绑定服务是客户端-服务器接口中的服务器。借助绑定服务,组件(例如 Activity)可以绑定到服务、发送请求、接收响应,以及执行进程间通信 (IPC)。绑定服务通常只在为其他应用组件提供服务时处于活动状态,不会无限期在后台运行。
本文介绍如何创建绑定服务,包括如何绑定到来自其他应用组件的服务。如需了解有关一般服务的更多信息(例如:如何通过服务传送通知、如何将服务设置为在前台运行等),请参阅服务文档。
基础知识
绑定服务是
绑定到已启动服务
如服务文档中所述,您可以创建同时具有已启动和已绑定两种状态的服务。换言之,您可以通过调用
如果您确实允许服务同时具有已启动和已绑定状态,那么服务启动后,系统不会在所有客户端均与服务取消绑定后销毁服务,而必须由您通过调用
尽管您通常应实现 例如,音乐播放器可能认为,让其服务无限期运行并同时提供绑定很有用处。如此一来,Activity 便可启动服务来播放音乐,并且即使用户离开应用,音乐播放也不会停止。然后,当用户返回应用时,Activity 便能绑定到服务,重新获得播放控制权。
如需详细了解为已启动服务添加绑定时的服务生命周期,请参阅管理绑定服务的生命周期部分。
客户端通过调用 onServiceConnected() 方法包含一个
您可以将多个客户端同时连接到某项服务。但是,系统会缓存
当最后一个客户端取消与服务的绑定时,系统会销毁该服务(除非还通过
在实现绑定服务的过程中,最重要的环节是定义
创建绑定服务
创建提供绑定的服务时,您必须提供
如果服务是供您的自有应用专用,并且在与客户端相同的进程中运行(常见情况),您应当通过扩展
如果服务只是您自有应用的后台工作器,应优先采用这种方式。您不使用这种方式创建接口的唯一一种情况是:其他应用或不同进程占用了您的服务。
如需让接口跨不同进程工作,您可以使用
这是执行进程间通信 (IPC) 最为简单的方式,因为
Android 接口定义语言 (AIDL) 会将对象分解成原语,操作系统可通过识别这些原语并将其编组到各进程中来执行 IPC。以前采用
如需直接使用 AIDL,您必须创建用于定义编程接口的 .aidl 文件。Android SDK 工具会利用该文件生成实现接口和处理 IPC 的抽象类,您随后可在服务内对该类进行扩展。
注意:大多数应用不应使用 AIDL 来创建绑定服务,因为它可能需要多线程处理能力,并可能导致更为复杂的实现。因此,AIDL 并不适合大多数应用,本文也不会阐述如何将其用于您的服务。如果您确定自己需要直接使用 AIDL,请参阅 AIDL 文档。
扩展 Binder 类
如果您的服务仅供本地应用使用,且无需跨进程工作,您可以实现自有
注意:只有当客户端和服务处于同一应用和进程内(最常见的情况)时,此方式才有效。例如,对于需要将 Activity 绑定到在后台播放音乐的自有服务的音乐应用,此方式非常有效。
以下为设置方式:
在您的服务中,创建可执行以下某种操作的 包含客户端可调用的公共方法。
返回当前的
返回由服务承载的其他类的实例,其中包含客户端可调用的公共方法。
在客户端中,从
注意:服务和客户端必须在同一应用内,这样客户端才能转换返回的对象并正确调用其 API。服务和客户端还必须在同一进程内,因为此方式不执行任何跨进程编组。
例如,以下服务可让客户端通过
Kotlin
class LocalService : Service() {
// Binder given to clients
private val binder = LocalBinder()
// Random number generator
private val mGenerator = Random()
/** method for clients */
val randomNumber: Int
get() = mGenerator.nextInt(100)
/**
* Class used for the client Binder. Because we know this service always
* runs in the same process as its clients, we don't need to deal with IPC.
*/
inner class LocalBinder : Binder() {
// Return this instance of LocalService so clients can call public methods
fun getService(): LocalService = this@LocalService
}
override fun onBind(intent: Intent): IBinder {
return binder
}
}Java
public class LocalService extends Service {
// Binder given to clients
private final IBinder binder = new LocalBinder();
// Random number generator
private final Random mGenerator = new Random();
/**
* Class used for the client Binder. Because we know this service always
* runs in the same process as its clients, we don't need to deal with IPC.
