Android日常研发中不可避免的肯定要用到Fragment，你如何使用的呢？Compare the two methods of use，是否觉得第二种更加简洁。这时很多人肯定提出疑问：这两种使用方式有何区别，我的代码中到底使用哪种方式更好一些，以及为什么要使用这种方式 and so on，各位看官稍安勿躁，且听老衲娓娓道来。
Usage 1：
@Override
public void initView(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
BlankFragment mFragment = new BlankFragment();
Bundle bundle = new Bundle();
bundle.putString("arg1", "a");
bundle.putString("arg2", "b");
bundle.putString("arg3", "c");
mFragment.setArguments(bundle);
getFragmentManager().beginTransaction().replace(R.id.frame, mFragment).commit();
}
Usage 2：
@Override
public void initView(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
getFragmentManager().beginTransaction().replace(R.id.frame, BlankFragment.newInstance("a", "b")).commit();
}
首先我们新建一个fragment，我们一起来看一下android建议的fragment如何编写(请严格按照截图的来步步创建哦)
Create BlankFragment.png
package com.itbird.utils;
import android.content.Context;
import android.net.Uri;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.support.v4.app.Fragment;
import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;
import com.itbird.base.R;
/**
* A simple {@link Fragment} subclass.
* Activities that contain this fragment must implement the
* {@link BlankFragment.OnFragmentInteractionListener} interface
* to handle interaction events.
* Use the {@link BlankFragment#newInstance} factory method to
* create an instance of this fragment.
*/
public class BlankFragment extends Fragment {
// TODO: Rename parameter arguments, choose names that match
// the fragment initialization parameters, e.g. ARG_ITEM_NUMBER
private static final String ARG_PARAM1 = "param1";
private static final String ARG_PARAM2 = "param2";
// TODO: Rename and change types of parameters
private String mParam1;
private String mParam2;
private OnFragmentInteractionListener mListener;
public BlankFragment() {
// Required empty public constructor
}
/**
* Use this factory method to create a new instance of
* this fragment using the provided parameters.
*
* @param param1 Parameter 1.
* @param param2 Parameter 2.
* @return A new instance of fragment BlankFragment.
*/
// TODO: Rename and change types and number of parameters
public static BlankFragment newInstance(String param1, String param2) {
BlankFragment fragment = new BlankFragment();
Bundle args = new Bundle();
args.putString(ARG_PARAM1, param1);
args.putString(ARG_PARAM2, param2);
fragment.setArguments(args);
return fragment;
}
@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
if (getArguments() != null) {
mParam1 = getArguments().getString(ARG_PARAM1);
mParam2 = getArguments().getString(ARG_PARAM2);
}
}
@Override
public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container,
Bundle savedInstanceState) {
// Inflate the layout for this fragment
return inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_blank, container, false);
}
// TODO: Rename method, update argument and hook method into UI event
public void onButtonPressed(Uri uri) {
if (mListener != null) {
mListener.onFragmentInteraction(uri);
}
}
@Override
public void onAttach(Context context) {
super.onAttach(context);
if (context instanceof OnFragmentInteractionListener) {
mListener = (OnFragmentInteractionListener) context;
} else {
throw new RuntimeException(context.toString()
+ " must implement OnFragmentInteractionListener");
}
}
@Override
public void onDetach() {
super.onDetach();
mListener = null;
}
/**
* This interface must be implemented by activities that contain this
* fragment to allow an interaction in this fragment to be communicated
* to the activity and potentially other fragments contained in that
* activity.
