linux的initcall机制,Linux Kernel initcall机制

8种机械键盘轴体对比

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相关的文件linux-4.4.23/include/linux/init.h

linux-4.4.23/init/main.c

linux-4.4.23/arch/x86/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S

linux-4.4.23/include/asm-generic/vmlinux.lds.h

本文中使用的vmlinux是由linux 4.4.23源码编译。

相关宏定义

相关代码如下:

/*

* Used for initialization calls..

*/

typedef int (*initcall_t)(void);

/* initcalls are now grouped by functionality into separate

* subsections. Ordering inside the subsections is determined

* by link order.

* For backwards compatibility, initcall() puts the call in

* the device init subsection.

*

* The `id' arg to __define_initcall() is needed so that multiple initcalls

* can point at the same handler without causing duplicate-symbol build errors.

*/

#define __define_initcall(fn, id)

static initcall_t __initcall_##fn##id __used

__attribute__((__section__(".initcall" #id ".init"))) = fn;

LTO_REFERENCE_INITCALL(__initcall_##fn##id)

/*

* Early initcalls run before initializing SMP.

*

* Only for built-in code, not modules.

*/

#define early_initcall(fn) __define_initcall(fn, early)

/*

* A "pure" initcall has no dependencies on anything else, and purely

* initializes variables that couldn't be statically initialized.

*

* This only exists for built-in code, not for modules.

* Keep main.c:initcall_level_names[] in sync.

*/

#define pure_initcall(fn) __define_initcall(fn, 0)

#define core_initcall(fn) __define_initcall(fn, 1)

#define core_initcall_sync(fn) __define_initcall(fn, 1s)

#define postcore_initcall(fn) __define_initcall(fn, 2)

#define postcore_initcall_sync(fn) __define_initcall(fn, 2s)

#define arch_initcall(fn) __define_initcall(fn, 3)

#define arch_initcall_sync(fn) __define_initcall(fn, 3s)

#define subsys_initcall(fn) __define_initcall(fn, 4)

#define subsys_initcall_sync(fn) __define_initcall(fn, 4s)

#define fs_initcall(fn) __define_initcall(fn, 5)

#define fs_initcall_sync(fn) __define_initcall(fn, 5s)

#define rootfs_initcall(fn) __define_initcall(fn, rootfs)

#define device_initcall(fn) __define_initcall(fn, 6)

#define device_initcall_sync(fn) __define_initcall(fn, 6s)

#define late_initcall(fn) __define_initcall(fn, 7)

#define late_initcall_sync(fn) __define_initcall(fn, 7s)

#define __initcall(fn) device_initcall(fn)

workqueue.c中

early_initcall(init_workqueues);

扩展开来就是

static initcall_t __initcall_init_workqueuesearly __used

__attribute__((__section__(".initcallearly.init"))) = init_workqueues;

__initcall_init_workqueuesearly 是一个函数指针，指向init_workqueues; 该变量被链接到名为 .initcallearly.init 的 section 中。

linux内核的initcall是分等级的，从init.h中可以看到一共分为17个等级(实际上后接sync的的7个等级是没有用到的)。 优先级从上到下越来越低(early > 0 > 1 > 1s > … > 7s)。

链接生成linux内核文件

vmlinux.lds.S是x86内核的链接脚本。 该脚本中定义了内核文件中各个section的排列方式。

SECTIONS

{

. = __START_KERNEL; // __START_KERNEL = 0XFFFFFFFF81000000

phys_startup_64 = startup_64 - LOAD_OFFSET;

/* Text and read-only data */

.text : AT(ADDR(.text) - LOAD_OFFSET) {

......

} :text = 0x9090

......

X64_ALIGN_DEBUG_RODATA_BEGIN

RO_DATA(PAGE_SIZE)

X64_ALIGN_DEBUG_RODATA_END

/* Data */

.data : AT(ADDR(.data) - LOAD_OFFSET) {

......

} :data

......

