet-shop-tutorial bobjiang$ npm install -g truffle
安装ganache
下载ganache(地址:http://truffleframework.com/ganache/)
2
从Truffle box创建项目
BobJianglocal:pet-shop-tutorial bobjiang cd pet-shop-tutorial/ BobJianglocal:pet-shop-tutorial bobjiang$ truffle unbox pet-shop
truffle框架目录介绍:
-
contracts/ : 智能合约文件存在这里,后缀.sol (solidity)
-
migrations/ : 部署脚本
-
test/ : 测试脚本
-
truffle.js :truffle的配置文件
3
编写智能合约
在 contracts/ 目录下创建 Adoption.sol 文件,内容如下:
pragma solidity ^0.4.17;
contract Adoption { address[16] public adopters;
//adopting a pet function adopt(uint petId) public returns (uint) { require(petId >= 0 && petId <= 15); adopters[petId] = msg.sender; return petId; }
//retrieve the adopters function getAdopters() public view returns (address[16]) { return adopters; } }
4
编译部署合约
编译合约
BobJianglocal:pet-shop-tutorial bobjiang$ truffle compile Compiling ./contracts/Adoption.sol... Compiling ./contracts/Migrations.sol...
Compilation warnings encountered:
/Users/bobjiang/Documents/hiblock.net/truffle/pet-shop-tutorial/contracts/Migrations.sol:11:3: Warning: No visibility specified. Defaulting to "public". function Migrations() { ^ (Relevant source part starts here and spans across multiple lines). ,/Users/bobjiang/Documents/hiblock.net/truffle/pet-shop-tutorial/contracts/Migrations.sol:15:3: Warning: No visibility specified. Defaulting to "public". function setCompleted(uint completed) restricted { ^ (Relevant source part starts here and spans across multiple lines). ,/Users/bobjiang/Documents/hiblock.net/truffle/pet-shop-tutorial/contracts/Migrations.sol:19:3: Warning: No visibility specified. Defaulting to "public". function upgrade(address new_address) restricted { ^ (Relevant source part starts here and spans across multiple lines).
Writing artifacts to ./build/contracts
上面有警告的地方,可以忽略。(原来给的文件里面没有指定函数的可见性)
部署合约
1、在 migratios/ 目录内创建新文件 2_deploy_contracts.js 内容如下:
var Adoption = artifacts.require("Adoption");
module.exports = function(deployer) { deployer.deploy(Adoption); };
2、确保安装好了 ganache
安装好后第一次启动的界面如下(借用的源文档图片)
3、智能合约部署到以太坊(私链)上
BobJianglocal:pet-shop-tutorial bobjiang$ truffle migrate Using network 'development'.
Running migration: 1_initial_migration.js Deploying Migrations... ... 0x579459f9d2e89ed07356c7565056e082b540c5f441ffcdc1e4676f42536451d5 Migrations: 0x651ee6754b509e0f3413fcb6c88c6c20dc8c9d28 Saving successful migration to network... ... 0xfafeb069ba502196abeabef2c097bdd9e4db9ab02c98a9b98d8db47f7d205a9b Saving artifacts... Running migration: 2_deploy_contracts.js Deploying Adoption... ... 0xaee412f76fe2ed3853f8e138f009cd8fca23835547a39e23188affef55665460 Adoption: 0x104ba492f5d8f4e0df6971ae09ca0c9b496ff15b Saving successful migration to network... ... 0x9219eeba1a1eb945d4fe1fb1bf6cdb2b70218c22b264134cfd97e2f4dfe026ef Saving artifacts...