*
* See the Android Training lesson
* "http://developer.android.com/training/basics/fragments/communicating.html"
* >Communicating with Other Fragments
for more information.*/
public interface OnFragmentInteractionListener {
// TODO: Update argument type and name
void onFragmentInteraction(Uri uri);
}
}
上述代码其实就是在一个Fragment的newInstance方法中传递两个参数，并且通过fragment.setArgument保存在它自己身上，而后通过onCreate()调用的时候将这些参数取出来。这样写没什么特殊的啊，不就是用静态工厂方法传个参数么，用构造器传参数不一样处理么？No，No，No，如果仅仅是个静态工厂而已，又怎么能成为谷歌推荐呢。
实践是检验真理的唯一标准，我们一起通过一个样例来实际操作一番
fragment_main.xml
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:orientation="vertical">
android:id="@+id/layout_top"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="0dp"
android:layout_weight="1"/>
android:id="@+id/layout_bottom"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="0dp"
android:layout_weight="1"/>
fragment_main.png
由图和代码可知，我们在xml中定义两个FrameLayout，平分整个屏幕高度
MainActivity.java
package com.itbird.myapplication;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.support.v4.app.FragmentTransaction;
public class MainActivity extends BaseActivity {
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.fragment_main);
if (savedInstanceState == null) {
FragmentTransaction transaction = getSupportFragmentManager().beginTransaction();
transaction.add(R.id.layout_top, new BlankFragment("顶部的Fragment", "test"));
transaction.add(R.id.layout_bottom, BlankFragment.newInstance("底部的Fragment", "test"));
transaction.commit();
}
}
}
BlankFragment.java
package com.itbird.myapplication;
import android.annotation.SuppressLint;
import android.content.Context;
import android.net.Uri;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.support.v4.app.Fragment;
import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;
import android.widget.TextView;
public class BlankFragment extends Fragment {
// TODO: Rename parameter arguments, choose names that match
// the fragment initialization parameters, e.g. ARG_ITEM_NUMBER
private static final String ARG_PARAM1 = "param1";
private static final String ARG_PARAM2 = "param2";
// TODO: Rename and change types of parameters
private String mParam1;
private String mParam2;
public BlankFragment() {
// Required empty public constructor
}
@SuppressLint("ValidFragment")
public BlankFragment(String mParam1, String mParam2) {
this.mParam1 = mParam1;
this.mParam2 = mParam2;
}
/**
* Use this factory method to create a new instance of
* this fragment using the provided parameters.
*
* @param param1 Parameter 1.
* @param param2 Parameter 2.
* @return A new instance of fragment BlankFragment.
*/
// TODO: Rename and change types and number of parameters
public static BlankFragment newInstance(String param1, String param2) {
BlankFragment fragment = new BlankFragment();
Bundle args = new Bundle();
args.putString(ARG_PARAM1, param1);
args.putString(ARG_PARAM2, param2);
fragment.setArguments(args);
return fragment;
}
@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
if (getArguments() != null) {
mParam1 = getArguments().getString(ARG_PARAM1);
mParam2 = getArguments().getString(ARG_PARAM2);
}
}
@Override
public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container,
Bundle savedInstanceState) {
// Inflate the layout for this fragment
View view = inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_blank, container, false);
TextView textView = view.findViewById(R.id.text);
textView.setText(mParam1 + mParam2);
return view;
}
}
fragment_blank.xml
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent">
android:id="@+id/text"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:gravity="center" />