*/
public class LocalBinder extends Binder {
LocalService getService() {
// Return this instance of LocalService so clients can call public methods
return LocalService.this;
}
}
@Override
public IBinder onBind(Intent intent) {
return binder;
}
/** method for clients */
public int getRandomNumber() {
return mGenerator.nextInt(100);
}
}
LocalBinder 为客户端提供 getService() 方法,用于检索 LocalService 的当前实例。这样,客户端便可调用服务中的公共方法。例如,客户端可调用服务中的 getRandomNumber()。
点击按钮时,以下 Activity 会绑定到 LocalService 并调用 getRandomNumber():
Kotlin
class BindingActivity : Activity() {
private lateinit var mService: LocalService
private var mBound: Boolean = false
/** Defines callbacks for service binding, passed to bindService() */
private val connection = object : ServiceConnection {
override fun onServiceConnected(className: ComponentName, service: IBinder) {
// We've bound to LocalService, cast the IBinder and get LocalService instance
val binder = service as LocalService.LocalBinder
mService = binder.getService()
mBound = true
}
override fun onServiceDisconnected(arg0: ComponentName) {
mBound = false
}
}
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.main)
}
override fun onStart() {
super.onStart()
// Bind to LocalService
Intent(this, LocalService::class.java).also { intent ->
bindService(intent, connection, Context.BIND_AUTO_CREATE)
}
}
override fun onStop() {
super.onStop()
unbindService(connection)
mBound = false
}
/** Called when a button is clicked (the button in the layout file attaches to
* this method with the android:onClick attribute) */
fun onButtonClick(v: View) {
if (mBound) {
// Call a method from the LocalService.
// However, if this call were something that might hang, then this request should
// occur in a separate thread to avoid slowing down the activity performance.
val num: Int = mService.randomNumber
Toast.makeText(this, "number: $num", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
}
}
}Java
public class BindingActivity extends Activity {
LocalService mService;
boolean mBound = false;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.main);
}
@Override
protected void onStart() {
super.onStart();
// Bind to LocalService
Intent intent = new Intent(this, LocalService.class);
bindService(intent, connection, Context.BIND_AUTO_CREATE);
}
@Override
protected void onStop() {
super.onStop();
unbindService(connection);
mBound = false;
}
/** Called when a button is clicked (the button in the layout file attaches to
* this method with the android:onClick attribute) */
public void onButtonClick(View v) {
if (mBound) {
// Call a method from the LocalService.
// However, if this call were something that might hang, then this request should
// occur in a separate thread to avoid slowing down the activity performance.
int num = mService.getRandomNumber();
Toast.makeText(this, "number: " + num, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
}
/** Defines callbacks for service binding, passed to bindService() */
private ServiceConnection connection = new ServiceConnection() {
@Override
public void onServiceConnected(ComponentName className,
IBinder service) {
// We've bound to LocalService, cast the IBinder and get LocalService instance
LocalBinder binder = (LocalBinder) service;
mService = binder.getService();
mBound = true;
}
@Override
public void onServiceDisconnected(ComponentName arg0) {
mBound = false;
}
};
}
上例说明了客户端如何使用
注意:在上例中,其他说明中所述,客户端应在适当时机与服务取消绑定。
使用 Messenger
如果您需要让服务与远程进程通信,则可使用
为接口使用
对于大多数应用,服务无需执行多线程处理,因此使用 AIDL 来定义接口。
以下是对
服务实现一个
客户端使用
这样,客户端便没有调用服务的方法。相反,客户端会传递服务在其
下面这个简单的服务实例展示了如何使用
Kotlin
/** Command to the service to display a message */
private const val MSG_SAY_HELLO = 1
class MessengerService : Service() {
/**
* Target we publish for clients to send messages to IncomingHandler.
*/
private lateinit var mMessenger: Messenger
/**
* Handler of incoming messages from clients.
*/
internal class IncomingHandler(
context: Context,
private val applicationContext: Context = context.applicationContext
) : Handler() {
override fun handleMessage(msg: Message) {
when (msg.what) {
MSG_SAY_HELLO ->
Toast.makeText(applicationContext, "hello!", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
else -> super.handleMessage(msg)
}
}
}
/**
* When binding to the service, we return an interface to our messenger
* for sending messages to the service.