部署完成后,可以看到有四笔交易(四个区块):
5
测试智能合约
智能合约可以也可以用测试类来进行断言(assert)验证。例如在 test/ 目录内创建新文件 TestAdoption.sol 内容如下:
pragma solidity ^0.4.17;
import "truffle/Assert.sol"; import "truffle/DeployedAddresses.sol"; import "../contracts/Adoption.sol";
contract TestAdoption { Adoption adoption = Adoption(DeployedAddresses.Adoption());
//test adopt() function function testUserCanAdoptPet() public { uint returnedId = adoption.adopt(8);
uint expected = 8;
Assert.equal(returnedId, expected, "Adoption of Pet ID 8 should be recorded."); }
//test retrieve of a single pet owner function testGetAdopterAddressByPetId() public { //expected owner is this contract address expected = this; address adopter = adoption.adopters(8); Assert.equal(adopter, expected, "owner of pet id 8 should be recorded."); }
//test retrive of all pet owners function testGetAdopterAddressByPetIdInArray() public { //expected owner is this contract address expected = this; address[16] memory adopters = adoption.getAdopters();
Assert.equal(adopters[8], expected, "owner of pet id 8 should be recorded."); } }
运行测试,结果如下:
BobJianglocal:pet-shop-tutorial bobjiang truffle test Using network 'development'.
Compiling ./contracts/Adoption.sol... Compiling ./test/TestAdoption.sol... Compiling truffle/Assert.sol... Compiling truffle/DeployedAddresses.sol...
Compilation warnings encountered:
truffle/Assert.sol:1563:9: Warning: Use of the "var" keyword is deprecated. var nstr = _itoa(value, 10); ^------^ ,truffle/Assert.sol:1580:9: Warning: Use of the "var" keyword is deprecated. var nstr = _utoa(value, 10); ^------^ ,truffle/Assert.sol:1597:9: Warning: Use of the "var" keyword is deprecated. var nstr = _ltoa(value); ^------^ ,truffle/Assert.sol:1347:13: Warning: Invoking events without "emit" prefix is deprecated. TestEvent(true, ""); ^-----------------^ ,truffle/Assert.sol:1349:13: Warning: Invoking events without "emit" prefix is deprecated. TestEvent(false, message); ^-----------------------^
TestAdoption ✓ testUserCanAdoptPet (113ms) ✓ testGetAdopterAddressByPetId (103ms) ✓ testGetAdopterAddressByPetIdInArray (132ms)
3 passing (1s)
上面Assert.sol里面有警告,var关键词已经不建议使用。忽略掉。
6
开始用户界面的工作
用户界面(UI)是前端工作,这里用的javascript。主要文件是app.js,存在目录 /src/js/app.js 中。文件内容如下:
App = { web3Provider: null, contracts: {},
init: function() { // Load pets. ('#petsRow'); var petTemplate = $('#petTemplate');
for (i = 0; i < data.length; i ++) { petTemplate.find('.panel-title').text(data[i].name); petTemplate.find('img').attr('src', data[i].picture); petTemplate.find('.pet-breed').text(data[i].breed); petTemplate.find('.pet-age').text(data[i].age); petTemplate.find('.pet-location').text(data[i].location); petTemplate.find('.btn-adopt').attr('data-id', data[i].id);
petsRow.append(petTemplate.html()); } });
return App.initWeb3(); },
initWeb3: function() { // Is there an injected web3 instance? if (typeof web3 !== 'undefined') { App.web3Provider = web3.currentProvider; } else { // If no injected web3 instance is detected, fall back to Ganache App.web3Provider = new Web3.providers.HttpProvider('http://localhost:7545'); } web3 = new Web3(App.web3Provider);
return App.initContract(); },
