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/*

filename: SetGetTest.php

comment on assignment by value and referrence

assuming $var is a varialbe, its handle(pointer) is named as *var,

and its content is named as @var

the memory area of @var is referred by *var, if the *var is the same,

then the memory areas are the same, so *var is just like a pointer.

1. when $var = $var1

@var copied from @var1, but in the different memory area,

new *var assigned by the system, pointing to the memory area holding @var

*var and *var1 are different

2. when $var =& $var1,

*var assigned by *var1, and the @var is not assigned or copied,

it is absolutely the same as @var1, and in the same memory area

both *var and *var1 pointing to the memory area, that means they are the same.

passing by referrence

3.

function set1(&$s){

$var =& $s;

}

set1($var1) results:

*var1 passing to the function, and *s is the same as *var1,

then *var is the same as *s, the result is that *var is the same as *var1

and all the contents are the same obviously.

4.

function set2(&$s){

$var = $s;

}

set2($var1) results:

*var1 passing to the function, and *s is the same as *var1,

but when $var = $s executes, from 1. we can see @var is the same as @s,

but *var is different from *s, so @var and @s is not in the same memory area,

while @s and @var1 is sharing the same memory area, also *var1 and *s are the same.

5.

normal function return:

function get(){ return $var1; }

assuming the result is referred by a variable $result.

then @result is copied from @var1 but *result is not the same as *var1

when $var = get();

first you get a variable $result, as I said above, @result is the same as @var1, but *result

is different from *var1, and next $var = $result executes.

As I said in 1., you can find, @var is the same as @result and the same as @var1,

but *var is different from *result AND *var1;

while $var =& get() just means:

*var is the same as *result, so @var and @result are in the same memory area,

but they are still different from those of $var1,

both the memory area of @var1 and *var1,

6.

returning by referrence

function &get(){ return $var1; }

there are two ways to get the result

$var = get(); and $var =& get(); now I will tell the difference

I. $var = get();

the *result is the same as *var1 and so @result and @var1 are the same.

and then $var = $result executes,

*var is not the same as *result, and also different from *var1,

but their contents are the same.

I. $var =& get();

the *result is the same as *var1 and so @result and @var1 are the same.

and then $var =& $result executes,

this means $var and $result are the same, both of @ and *

*/

// the test is the following

function println($s = ""){

print "$s
\n";

}

class GetSetTest

{

var $var = null;

function setByRef(&$arg){

$this->var =& $arg;

}

function passByRef(&$arg){

$this->var = $arg;

}

function setByVal($arg){

$this->var = $arg;

}

function &getByRef(){

return $this->var;

}

function getByVal(){

return $this->var;

}

}

$o = new GetSetTest;

println("============ setByRef getByRef =============");

println("-----------------Before change----------------");

$in = "before change";

$o->setByRef($in);

$outByVal = $o->getByRef();

$outByRef =& $o->getByRef();

println("\$in: ".$in);

println("\$outByVal: ".$outByVal);

println("\$outByRef: ".$outByRef);

println("\$this->var: ".$o->var);

println("-----------------After change-----------------");

$in = "after change";

println("\$in: ".$in);

println("\$outByVal: ".$outByVal);

println("\$outByRef: ".$outByRef);

println("\$this->var: ".$o->var);

println();

println("============ setByRef getByVal =============");

println("-----------------Before change----------------");

$in = "before change";

$o->setByRef($in);

$outByVal = $o->getByVal();

$outByRef =& $o->getByVal();

println("\$in: ".$in);

println("\$outByVal: ".$outByVal);

println("\$outByRef: ".$outByRef);

println("\$this->var: ".$o->var);

println("-----------------After change-----------------");

$in = "after change";

println("\$in: ".$in);

println("\$outByVal: ".$outByVal);

println("\$outByRef: ".$outByRef);

println("\$this->var: ".$o->var);

println();

println("============ passByRef getByVal =============");

println("-----------------Before change----------------");

$in = "before change";

$o->passByRef($in);

$outByVal = $o->getByVal();

$outByRef =& $o->getByVal();

println("\$in: ".$in);

println("\$outByVal: ".$outByVal);

println("\$outByRef: ".$outByRef);

println("\$this->var: ".$o->var);

println("-----------------After change-----------------");

$in = "after change";

println("\$in: ".$in);

println("\$outByVal: ".$outByVal);

println("\$outByRef: ".$outByRef);

println("\$this->var: ".$o->var);

println();

/*

以下输出结果是我(夜猫子)擅自编辑添加的，主要是为后来人查看方便加在这里，越肉代庖，向longnetpro致歉

输出结果：

============ setByRef getByRef =============

-----------------Before change----------------

$in: before change

$outByVal: before change

$outByRef: before change

$this->var: before change

-----------------After change-----------------

$in: after change

$outByVal: before change

$outByRef: after change

$this->var: after change

============ setByRef getByVal =============

-----------------Before change----------------

$in: before change

$outByVal: before change

$outByRef: before change

$this->var: before change

-----------------After change-----------------

$in: after change

$outByVal: before change

$outByRef: before change

$this->var: after change

============ passByRef getByVal =============

-----------------Before change----------------

$in: before change

$outByVal: before change

$outByRef: before change

$this->var: before change

-----------------After change-----------------

$in: after change

$outByVal: before change

$outByRef: before change

$this->var: after change

*/

?>