*/
override fun onBind(intent: Intent): IBinder? {
Toast.makeText(applicationContext, "binding", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
mMessenger = Messenger(IncomingHandler(this))
return mMessenger.binder
}
}Java
public class MessengerService extends Service {
/**
* Command to the service to display a message
*/
static final int MSG_SAY_HELLO = 1;
/**
* Handler of incoming messages from clients.
*/
static class IncomingHandler extends Handler {
private Context applicationContext;
IncomingHandler(Context context) {
applicationContext = context.getApplicationContext();
}
@Override
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
switch (msg.what) {
case MSG_SAY_HELLO:
Toast.makeText(applicationContext, "hello!", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
break;
default:
super.handleMessage(msg);
}
}
}
/**
* Target we publish for clients to send messages to IncomingHandler.
*/
Messenger mMessenger;
/**
* When binding to the service, we return an interface to our messenger
* for sending messages to the service.
*/
@Override
public IBinder onBind(Intent intent) {
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "binding", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
mMessenger = new Messenger(new IncomingHandler(this));
return mMessenger.getBinder();
}
}
客户端只需根据服务返回的 MSG_SAY_HELLO 消息的简单 Activity:
Kotlin
class ActivityMessenger : Activity() {
/** Messenger for communicating with the service. */
private var mService: Messenger? = null
/** Flag indicating whether we have called bind on the service. */
private var bound: Boolean = false
/**
* Class for interacting with the main interface of the service.
*/
private val mConnection = object : ServiceConnection {
override fun onServiceConnected(className: ComponentName, service: IBinder) {
// This is called when the connection with the service has been
// established, giving us the object we can use to
// interact with the service. We are communicating with the
// service using a Messenger, so here we get a client-side
// representation of that from the raw IBinder object.
mService = Messenger(service)
bound = true
}
override fun onServiceDisconnected(className: ComponentName) {
// This is called when the connection with the service has been
// unexpectedly disconnected -- that is, its process crashed.
mService = null
bound = false
}
}
fun sayHello(v: View) {
if (!bound) return
// Create and send a message to the service, using a supported 'what' value
val msg: Message = Message.obtain(null, MSG_SAY_HELLO, 0, 0)
try {
mService?.send(msg)
} catch (e: RemoteException) {
e.printStackTrace()
}
}
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.main)
}
override fun onStart() {
super.onStart()
// Bind to the service
Intent(this, MessengerService::class.java).also { intent ->
bindService(intent, mConnection, Context.BIND_AUTO_CREATE)
}
}
override fun onStop() {
super.onStop()
// Unbind from the service
if (bound) {
unbindService(mConnection)
bound = false
}
}
}Java
public class ActivityMessenger extends Activity {
/** Messenger for communicating with the service. */
Messenger mService = null;
/** Flag indicating whether we have called bind on the service. */
boolean bound;
/**
* Class for interacting with the main interface of the service.
*/
private ServiceConnection mConnection = new ServiceConnection() {
public void onServiceConnected(ComponentName className, IBinder service) {
// This is called when the connection with the service has been
// established, giving us the object we can use to
// interact with the service. We are communicating with the
// service using a Messenger, so here we get a client-side
// representation of that from the raw IBinder object.
mService = new Messenger(service);
bound = true;
}
public void onServiceDisconnected(ComponentName className) {
// This is called when the connection with the service has been
// unexpectedly disconnected -- that is, its process crashed.