initContract: function() { $.getJSON('Adoption.json', function(data) { // Get the necessary contract artifact file and instantiate it with truffle-contract var AdoptionArtifact = data; App.contracts.Adoption = TruffleContract(AdoptionArtifact);
// Set the provider for our contract App.contracts.Adoption.setProvider(App.web3Provider);
// Use our contract to retrieve and mark the adopted pets return App.markAdopted(); });
return App.bindEvents(); },
bindEvents: function() { $(document).on('click', '.btn-adopt', App.handleAdopt); },
markAdopted: function(adopters, account) { var adoptionInstance;
App.contracts.Adoption.deployed().then(function(instance) { adoptionInstance = instance;
return adoptionInstance.getAdopters.call(); }).then(function(adopters) { for (i = 0; i < adopters.length; i++) { if (adopters[i] !== '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000') { $('.panel-pet').eq(i).find('button').text('Success').attr('disabled', true); } } }).catch(function(err) { console.log(err.message); }); },
handleAdopt: function(event) { event.preventDefault();
var petId = parseInt($(event.target).data('id'));
var adoptionInstance;
web3.eth.getAccounts(function(error, accounts) { if (error) { console.log(error); }
var account = accounts[0];
App.contracts.Adoption.deployed().then(function(instance) { adoptionInstance = instance;
// Execute adopt as a transaction by sending account return adoptionInstance.adopt(petId, {from: account}); }).then(function(result) { return App.markAdopted(); }).catch(function(err) { console.log(err.message); }); }); }
};
(window).load(function() { App.init(); }); });
安装配置MetaMask
与Dapp互动的最容易的方式是通过 MetaMask
(地址:https://metamask.io/)
-
1、在浏览器内安装MetaMask
-
2、装好后,以Chrome浏览器插件形式存在
-
3、同意,接受条款
-
4、如下图,点击"Import Existing DEN"
- 5、返回 ganache 的主界面,在 Accounts 下有一行12个单词的助记词,如下图
-
6、复制助记词,粘贴到 MetaMask 界面中的 Wallet Seed 文本框中
-
7、设置一个密码,点击 OK
-
8、点击 MetaMask 左上角的 Main Network ,点击 Custom RPC
-
9、在 New RPC URL 中输入 “http://127.0.0.1:7545”
-
10、返回 MetaMask 主界面,可以看到账户信息
上面的第六步碰到第二个坑,这里的助记词一定用你的 ganache 私链上的,否则 MetaMask 钱包无法链接到本地的私链,因此无法显示余额
安装配置 lite-server
在解开的目录内,有 bs-config.jscon 和 package.json 两个配置文件,不必要修改。(这里定义了lite server,一会儿浏览器访问dapp用)
命令行启动lite-server
BobJianglocal:pet-shop-tutorial bobjiang$ npm run dev
pet-shop@1.0.0 dev /Users/bobjiang/Documents/hiblock.net/truffle/pet-shop-tutorial lite-server
** browser-sync config ** { injectChanges: false, files: [ './**/*.{html,htm,css,js}' ], watchOptions: { ignored: 'node_modules' }, server: { baseDir: [ './src', './build/contracts' ], middleware: [ [Function], [Function] ] } } [Browsersync] Access URLs:
Local: http://localhost:3000 External: http://192.168.199.126:3000
UI: http://localhost:3001 UI External: http://192.168.199.126:3001
[Browsersync] Serving files from: ./src [Browsersync] Serving files from: ./build/contracts [Browsersync] Watching files... 18.04.08 15:20:02 200 GET /index.html
打开宠物店: http://localhost:3000
选择一个你喜欢的狗狗,点击 Adopt(领养)
MetaMask会自动提示,有一笔交易需要你同意
点击 Submit 返回宠物店
可能需要刷新页面 http://localhost:3000,就可以看到刚才你领养的那只狗,已经领养成功了。(其他人无法领养)
返回 MetaMask 钱包可以看到刚才的领养的交易
返回 ganache 也可以看到刚才的这笔交易被打包了
恭喜你,第一个 dapp 搞定啦!
7
参考文档
truffle pet shop
地址:http://truffleframework.com/tutorials/pet-shop
点击“阅读原文”即可查看GitHub源文档,Bob老师将于4月11日(周三)20:00-21:30进行线上操作演练分享,有兴趣的小伙伴可识别下图二维码报名哦