通过阅读代码可知，我们通过两种不同的方式创建fragment，同样在其中心textview中展示相应拼接字段。
运行效果.png
嗯，效果如预期的一样完美，此时，我们把屏幕横过来，看看会出现怎样的状况
横屏时.png
My god，顶部的fragment 文本内容咋都变成null了。。。
我们来分析一下产生上述情况的原因：当我们横竖屏切换的时候，activity会重建，相应的，依附于它上面的Fragment也会重新创建。好，顺着这个思路，进activity的onCreate方法中看看：
protected void onCreate(@Nullable Bundle savedInstanceState) {
if (DEBUG_LIFECYCLE) Slog.v(TAG, "onCreate " + this + ": " + savedInstanceState);
if (mLastNonConfigurationInstances != null) {
mFragments.restoreLoaderNonConfig(mLastNonConfigurationInstances.loaders);
}
if (mActivityInfo.parentActivityName != null) {
if (mActionBar == null) {
mEnableDefaultActionBarUp = true;
} else {
mActionBar.setDefaultDisplayHomeAsUpEnabled(true);
}
}
if (savedInstanceState != null) {
Parcelable p = savedInstanceState.getParcelable(FRAGMENTS_TAG);
mFragments.restoreAllState(p, mLastNonConfigurationInstances != null
? mLastNonConfigurationInstances.fragments : null);
}
mFragments.dispatchCreate();
getApplication().dispatchActivityCreated(this, savedInstanceState);
if (mVoiceInteractor != null) {
mVoiceInteractor.attachActivity(this);
}
mCalled = true;
}
显而易见，fragment的重建是在restoreAllState方法中，跟进
FragmentController.java
/**
* Restores the saved state for all Fragments. The given FragmentManagerNonConfig are Fragment
* instances retained across configuration changes, including nested fragments
*
* @see #retainNestedNonConfig()
*/
public void restoreAllState(Parcelable state, FragmentManagerNonConfig nonConfig) {
mHost.mFragmentManager.restoreAllState(state, nonConfig);
}
继续跟进
FragmentManager.java
void restoreAllState(Parcelable state, FragmentManagerNonConfig nonConfig) {
// If there is no saved state at all, then there can not be
// any nonConfig fragments either, so that is that.
if (state == null) return;
FragmentManagerState fms = (FragmentManagerState)state;
if (fms.mActive == null) return;
List childNonConfigs = null;
// First re-attach any non-config instances we are retaining back
// to their saved state, so we don't try to instantiate them again.
...
// Build the full list of active fragments, instantiating them from
// their saved state.
mActive = new ArrayList<>(fms.mActive.length);
if (mAvailIndices != null) {
mAvailIndices.clear();
}
for (int i=0; i
FragmentState fs = fms.mActive[i];
if (fs != null) {
FragmentManagerNonConfig childNonConfig = null;
if (childNonConfigs != null && i < childNonConfigs.size()) {
childNonConfig = childNonConfigs.get(i);
}
Fragment f = fs.instantiate(mHost, mParent, childNonConfig);
if (DEBUG) Log.v(TAG, "restoreAllState: active #" + i + ": " + f);
mActive.add(f);
// Now that the fragment is instantiated (or came from being
// retained above), clear mInstance in case we end up re-restoring
// from this FragmentState again.
fs.mInstance = null;
} else {
mActive.add(null);
if (mAvailIndices == null) {
mAvailIndices = new ArrayList<>();
}
if (DEBUG) Log.v(TAG, "restoreAllState: avail #" + i);
mAvailIndices.add(i);
}
}
// Update the target of all retained fragments.
...
// Build the list of currently added fragments.
...
// Build the back stack.
...
}
通过阅读， 找到关键代码
Fragment f = fs.instantiate(mHost, mParent, childNonConfig);
然后锲而不舍跟进
FragmentManager.java
public Fragment instantiate(FragmentHostCallback host, Fragment parent,
FragmentManagerNonConfig childNonConfig) {
if (mInstance == null) {
final Context context = host.getContext();
if (mArguments != null) {
mArguments.setClassLoader(context.getClassLoader());
}
mInstance = Fragment.instantiate(context, mClassName, mArguments);
if (mSavedFragmentState != null) {
mSavedFragmentState.setClassLoader(context.getClassLoader());
mInstance.mSavedFragmentState = mSavedFragmentState;