mService = null;
bound = false;
}
};
public void sayHello(View v) {
if (!bound) return;
// Create and send a message to the service, using a supported 'what' value
Message msg = Message.obtain(null, MessengerService.MSG_SAY_HELLO, 0, 0);
try {
mService.send(msg);
} catch (RemoteException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.main);
}
@Override
protected void onStart() {
super.onStart();
// Bind to the service
bindService(new Intent(this, MessengerService.class), mConnection,
Context.BIND_AUTO_CREATE);
}
@Override
protected void onStop() {
super.onStop();
// Unbind from the service
if (bound) {
unbindService(mConnection);
bound = false;
}
}
}
请注意,此示例并未展示服务如何对客户端做出响应。如果您想让服务做出响应,还需在客户端中创建一个
绑定到服务
应用组件(客户端)可通过调用
注意:只有 Activity、服务和内容提供程序可以绑定到服务,您无法从广播接收器绑定到服务。
如要从您的客户端绑定到服务,请按以下步骤操作:
实现
您的实现必须替换两个回调方法:
系统会调用该方法以传递服务的
当与服务的连接意外中断时,例如服务崩溃或被终止时,Android 系统会调用该方法。当客户端取消绑定时,系统不会调用该方法。
调用
注意:如果该方法返回 false,说明您的客户端与服务之间并无有效连接。不过,您的客户端仍应调用
当系统调用
如要断开与服务的连接,请调用
当应用销毁客户端时,如果客户端仍与服务保持绑定状态,销毁会导致客户端取消绑定。更好的做法是在客户端与服务交互完成后,就立即取消客户端的绑定。这样做可以关闭空闲的服务。如需详细了解有关绑定和取消绑定的适当时机,请参阅其他说明。
以下示例通过扩展 Binder 类将客户端连接到上面创建的服务,因此它只需将返回的 LocalBinder 类并请求 LocalService 实例:
Kotlin
var mService: LocalService
val mConnection = object : ServiceConnection {
// Called when the connection with the service is established
override fun onServiceConnected(className: ComponentName, service: IBinder) {
// Because we have bound to an explicit
// service that is running in our own process, we can
// cast its IBinder to a concrete class and directly access it.
val binder = service as LocalService.LocalBinder
mService = binder.getService()
mBound = true
}
// Called when the connection with the service disconnects unexpectedly
override fun onServiceDisconnected(className: ComponentName) {
Log.e(TAG, "onServiceDisconnected")
mBound = false
}
}Java
LocalService mService;
private ServiceConnection mConnection = new ServiceConnection() {
// Called when the connection with the service is established
public void onServiceConnected(ComponentName className, IBinder service) {
// Because we have bound to an explicit
// service that is running in our own process, we can
// cast its IBinder to a concrete class and directly access it.
LocalBinder binder = (LocalBinder) service;
mService = binder.getService();
mBound = true;
}
// Called when the connection with the service disconnects unexpectedly
public void onServiceDisconnected(ComponentName className) {
Log.e(TAG, "onServiceDisconnected");
mBound = false;
}
};
Kotlin
Intent(this, LocalService::class.java).also { intent ->
bindService(intent, connection, Context.BIND_AUTO_CREATE)
}Java
Intent intent = new Intent(this, LocalService.class);
bindService(intent, connection, Context.BIND_AUTO_CREATE);
注意:如果您使用 intent 绑定到 显式 intent 来确保应用的安全性。使用隐式 intent 启动服务存在安全隐患,因为您无法确定哪些服务将响应 intent,且用户无法看到哪些服务已启动。从 Android 5.0(API 级别 21)开始,如果使用隐式 intent 调用
第三个参数是指示绑定选项的标记。如要创建尚未处于活动状态的服务,此参数通常应为 0(表示无此参数)。
其他说明
以下是一些有关绑定到服务的重要说明:
您应该始终捕获
对象是跨进程计数的引用。
如以下示例所述,在匹配客户端生命周期的引入 (bring-up) 和退出 (tear-down) 时刻期间,您通常需配对绑定和取消绑定:
如果您只需在 Activity 可见时与服务交互,应在
如果您希望 Activity 即使在后台停止运行状态下仍可接收响应,那么您可以在
注意:通常情况下,不应在 Activity 的 此外,如果您的应用内的多个 Activity 绑定到同一服务,并且其中两个 Activity 之间发生了转换,那么如果当前 Activity 先取消绑定(暂停期间),然后下一个 Activity 再进行绑定(恢复期间),系统可能就会销毁后再重新创建该服务。如需了解 Activity 如何协调其生命周期的 Activity 转换,请参阅 Activity 文档。
如需查看更多展示如何绑定到服务的示例代码,请参阅 ApiDemos 中的 RemoteService.java 类。
管理绑定服务的生命周期
当服务与所有客户端之间的绑定全部取消时,Android 系统会销毁该服务(除非还使用
不过,如果您选择实现 在此情况下,服务将一直运行,直到其通过
此外,如果您的服务已启动并接受绑定,那么当系统调用您的 true。
图 1. 已启动并且还允许绑定的服务的生命周期。
如需详细了解已启动服务的生命周期,请参阅服务文档。