/* Init code and data - will be freed after init */

. = ALIGN(PAGE_SIZE);

.init.begin : AT(ADDR(.init.begin) - LOAD_OFFSET) {

__init_begin = .; /* paired with __init_end */

}

INIT_TEXT_SECTION(PAGE_SIZE)

// initcall的数据段定义在这里

INIT_DATA_SECTION(16)

.x86_cpu_dev.init : AT(ADDR(.x86_cpu_dev.init) - LOAD_OFFSET) {

__x86_cpu_dev_start = .;

*(.x86_cpu_dev.init)

__x86_cpu_dev_end = .;

}

......

/*

* start address and size of operations which during runtime

* can be patched with virtualization friendly instructions or

* baremetal native ones. Think page table operations.

* Details in paravirt_types.h

*/

. = ALIGN(8);

.parainstructions : AT(ADDR(.parainstructions) - LOAD_OFFSET) {

__parainstructions = .;

*(.parainstructions)

__parainstructions_end = .;

}

/*

* struct alt_inst entries. From the header (alternative.h):

* "Alternative instructions for different CPU types or capabilities"

* Think locking instructions on spinlocks.

*/

. = ALIGN(8);

.altinstructions : AT(ADDR(.altinstructions) - LOAD_OFFSET) {

__alt_instructions = .;

*(.altinstructions)

__alt_instructions_end = .;

}

/*

* And here are the replacement instructions. The linker sticks

* them as binary blobs. The .altinstructions has enough data to

* get the address and the length of them to patch the kernel safely.

*/

.altinstr_replacement : AT(ADDR(.altinstr_replacement) - LOAD_OFFSET) {

*(.altinstr_replacement)

}

/*

* struct iommu_table_entry entries are injected in this section.

* It is an array of IOMMUs which during run time gets sorted depending

* on its dependency order. After rootfs_initcall is complete

* this section can be safely removed.

*/

.iommu_table : AT(ADDR(.iommu_table) - LOAD_OFFSET) {

__iommu_table = .;

*(.iommu_table)

__iommu_table_end = .;

}

. = ALIGN(8);

.apicdrivers : AT(ADDR(.apicdrivers) - LOAD_OFFSET) {

__apicdrivers = .;

*(.apicdrivers);

__apicdrivers_end = .;

}

. = ALIGN(8);

/*

* .exit.text is discard at runtime, not link time, to deal with

* references from .altinstructions and .eh_frame

*/

.exit.text : AT(ADDR(.exit.text) - LOAD_OFFSET) {

EXIT_TEXT

}

.exit.data : AT(ADDR(.exit.data) - LOAD_OFFSET) {

EXIT_DATA

}

#if !defined(CONFIG_X86_64) || !defined(CONFIG_SMP)

PERCPU_SECTION(INTERNODE_CACHE_BYTES)

#endif

. = ALIGN(PAGE_SIZE);

/* freed after init ends here */

.init.end : AT(ADDR(.init.end) - LOAD_OFFSET) {

__init_end = .;

}

/*

* smp_locks might be freed after init

* start/end must be page aligned

*/

. = ALIGN(PAGE_SIZE);

.smp_locks : AT(ADDR(.smp_locks) - LOAD_OFFSET) {

__smp_locks = .;

*(.smp_locks)

. = ALIGN(PAGE_SIZE);

__smp_locks_end = .;

}

......

/* BSS */

. = ALIGN(PAGE_SIZE);

.bss : AT(ADDR(.bss) - LOAD_OFFSET) {

__bss_start = .;

*(.bss..page_aligned)

*(.bss)

. = ALIGN(PAGE_SIZE);

__bss_stop = .;

}

. = ALIGN(PAGE_SIZE);

.brk : AT(ADDR(.brk) - LOAD_OFFSET) {

__brk_base = .;

. += 64 * 1024; /* 64k alignment slop space */

*(.brk_reservation) /* areas brk users have reserved */

__brk_limit = .;

}

_end = .;

......