}
mInstance.setIndex(mIndex, parent);
mInstance.mFromLayout = mFromLayout;
mInstance.mRestored = true;
mInstance.mFragmentId = mFragmentId;
mInstance.mContainerId = mContainerId;
mInstance.mTag = mTag;
mInstance.mRetainInstance = mRetainInstance;
mInstance.mDetached = mDetached;
mInstance.mHidden = mHidden;
mInstance.mFragmentManager = host.mFragmentManager;
if (FragmentManagerImpl.DEBUG) Log.v(FragmentManagerImpl.TAG,
"Instantiated fragment " + mInstance);
}
mInstance.mChildNonConfig = childNonConfig;
return mInstance;
}
跟进到这里，终于有点头绪了，至少看到fragment实例化的地方了，迫不及待的再次点击去view一下下
Fragment.java
public static Fragment instantiate(Context context, String fname, @Nullable Bundle args) {
try {
Class> clazz = sClassMap.get(fname);
if (clazz == null) {
// Class not found in the cache, see if it's real, and try to add it
clazz = context.getClassLoader().loadClass(fname);
if (!Fragment.class.isAssignableFrom(clazz)) {
throw new InstantiationException("Trying to instantiate a class " + fname
+ " that is not a Fragment", new ClassCastException());
}
sClassMap.put(fname, clazz);
}
Fragment f = (Fragment)clazz.newInstance();
if (args != null) {
args.setClassLoader(f.getClass().getClassLoader());
f.mArguments = args;
}
return f;
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
throw new InstantiationException("Unable to instantiate fragment " + fname
+ ": make sure class name exists, is public, and has an"
+ " empty constructor that is public", e);
} catch (java.lang.InstantiationException e) {
throw new InstantiationException("Unable to instantiate fragment " + fname
+ ": make sure class name exists, is public, and has an"
+ " empty constructor that is public", e);
} catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
throw new InstantiationException("Unable to instantiate fragment " + fname
+ ": make sure class name exists, is public, and has an"
+ " empty constructor that is public", e);
}
}
山重水复疑无路，柳暗花明又一村
原来Fragment对象被反射创建之后，会调用这么一句代码
f.mArguments = args;
哦，なるほど(原来如此)，Fragment在重新创建的时候只会调用无参的构造方法，并且如果之前通过fragment.setArguments(bundle)这种方式设置过参数的话，Fragment重建时会得到这些参数，所以，在onCreate中我们可以通过getArguments()的方式拿到我们之前设置的参数。同时由于Fragment在重建时并不会调用我们自定义的带参数的构造方法，所以我们传递的参数它也就获取不到了。
也许有网友依然会继续追问，重新set时，mArguments确定不会为空吗？Fragment销毁时，这个变量不会置空吗？我们通过源码看一下：
Fragment.java
/**
* Called when the view previously created by {@link #onCreateView} has
* been detached from the fragment. The next time the fragment needs
* to be displayed, a new view will be created. This is called
* after {@link #onStop()} and before {@link #onDestroy()}. It is called
* regardless of whether {@link #onCreateView} returned a
* non-null view. Internally it is called after the view's state has
* been saved but before it has been removed from its parent.
*/
@CallSuper
public void onDestroyView() {
mCalled = true;
}
/**
* Called when the fragment is no longer in use. This is called
* after {@link #onStop()} and before {@link #onDetach()}.
*/
@CallSuper
public void onDestroy() {
mCalled = true;
//Log.v("foo", "onDestroy: mCheckedForLoaderManager=" + mCheckedForLoaderManager
// + " mLoaderManager=" + mLoaderManager);
if (!mCheckedForLoaderManager) {
mCheckedForLoaderManager = true;
mLoaderManager = mHost.getLoaderManager(mWho, mLoadersStarted, false);
}
if (mLoaderManager != null) {
mLoaderManager.doDestroy();
}
}
看到此处，相信各位看官已经有“了然大明白”的感觉了，我就不再多说了。
总结
1.通过对比两种使用方式，我们知道两种方式别无其他，只是事关风格而已(代码”整”“洁”之道)
2.使用Fragment过程中在涉及到传参时，千万不要通过构造方法或者setParam方式直接赋值传入参数，必须使用setArguments来传参，否则程序在某些应用情景下，会丢参
强烈建议：两者虽无严格的对错之分，都可以使用，但是newInstance方式无论从代码整洁之道还是程序规范的稳定性而言，都是每个程序员应该学习使用的方式。
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