}

其中INIT_DATA_SECTION 宏定义为:

#define INIT_DATA_SECTION(initsetup_align)

.init.data : AT(ADDR(.init.data) - LOAD_OFFSET) {

INIT_DATA

INIT_SETUP(initsetup_align)

// initcall defines

INIT_CALLS

CON_INITCALL

SECURITY_INITCALL

INIT_RAM_FS

}

INIT_CALLS 宏定义为:

#define INIT_CALLS_LEVEL(level)

VMLINUX_SYMBOL(__initcall##level##_start) = .;

*(.initcall##level##.init)

*(.initcall##level##s.init)

#define INIT_CALLS

VMLINUX_SYMBOL(__initcall_start) = .;

*(.initcallearly.init)

INIT_CALLS_LEVEL(0)

INIT_CALLS_LEVEL(1)

INIT_CALLS_LEVEL(2)

INIT_CALLS_LEVEL(3)

INIT_CALLS_LEVEL(4)

INIT_CALLS_LEVEL(5)

INIT_CALLS_LEVEL(rootfs)

INIT_CALLS_LEVEL(6)

INIT_CALLS_LEVEL(7)

VMLINUX_SYMBOL(__initcall_end) = .;

从该ld脚本中可以知道linux内核文件中各个section的起始地址为0XFFFFFFFF81000000

INIT_CALLS定义在.init.data section中

INIT_CALLS的首尾定义分别为: __initcall_start(0xffffffff82082ef8) 和 __initcall_end(0xffffffff820842f0)

通过命令 readelf vmlinux 和 nm vmlinux 可以查看 __initcall_start 、 __initcall_end 和 __initcall_init_workqueuesearly等函数的地址信息

而init_workqueue函数的地址为, 该函数位于 .init.text section中，该section的起始和结束地址分别为: ffffffff81f56000 和 ffffffff81fbbae4。

内核执行initcalls系列函数

initcalls在内核初始化过程中调用关系如下

do_pre_smp_initcalls 为 initcall_early的调用函数

static void __init do_pre_smp_initcalls(void)

{

initcall_t *fn;

for (fn = __initcall_start; fn < __initcall0_start; fn++)

do_one_initcall(*fn);

}

__initcall_start对应的是initcall在.init.data section中的首地址， __initcall0_start为 level0的initcall在.init.data section中的首地址， 这两个地址之间的函数均为 __initcall_xxxearly 类型的initcall函数。

do_initcalls 为 initcall_levels的调用函数

static initcall_t *initcall_levels[] __initdata = {

__initcall0_start,

__initcall1_start,

__initcall2_start,

__initcall3_start,

__initcall4_start,

__initcall5_start,

__initcall6_start,

__initcall7_start,

__initcall_end,

};

static void __init do_initcall_level(int level)

{

initcall_t *fn;

strcpy(initcall_command_line, saved_command_line);

parse_args(initcall_level_names[level],

initcall_command_line, __start___param,

__stop___param - __start___param,

level, level,

NULL, &repair_env_string);

for (fn = initcall_levels[level]; fn < initcall_levels[level+1]; fn++)

do_one_initcall(*fn);

}

static void __init do_initcalls(void)

{

int level;

for (level = 0; level < ARRAY_SIZE(initcall_levels) - 1; level++)

do_initcall_level(level);

}

这两个函数中都调用了 do_one_initcall(*fn) 函数，其定义如下：

int __init_or_module do_one_initcall(initcall_t fn)

{

int count = preempt_count();

int ret;

char msgbuf[64];

if (initcall_blacklisted(fn))

return -EPERM;

if (initcall_debug)

ret = do_one_initcall_debug(fn);

else

ret = fn();

msgbuf[0] = 0;

if (preempt_count() != count) {

sprintf(msgbuf, "preemption imbalance ");

preempt_count_set(count);

}

if (irqs_disabled()) {

strlcat(msgbuf, "disabled interrupts ", sizeof(msgbuf));

local_irq_enable();

}

WARN(msgbuf[0], "initcall %pF returned with %sn", fn, msgbuf);

return ret;

}